Best dystopia (bhuku): muchidimbu, features, wongororo

Tisati funga bhuku vakanakisisa dystopian Genre, zviri mariri, uye kuti kunzwisisa nei bhuku Genre ichi nguva dzose kukonzera kufarira zvechokwadi vaverengi, kudzokera kwakatangira rokuti.

Chii "Anti-pakuva"?

Shoko rokuti "Anti-pakuva" akazviratidza mumabhuku sezvo kwakakwana pakatarisana mabasa akanyorwa Genre kuti pakuva. Wokutanga munyori uyo akapa pakatangira chaicho sangano rose, aiva muzivi ane Chirungu Thomas More. Tanga utopian Genre akaita kuratidza "pakuva" ake yokufungidzira (1516). Chaizvoizvo, vakawanda mabasa ake akaratidza vanhu yakanaka apo vose vararame vachifara uye murunyararo. Zita ino - munhu pakuva.

Kusiyana mabasa ake "akanyorova" vakatanga kuonekwa basa vanyori, ndichizivisa chaizvo vakomana munharaunda, nyika kana nyika. Mavari, hurumende zvakawanda rusununguko womunhu, yorusununguko mupfungwa uye kakawanda. Works zvakanyorwa saizvozvi, makadanirwa antiutopia.

In maduramazwi "dystopia" kunoratidzwa kuva dambudziko retariro, zvoupenzi pakati echimurenga kutamburira, ari indispensability evanhu zvakaipa. Science harioneki senzira yokugadzirisa matambudziko pose uye nzira rokuvaka evanhu, asi senzira varanda munhu.

Zvakaoma kuziva izvo mabhuku ari Genre ichi ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa nokuda chepamusoro dzavo, sezvo mutemo, zvinoenderana zvinhu zvakawanda: nyika uye hurumende, zveupfumi zvinhu, nguva uye zera vaverengi. Chokwadi, oga sezvo bhuku pakuva uye dystopia yakanakisisa mabasa ekutanga yakanyorwa Genres izvi.

Kwakatangira dystopia

The nzvimbo yechizvarirwo rokuti, uyewo yaro antagonist, akava England. Muna 1848, muzivi Dzhon Mill kokutanga akashandisa shoko "antiutopist" sezvo zvinyorwa zvokupikisa kuti "utopian." Somunyori Genre, shoko rokuti "Anti-pakuva" akasuma H. Negley uye M. Patrick wake "Kutsvaka pakuva" (1952).

The Genre raibudirira zvikuru adarika. Mune maviri, panogasa hondo dzenyika uye nokumukirana, pfungwa utopian akatanga chinozoiswa. Hazvishamisi, nyika wokutanga kuziva pfungwa dzakadaro akava Bolshevik Russia. Kuvaka vanhu itsva kwakaita zvechokwadi kufarira enyika munharaunda, uye nyika itsva vakava utsinye vashore Chirungu-mutauro mabasa. Zvino kugara mutsara ndandanda "Top dystopia" wokutanga, "Books nguva zvose":

• 1932 - "Brave World New", Aldous Huxley.
• 1945 - "mbava purazi" George Orwell ..
• 1949 - "1984", George Orwell ..

In enganonyorwa izvi, pamwe chete kurambwa rechiKomonisiti muchivadzvinyirira, somumwe, zvinoratidza mukuru kuvhiringidzika zvichiita rimwe soulless budiriro. mabasa awa hadzichinji nguva sezvo yakanakisisa Anti-pakuva. Mabhuku Genre izvi kudiwa ikozvino. Saka chii chakavanzika dystopia?

Musimboti dystopia

Sezvinogona kuoneka kubva apa, dystopia - mumwe Parody of utopian pfungwa. Zvinosimbisawo ngozi mumagariro vaiitawo "ingano" chokwadi. Ndiko kuti vaswedere mutsara pakati chokwadi uye yokunyepera. The dystopias kuti zvinoratidzei dzinonzi vanhu vakakwana, akarondedzera nyika womukati munhu kurarama munyika ino. Manzwiro ake, pfungwa.

