A. V. Schusev, mapurani: Biography, zvirongwa, anoshanda, Photo anoshanda, mhuri

Academician of Academy of Sciences of USSR, nguva zvina weNobel pakati ari Stalin Prize Aleksey Viktorovich Schusev - mapurani uye musiki kukuru, rakaisvonaka theoretician uye kwete zvishoma kunoshamisa mapurani, mabasa avo kuzvikudza nyika, uchava gamba ino. Pano kukurukurwa zvakadzama basa rake uye nemararamiro.

Architecture sezvo inofanira upenyu

Shchusev, mapurani, kunyange kune wokupedzisira Soviet muviri masero, asi panguva imwe chete, sezvo vachiti, murongedzeri waMwari. Aigara akakurudzira vamwe okugadzira zvinhu yake yose, mifananidzo misimboti kuti nguva dzose mune mavakirwo boldest mazano, sezvo vari zvikuru chokuita noupenyu zvose kuonekwa, uye upenyu haashiviriri kukodzera. "Frozen chimiro hakuwaniki, uye mavakirwo zvakanaka anogona kusimbisa ichi," - akati Shchusev. Mapurani mairi aigara achitarira, nguva dzose kuedza itsva peri kusvikira pakuguma mugumisiro hariguti, ugutsikane chete zivo. Kutanga kubva Vitruvius, mumwe mapurani akatsvaka kusika yake dzidziso unyanzvi, uye mukutanga ramakumi remakore, vakaita vaunganidza vakawanda kwazvo - kupfuura siyana uye categorical, uye mishumo noupamhi zvinzvimbo zvavo siyana nezvinangwa uye pfungwa tsanangura kana kururamisira kutungamirira kana vakaomerwa pachayo mapurani okugadzira zvinhu.

Pano nokuda dzidziso izvi zvose, akagamuchira anokudzwa zvikuru ezvivako, uye akaumba okusika uye zvikoro. Kusiyana zvikuru chinzvimbo navo Shchusev (akakurumbira chaizvo mapurani), muvambi chinhu chaifanira kumbobvira kutsvaka, haana kuisa mberi, haana kusika zvikoro zvokufungidzira. Izvi zvinoitwa nevateveri vake, vakambodzidza zvarinoreva zvechokwadi munhoroondo zvose Russian uye Soviet mapurani, izvo akataura zvivako uye muzvivako zvakasikwa nayo. Chokwadi, akataura uye vakatodzidzisa, nekuti kunzwisisa kwake mavakirwo, kunaka uye tarenda kuziva vanhu vakawanda. Mashoko aya kumira kwazvo pamusoro ndima chete painstaking kutsvakurudza zvimwe vanatenzi dzakavakwa kunyarara mahofisi kwemakumi akawanda emakore. Zvino, munzira dzose kubvunzwa zvakachengetedzwa uye Kuyeuka vari zvinokosha zviri kupenya ruzivo, izvo kamwe netsaona akadonha Aleksey Schusev, mapurani.

mausoleum

mabasa ake vari azadzwa zvose nyore uye nouchenjeri, nezivo zvachose azere yakaisvonaka webasa divi guru mapurani. Ivo - upenyu ruzivo, kushandisa pfungwa, mwoyo, uye mari manzwiro dzavasinei nadzo dzevanhu yakakura. Izvi ndizvo akamutendera kuti nguva dzose kuzadza vavo huru dzinowanika pfungwa. Kushandisa huripo, kunyange anoita rashozhie chimiro, mapurani Schusev A. V. kuumba munhu zvichienderana zvachose nzira nechivimbo. Kwaiva National nhoroondo maitiro zimbabwe kana ano, zvikazooneka haana tiivistelmä musoro Masvomhu, uye unyanzvi kubatana, soldered uye aesthetic pfungwa mapurani uye chivezwa, uye kupenda. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa mabasa ake - the V. I. Lenina Mausoleum muMoscow musi Red Square, akasikwa 1926-1930, ukuwo. Vafamba pyramidal vhoriyamu, mapoka rectangular mbiru, izvo kutakura pamusoro mundiro - izvi zvose mapurani hakusi chitsva.

Zvisinei Mausoleum magic vawana simba, mavambo, itsva features, asina expressiveness kuti zvinoenderana zvose, uye Chikurukuru - Mhedziso connectedness pamwe kugadzwa chivako ichi, Fusion mune Ensemble nevamwe mapurani zvinhu yacho. Zvose izvi uye kuti chivako ichi chikuru chiratidzo nguva yaro. All vakasarudza zvinoenderana. Mapurani Schusev AV dzaona sokukwirira uye ukobvu kwamahwendefa, ipapo kuwedzera, ipapo achicheka kuti kuchema chinjikira wehunyambiri chimiro, azere simba, uye anosuruvarisa kuvhara repasi kamuri uye compactness - fence sarcophagus pakarepo kufamba masitepisi uye nzvimbo papuratifomu, apo kupemberera rusununguko , mhepo uye chiedza. Akafanirwa iyi tsanzira Kuwanikwa funereal noukuru zviri mausoleum iri kuva vaitamba mutambo uye mufaro kuhwina mienzanisiro. Panguva ino, chakaitirwa muImba Kremlin kugadzira uye rokuvakazve, saka mausoleum yakavharwa rokupedzisira achimisa. Vanhu vava kufinhikana uye vakanyora zvakawanda nezvazvo paIndaneti. Zvechokwadi, kuvaka ichi aigona kuona mapurani yose Shchusev, mabasa avo yakakwirira kugutsikana mune zvokunamata, mumwe kunzwisisa munzanga pfungwa huru.

Biography

October chimurenga Shchusev akasangana, paakanga ane academician, imwe kuzivikanwa mapurani ane makore gumi nemashanu tsika. Muna 1910, yava achakudzwa nokuda zvawanikwa chakazonaka kana kupfuura yepakutanga nzira kudzorerwa mutemberi namaviri remakore muna Ovruch (Volyn). Uye akazvarwa muna 1873, muna Chisinau, mwana wechitatu mumhuri murombo ane pamudyandigere mukuru. Kugona kuzochera akazviratidza mangwanani kwazvo, uye kudhonza mukomana kubva basa iri aitenge. Kubva aine makore gumi nerimwe akatanga kudzidza L. N. Benua, mumusangano iyo zvose vanodzidziswa kwazvo. Tichishandisa zvevapi vamazano ramangwana mapurani Shchusev, ane basa rinoyemurwa yakakwirira professionalism, akanga rwakakudzwa rombo.

Canons ose Classics Russian uye National Heritage Somuenzaniso, akadzidzisa Professor Kotov, uyo credo waiva kuti isanzwiwa tinongoita kutevedzera nhoroondo pazvivako, zvakakodzera kufumura yazvino Kunzwisiswa wokuRussia kare, uye ekunyebera Russian Style - angagaramo. A pfungwa huru iri jaya akaita yekare Central Asian mapurani, kunyanya Samarkand, apo vanoda mapurani Schusev Aleksey Viktorovich zvakadzama uye nokungwarira kuyerwa mavara Monuments of Bibi Khanum, uye kuGuri-ishe. It akabatanidzwa hombe basa basa akazotevera ake. Somuenzaniso, mashoko Kazansky kuchiteshi mapurani Shchusev akagadzira, kwakavakirwa zvavo ruzivo Asian.

mabasa ekutanga

Shchusev Academy uye kudzidza muna 1897, agamuchira dhipuroma chirongwa chiri kumusoro mamakisi pamwe guru menduru yegoridhe uye mhiri mabhizimisi rwendo. Chaiva "Manor", iro akamutendera kupedza anenge makore maviri vari kudzidza mavakirwo Vienna, Trieste, Venice nemamwe maguta Belgium, Italy, Tunisia, France neEngland. Kwose kwose akaita zvakawanda yokunyora nokudhirowa, iyo pashoo mushumo ndokukweverwazve kumusoro. I. E. Repin, akaziva mabasa aya, vakafara. Paakadzokera kumba, uye mushure kuzviisa pasi yamashoko Nadya Shchusev, mapurani asi pasina ruzivo, ndaimbova inonakidza murayiro. Rakanga riri iconostasis iri Kiev-Pechersk Lavra kubvuma Cathedral iyo zvakafanira kugadzira kubva muvare. Unyanzvi Shchusev kurarama basa iri, uye zvaiita kuti basa rake zvino chokuita zvachose munzvimbo dzokunamatira.