Kuonekwa kubva "mukati" anoratidza hunhu vanhu ichi, ayo akaipa mukati kunze. In tsika zvinoitika kuti akakodzera nzanga haisi kudaro vakakwana. Kuti tinzwisise kuti munhuwo zvake ari kubhadhara nokuda waifarirwa mufaro, uye kurudzira yakanakisisa dystopia. Books kazhinji rakanyorwa vanyori vane chinhu kudzidza mweya womunhu, nemamwe uye nezvimwewo.

Dystopia anoratidza "nyika itsva" kubva mukati nomunhu anogara mairi. Nokuti vazhinji, soulless michina nehurumende vanhu seboka Cog. Uye pane imwe nguva mune munhu anondimutsa manzwiro zvakasikwa dzevanhu hahuenderani nyika yaivapo, inobva zvavasingakwanisi, inorambidza uye omurume zvido ehurumende.

Pakati wacho uye hurongwa magariro ari kunetsana. Dystopia rinoratidza kusapindirana pfungwa utopian nomumwe zvido. Inoburitsa kusava nomusoro utopian zvirongwa. Rinonyatsoratidza kuti kuenzana akadanidzira egalitarianism kwaanoda; polity nechisimba anosarudza maitiro evanhu; muzvigadzirwa mberi kunochinja munhu giya. Izvi chakagadzirirwa kuratidza zvakanakisisa dystopia.

Works ari Genre kuti pakuva kunongedzera nzira pakukwana. Chinangwa Anti-pakuva - kuratidza kusava nomusoro pfungwa, kuyambira ngozi vakamirira chenzira ichi. Kunzwisisa munzanga uye zvomudzimu urongwa, kuongorora zvikanganiso, dystopia hachisi chokutsanangura kuramba, asi anotsvaka kuita kunongedzera deadlock uye migumisiro inobvira nzira yokukurira pavo.

Best dystopia

Books kuti asati nechitarisiko Anti pakuva, zvakagadzirirwa kuratidza chii chinogona kukonzera zvinovhiringidza mananara nguva yedu, izvo zvinobatsirawo vanokwanisa kuunza. enganonyorwa Ndivo zvinotevera:

• 1871 - "The Kuuya Race", E. Bulwer-Lytton.
• 1890 - "ZvaKesari Column", J. Donnelly.
• 1907 - "The Iron chitsitsinho", J. London ..

Munguva thirties, pane vakawanda mabasa - nyevero uye dystopia kuti akanongedza yechiFascist kutyisidzira:

• 1930 - "The Autocracy pamusoro Mr. Pargema" Wells.
• 1935 - "We izvi hazvibviri," Lewis.
• 1936 - "War pamwe Newts", K. Capek.

Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira pamusoro chigadzirwa uye Huxley, Orwell. "Kuchipfuura 451" (1953) ne R. Bradbury anonzi imwe yakanakisisa enganonyorwa ari Genre ichi.

Saka, Amai anotaurwa kuti dystopia ichi. Books (mazita akanakisisa pavo, zvinozivikanwa kuti nguva dzose kuzivikanwa sezvo wechipiri hapana ari kuumbwa mirayiridzo iyi, tinofunga muudzame pazasi), izvi zvichiri kudiwa. Uyezve, nhasi vanonyatsokurukura akakodzera kupfuura kare. Chii ukoshi hwavo? Chii vanonyevera vanyori enganonyorwa izvi?

Kubva Classic kuti panguva

Story R. Bradbury "kuchipfuura 451", hapana mubvunzo, ndizvo chaiwo Anti-utopian Genre. Book nguva dzose. Munyori, mumwe mashoma, anoyambira pamusoro mungozi totalitarianism pano. Opinion vaverengi kusiya inofambiswa chigadzirwa, akafanana sei zvikuru akafanoona nomunyori. Chii chiri kuitika kumativi Bradbury afanotaura Mumakumi emakore apfuura. Chii nyaya iyi, makore mazhinji haana kusiya mitsetse ndandanda "Top dystopia" wokutanga?