ari Revafundisi dzadzidziswa June 1904 iye mutoro zvikuru uye rakaoma, akatumirwa Ovruch, apo yechando yose yakagadzirwa temberi pamusoro mumatongo shongwe pakati regumi namaviri remakore. Zvakaguma yakanaka chechi shanu-domed iri zvachose Russian dzenhoroondo tsika, asi zvinhu zvose vasara vangadai vaibatanidzwa munyaya yacho saka organically kuti kereke yaiita rose. Basa racho pakarepo vakaziva somumwe mananara mapurani ano akanaka kwazvo. Press akatanga kutaura chii Shchusev akavaka mutsva chiNazi Russian maitiro. Akauya mukurumbira, asi murongedzeri Shchusev, ane Biography izere nazvo pamuromo, kusvikira pakufa kwake zvakaipa izvozvo zvinyoronyoro uye mukurumbira havambokwanisi cherechedzai.

"Marita"

Muna 1907, Shchusev yakagadzirirwa Marfo-Mariinsky chechechi (nharaunda), zvose zvivako zvayo. Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna vakatengesa zvishongo zvavo kuti kuratidza rudo sangano, yaiva asiri yemamongi, asi nemasisita, neHanzvadzi Mercy uye mhiko vari kwakafanana yemamongi. Zvisinei, pashure pemakore vaigona kubuda imomo pasina kunetsana pamwe nekereke, kutanga mhuri uye kurarama pasi vanhu.

Chii akafuridzirwa apo afunge kujairwa nounyoro Moscow ake "Marita", atova nomukurumbira akitekiti Shchusev? Veliky Novgorod zvokufuridzirwa wake muPskov monument - kuti nzvimbo iyi huru rusvingo zvinoenderana bhuku kufanana. Zviri kuoneka chaizvo kana iwe enzanisa. The guru kukura wemamongi muzvivako kutarisa unodziya uye wakarurama. urongwa kwetemberi zvakafanana hombe yekare chipanera yaenda kumavirira ndebvu uye nzeve, zvose petals nhatu kumabvazuva. Nokuda izvi semicircular apse pave kunzwa kunyaradzwa, nekuti unorema akavanda kubva pameso, uye yakakwirira Drum, zvikamu nokuda rwakavakwa nzvimbo rising rinopedzisa murwiyo.

Chisinau

On Kerch Street (kare - Char Valley) mutaundi rokumusha rokutanga maviri storey imba murongedzeri Shchusev yakavakwa - kupa Mihaila Karchevskogo, ake naye, ipapo - Dragoeva imba panguva mharadzano pakati Pushkin uye Forge (zvino Bernardazzi). Uye muna 1912 zvakanzi akavaka chechi mumusha Kuchureshty. All kuti akagadzira uye akavaka murongedzeri Shchusev, Orthodoxy hazvo hanya - kuti mukuru kana mudiki papi, pamwe ichi rinoshanda kwete chete kune nzvimbo dzokunamatira. Zvakawanda paya Shchusev akanzi mukuru Zano rokuvakazve chakasakara Chisinau pashure Second World War. In ake muduku, chete pashure ake kwakajeka kudzivirira kwake dhipuroma chirongwa, ndakapedza mwedzi mishoma pano Shchusev - mapurani, vane mhuri zvichachengetwawo hwose kutyira guta rino. Mwedzi mishomanana mufaro iye akasika kwete chete imba waunodzidza naye, asi akaroora hanzvadzi yake - Mary Vikentievna Karchevsky.

Ikoko, muna paMupata Char muChisinau sabhabha, vakatanga upenyu mapurani Shchusev, uyo akanga zvakachengeteka anodzivirira kubva yokunzvera zvose makore akawanda oupenyu hwake pachake. Hongu, uye ikozvino kuwana mashoko ari Biography ake, kwete ukama mapurani, zvaive zvisingaiti. Monument kuna Lenin basa rake rakanga namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara muna 1991. Naiyewo yakagadzirwa uye bhiriji idzva iri murwizi Bic, apo aiva shoroma kwazvo, uye kushingaira ichimuudza mapurani nevamwe kukura zvaMambo vavakezve vakaparadza zvivako yakatarwa - pechiteshi chechitima, zvitoro, presences nezvimwe zvivako. Chisinau anokudza ndangariro yake yakakurumbira countryman: mumugwagwa wainzi vanomutevera, mumba apo akaberekwa uye akakura kuva miziyamu hwake pachake zvake, magwaro, mifananidzo.

Fashion musi Shchusev

Pakarepo shure pakusikwa Ovruch uye kubwinya wemamongi Marfino chirongwa vakatevera mapurani achangopfuura. Rich yokuvhima naye tariro kuvaka chinhu panyika yavo, asi ari trendy schusevskogo manyorerwo. Zvisinei, zvakatora kunakidza zvirongwa. Muna 1913, akanga agadzirira akavaka vanodhirowa Shchusev Pavilion Art Exhibition muna Venice, murwiyo iyo akadudzira National mavakirwo nemanomwe remakore. Uye akabatana akanaka vokuItaly yevedza yakanaka. Ipapo San Remo pedyo mapurani akavaka chechi yeOrthodox, yakashongedzwa nemabwe mifananidzo, usina kukonekita, uye shongwe bhero ine hipped denga. Kristu Muponesi Cathedral muSan Remo, zvachose yakashongedzwa sezvinoita Russian kereke nemanomwe remakore.

Asi Kazan chiteshi kuziva kwaari kwete kamwe. Zvisinei, zvose pasi nemakwikwi akasiyana inenge sketchy uye kwete akafuridzirwa, uye nezvimwe vakakurumbira uye ruzivo ezvivako, kwete chete mufashoni Shchusev, mapurani vane mazano akanga yepakutanga, unyanzvi, asi izvozvo kure shoma. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvave vakasarudzwa gadzira ramangwana of Kazan yemapurisa, nokuti bhodhi ane chivimbo kuti vachakwanisa kutifadza yokumabvazuva pasuwo Moscow kudaro kare Aifarira Samarkand Shchusev. The Board haana kururama.

Kazan Railway Station

Moscow Gates kuMabvazuva - kumwe nenyanzvi zvirire mhinduro mapurani ane rakaoma. Kunyange Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ruvara zano yakawanikwa. Uye chii kwakajeka mhinduro kuti kuvimbika Ensemble kwayo evasingatombonamati nenzvimbo chokwadi! Muna October 1911 Shchusev akabvumirwa mukuru mapurani rokuvaka iri, iro kupfeka nakisisa Nemutengo - mamiriyoni matatu rubles goridhe youmambo. Details chirongwa vakanga vadzidza nomunyori makore anopfuura maviri - ichi naye hazvisati zvaitika. Kutsvaga Zvaindirwadza - ichi "gomba" kuti kwete kuzadza munzvimbo chero Kalanchovskoy kusvikira Shchusev asina yakarohwa pfungwa huru: chirefu kupfuura chivako wakaiswa panguva rakadzika pfungwa.

Uye ipapo airidza kubatana Ensemble zvivako zvakawanda, nyore kuverenga peziso. Neshongwe aiva chaiye hukuru, kuunganidza zvose mazana maviri mamita zvivako pasi bapiro ake. Kubudirira pabasa iri yaiva yakaenzana-kuedza kuti kusika nayo. Magazini "Architect", muriise pamapeji, ndakanga akadambura. Makorokoto akadurura mvura. Uye zvirokwazvo yakadaro guru Kureba chiteshi haana kudzivisa munhu RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA manzwisisire yose mamiriro, nokuti raputsika symmetry zvikuru, uye vari voga chitsuwa shongwe kunobatsira kuvhura anofambidzana zvose zvitsva kubvira pose munharaunda. Saka kure, kuti ezvivako haana kushanda akasununguka konzera chiedza uye mumvuri kana zuva harisi chete, asiwo kuti enliven dombo gore avaiita.