Mabhuku Genre ichi here akanyorwa "tenzi mufananidzo mweya womunhu." How yakarurama zvizhinji vakakwanisa kuratidza nyika womunhu uye yemberi iri kure yomukati panguva iyoyo. Story "451 madhigirii" - munhu akashinga kwazvo, zvakanaka-akanyorwa mubhuku. Munyori anotanga muverengi kune vanhuwo zvavo. It vanopinda zvake imba umo hositesi renounces upenyu kumativi "anoshongwa" - imwe redhiyo kana akararamazve televizornymi masvingo. Familiar? Kana "televizornye rusvingo" kushandurwa shoko "Internet uye terevhizheni", tinowana chokwadi yakatipoteredza.

Nyika, nokubuda nomunyori, ichivaima vose mavara ose muraraungu, kudururwa munotaura zvikwangwani zvinozadzisa mawere zvakasimba multimeter mifananidzo. Shamwari kutsiva "hama" kubva sefa kuziva zvinhu uye dzichimuparadza kupembedza dzose nguva yake. Environmental runako nguva yasara - maruva yokutanga kwematsutso uye zuva, kuvira kwezuva uye kubuda, kunyange vana vavo.

Asi vanhu vanogara pakati vakurukuri masvingo, vachifara. Zvino yokuwana mufaro iri nyore: zvakafanana. Havadi kurarama chete munyika yavo mhenyu makamuri. Vakanga isingachadiwi. Vashoma rangarira, havafungi misoro yavo vari tsinga ne chete.

Books munyika ino pasi kurambidzwa. Kuchengeta mabhuku - ndiko kurangwa. Pano apiswe. Vanodzima moto ukasaponesa upenyu, kwete kudzima moto. Ndivo vanopisira mabhuku. Nokudaro achiparadza upenyu hwevanhu. Mumwe magamba nyaya, fayameni Guy Montag, akasangana kamwe musikana uyo anokwanisa "azununguse" unhu ichi, kumutsa maari kukara hwandaiva upenyu, kuti zvechokwadi munhu tsika.

Orwell vake yokufungidzira

Works neMunyori ichi vanonzi yakanakisisa Anti-pakuva. Books Orwell kuti "1984" uye "mbava mapurazi" zvikuru dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vanogona kufunga kufanana vose, vari kurambidzwa.

"1984" - zvinoshamisa itsva umo Company anoratidzwa somunhu pevatongi ezvinhu yakavakirwa pakunamata uye mumuviri muuranda. Zvakazadza noruvengo nokutya. The townsfolk ino vanogara pasi rindai ziso "mukoma guru". "Ushumiri Yechokwadi" anoparadza kare, inodzora chii zvinhu kuparadza chero parumananzombe kana kusiya.

"Mwaya", kureva, evanhu selection, anonzi chikamu ehurumende muchina. Munhu anogona kusungwa, anogona kusunungura. Uye kuti zvinofambira chisipo. Kurarama ino hakusi nyore. Hurumende anotungamirira hondo, vachitsanangura kuti vakawanda kuti zvinovinga zvavo zvakanaka. "Nyika - iri hondo." Essential hazvo ipapo, zvokudya - a akayera govera.

Shock basa kubatsira vanhu, muzvimwe basa, yokuzvidira basa, paruzhinji mazororo - a inozivikanwa munyika ino. Step kure vakaderera mutemo - uye murume haagoni kurarama. "Rusununguko - ndiye uranda." Nyanzvi mubasa tisare Orwellian hwevanhu nyika. Kuparadzwa uye kukanganisa magwaro, mashoko kuzvitsinhanisa chokwadi. Kwose nhema, Idzi dzaiva nhema dzemakoko. "Kusaziva - ndiro simba."