Kusiyana uye manyorero rusununguko

From Kazan Station Shchusev akaita zvachose unconventional, ndezvokuti, kuvakwa guta, asi kwete senguva - zvishoma zvakapfumisa maindasitiri kana zvishoma nyore mumuzinda chivakwa. Mashandiro anoita ravarwi kwakavakirwa vari heterogeneous chaizvo, uye akasunda chokuti akasika kupenya Shchusev, mapurani. Basa, mapikicha ayo akapa pano zvakawanda, pamwe chete paupamhi, chivimbo, vakasununguka chatiri dudziro (kanenge huru, kunyange zviduku siyana) inoratidza mapurani Shchusev kwete chete chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda sei, asi ose unyanzvi tinyanye uye vechokwadi pachavo, maonero avo. Izvi pachipatara pacho chivako Matsesta, uye Moskvoretsky Bridge, uye Ushumiri of Agriculture, uye Opera Theater muna Tashkent, uye nhepfenyuro "Komsomolskaya" - chindori of Moscow Metro. Just resourcefully uye panguva imwe chete zvachose dzakafuridzirwa yakavakwa zvivako zviri Academy of Sciences of USSR - chaiwo Russian Ensemble kuti rinobatanidza siyana nziyo hurongwa. Shchusev zvakare akatungamirira chikwata ezvivako avo chinja Moscow.

Zviri ivo, uye Shchusev zvikurukuru, vanofanira kuuya vatyairi vavo kuonga zvishoma nezvishoma uchifamba motokari. Nokuti kana vakasadaro, sangano raisazova zvinogoneka vakadaro. guta mamiriro hwakagadzwa, uye nzvimbo yokufambisa akapotsa haana inopiwa kumwe, kunyanya munyika yanhasi uwandu. Architects kuwedzera zvikuru mitsetse zvose, kunyanya akabata Leningradsky Prospekt, akasungwa nzira TOUR rin'i mitsetse tichitaura njanji senga. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa, akatora nzvimbo pakarepo mushure Revolution uye Civil War - muna 1919. Commission adopts gwaro nako ezvivako kukodzera yakafara mikana uye migwagwa yakadaro, asi Shchusev akakwanisa kuita kuti nhengo hurumende.

uyezve

Muna 1922, sezvo mukuru mapurani Shchusev akanzi kuna Exhibition Center, iro yakavhurwa August 1923. Zvino rakavakwa pamusoro munharaunda Gorky Park. Shchusev rakavakwazve kuvaka zvokuimba chirimwa pasi Pavilion ose koteji Mazinga, uye akatungamirira dzinenge dzose kuvakwa, uye ichi mazana mashanu zvivakwa. Muna 1924, atova aitungamirira mapurani munyika mubasa pakusikwa chirongwa of Lenin Mausoleum. In yechipiri yezana maviri munyika dzinoverengeka mapepa Shchusev akagadzira uye yakavakwa manyorero Constructivism: Bazi Tbilisi of sangano iri Central Committee, State Bank pana Neglinnaya uye Okhotny Ryad, Lenin Library, pachipatara pacho muna Matsesta, uye zvakawanda.

A nyaya inokosha - kwete chinozoiswa chivakwa musi Tverskaya Central Telegraph Office, apo pakupindurwa kupomerwa kwakadaro simba chido nokuda constructivism Shchusev akaratidza kuti constructivism ane kodzero yokurarama, kana kuzadza izvozvo zvokunamata uye yaro chaiyo emuchina uye mutinhimira chete kubatsira kusimbaradza nheyo tsika yomudzimu, iyo It hunogara mavakirwo sezvo vakadaro. In achinyepera kuva neteregirafu chivako zvakajeka kurondwa kwete chete kubatana pakati epochs, asi vamwe - dzakawanda kukurukurirana plan, izvo, pfungwa, Mwari akaronga - kubatanidza nyika uye makondinendi. Granite wehunyambiri girazi bhandi. Zvizhinji nzvimbo. Monumentality. Beautiful, mesmerizing. Pasinei nokuti chirongwa Kuvaka chaizvo software, zveupfumi, rationally. Zvakanga zvakare nzira itsva kuti nguva. Vaizova nyore kuvaka uye zvaizova zvakanaka.

Ndinofara kanenge kuti hotera zvinoshamisa "Moscow" yakavakirwa, Soviet Embassy muRomania vakawanda zvimwe zvinhu. Uyezve, Nadya Shchusev akatungamirira chinoshingaira dzidziso basa zvinenge kusvikira kumugumo woupenyu - muna 1949, akanyora mapepa anopfuura mazana maviri zvesayenzi.