Orwell rinorema, asi simba. Chokwadi, ichi ndicho chakanakisisa dystopia. Mabhuku akanyorwa zvakanaka, kubva pakutanga kusvika pakupedzisira peji zvakazadza ane nokuchenjera pfungwa. Munyori nemhepo nevavariro dzakanaka chete - kuyambira vanhu mumwe Kunzanga. Ratidza kuti mhirizhonga, utsinye, utsinye, kunyarara kwenzanga muve simba neMhedziso. Pakupedzisira, vakaropafadzwa avo chete vanorarama nokuda webato. Asi simba mhedziso anouraya munhu. Unodzokera kune hwepakutanga. Kunyange zvakawanda. Mhedziso simba anokwanisa kuparadza vanhu.

"Animal Farm"

Basa Munyori uyu wechipiri, runoonekwa imwe yakanakisisa Anti-pakuva - "Animal Farm" (chechipiri zita - "mbava purazi"). Pano munyori rinoratidza kwete mamiriro, zvematongerwo enyika, kana hurongwa. In basa iri, iye classifies vanhu nokuenzanisa navo nemhuka.

Makwai - spineless, vanhu benzi vanoita uye vanoti chete zvavari kuudzwa. Havakwanisi kufunga wake, uye vose zvakagadzirwa vakanzwisisa sechinhu kubva ichi sezvisina. Nembira - mano, hunhu hwakanaka, achida kushandira pfungwa masikati nousiku. At izvi nyika hunogara. Dogs regai kumisa tsvina basa. Chavainyanya basa - kuzadzisa zvido muridzi. Vakagadzirira kushumira mumwe nhasi, mumwe mangwana, kuti zvokudya kwomwoyo.

Nezvaizoita musii Napoleon muna George Orwell kuti yokufungidzira kucherechedzwa. Munhu akagadzirira umutse choushe panzvimbo ipi, kana chete kuisa pamusoro pake uye kuchengeta chero nzira. Kuparara, iyo munyori rinoratidza ari itsva sezvo wechidiki musii aifanira kuva waAzazeri. Munhu akadaro akakodzera simba chero - mhosva, mhosva kwaari chero peccadillo. With zvose zvakajeka gilt Nomutengesi - zviri anogona vatema chena ndiEzekieri. Hunogutsa munyepi uye mumiririri zvinoshamisa, izvozvo anochinja zvinhu kweshoko rimwe chete.

Satirical, anorayiridza mufananidzo, riri pedyo chaizvo muupenyu. Democracy, umambo, gutsaruzhinji, necommunism - chii mutsauko. Nepo simba achauya vanhu, pasi muzvishuvo ake uye nomunhu, hapana nyaya chii nyika uye chii kurongeka, vanhu haaoni chinhu chakanaka. Kubatsira vanhu - mutongi akakodzera.

nyika itsva

In nganonyorwa Aldous Huxley kuti "Brave World Itsva" haisi kuipa sapamazuva Orwell. nyika yake kwakavakirwa mamiriro akasimba nenyika, iyo rwakaripoteredza technocracy. Kusiya chiduku kuchengetedza sezvo mune zvoupfumi disadvantageous, sezvo reserves. Zvaizoratidza sokuti zvose akatsiga uye zvakarurama. Asi kwete.

Vanhu munyika vari rakakamurwa vemapoka: Alpha vaiita basa pfungwa - iri giredhi rokutanga, Alpha-Plus muzvinzvimbo zveutungamiri, Alpha-nezvayakaipira - vanhu vane zvishoma chinzvimbo. Beta - Alpha mukadzi. Beta-pluses uye minuses ukuwo, akangwara uye kupfuura benzi. Delta uye wegamma - kamuri basa, vashandi zvokurima. Epsilons - yakaderera layer pfungwa chakakanganisika vakawanda, kuuraya yokungoitawo zvokuimba basa.

Specimens dzabudapo hombodo regirazi, vari kurerwa nenzira dzakasiyana, kunyange Ruvara nguo zvinosiyana. Mukuru ezvinhu kuti nyika itsva - the Standardization vanhu. Mashoko - "The generality, zvakafanana uye isimbe." Kuramba nyaya, vose vanoraramira nhasi. All uye zvose akaisa kuna kwokugamuchirwa kuti vabatsirwe ehurumende yenyika.

The chikuru dambudziko kwenyika ndechokuti chakagadzirwa kuenzana havagoni kugutsa vanofunga vanhu. Vamwe Alpha havagoni kuchinja upenyu anzwe huzere kusurukirwa uye kuparadzaniswa. Asi pasina chavanoziva pezvokuvamba zvenyika itsva hazvibviri, nokuti basa nokugara zvakanaka kwevamwe. Vanhu ava vari basa sezvo rokumanikidzirwa kana kushumira pachitsuwa nokuda nokusawirirana pamwe veruzhinji.

Chinangwa chokuvapo nzanga iri kuti kugara "kushambidzwa" pfungwa. Chinangwa chavo upenyu rinodyiwa rakatanga. Vanorarama uye basa kuti kuwana chinhu chose zvisingakoshi zvinhu. Vanofanira kuwana dzakasiyana-siyana mashoko, uye ivo vanozviti kuti vakadzidza zvakakwana. Asi havana chido chokuita sayenzi kana kuzvipira dzidzo, kukura mumudzimu. Ivo mafambire kuduku uye zvinhu zvenyika. At moyo kwenzanga ichi ndicho utongi hwechiKomonisiti chete.

Kana vanhu vose vanokwanisa kufunga uye kunzwa, kutsiga pokuwa. Kana ivo kuramba, vose dzikava zvinonyangadza miitiro inoburitsa zvinhu zvakanyatsofanana benzi. Ziendamberi vanhu haangavi, ichatsiva vanhu vakaderera farmed mhuka. Ronga vanhu nokuda kuvabereki zvirongwa, kuparadza zvose zvikuru masangano, rinoreva kuparadzwa kwaro.

Mune Genre bhuku yambotaurwa vanonzi zvakanakisisa. Kune vaya zvinosanganisirawo:

• "A Clockwork Orange" Entoni Berdzhessa (1962).
• "Isu" Yevgeny Zamyatin (1924).
• "Ishe nhunzi" naWilliam Golding (1954).

Mabasa Ava vaiona Classics. Asi vanyori ano ndakasika mabhuku akawanda anoshamisa mune utopian Genre.

ano dystopia

Books (mazita yakanakisisa inogona kuonekwa pazasi) rino remakore zvakasiyana kubva dzekare chokwadi kuti vari zvikuru zvakanyatsobatana Genres siyana kuti zvakaoma kusiyanisa umwe kubva kune umwe. In pavo panewo zvezvidzidzo renyaya, uye post-kuFrance, uye cyberpunk. Asi mabhuku shoma nokuda panguva vanyori vakakodzerwa pfungwa mafeni ose dystopia:

• Trilogy Lauren Oliver "Delirium" (2011).
• Takehiko Ishiguro nganonyorwa "Usamboita Me Enda" (2005).
• Trilogy Syuzen Kollinz 'The Hunger Games' (2008).

Pasina mubvunzo, zvatakurukura ari Genre iri kuwedzera kukurumbira. Dystopia anokumbira vaverengi kuona nyika, izvo kwavari haazombovi nzvimbo.

Vaverengi zvavo review, kubvumirana chimwe chinhu: kwete dystopian zvose kuverenga nyore. Pakati pavo pane "mabhuku inorema kuti ape zvakaoma." Asi pfungwa ndiwo rakanyorwa wakarurama vanonetseka: sei kuitika enganonyorwa kwezviitiko nowenyika upenyu ano, zvichangobva kare. Ava zvakakomba wading chaizvo enganonyorwa kuti unofunga. Vakawanda mabhuku anogona kuverengwa pamwe penzura muruoko rwake - vanhu vanopemberera kuwanda munzvimbo dzinonakidza uye prices. Hakusi dystopian zvose kuverenga mweya mumwe, asi chidimbu chimwe nechimwe anoramba ari ndangariro.