Malaria - a ... marariya vectors. Zviratidzo, chirwere, kurapwa uye kudzivirira marariya

Malaria - chirwere chakakomba, dzimwe nguva zvinouraya. Vanhu utachiona nayo, sezvo mutemo, pane zvikuru zviratidzo, kusanganisira chills, fivha, dzihwa-kufanana nehurumende. Chirwere marariya kunonyanya mukana wokuti rufu. Zvisinei, nenguva uye zvakarurama kurapwa kunogona nayo. Malaria kunokonzerwa Plasmodium, nhengo anogara imwe mhando umhutu Inochera ropa revanhu. Pasi apa, nyaya iyi ichakurukurwa zvizere. Nokuti mashoko ari kurapwa uye kudzivirira chirwere chinogona kuwanikwa mubhuku rino.

nyaya

Zviratidzo nemarariya vakarondedzerwa kare Chinese zvokurapa zvinyorwa. Vamwe maitiro chirwere zviratidzo, iyo gare gare ainzi marariya kuwanikwa basa youmambo chiremba Nei Jing "Canon of Medicine". chirwere ichi aizivikanwa muGreece kare 4th remakore BC, paakanga mhaka mukuru mwero wokufa kwevanhu. Huru Zviratidzo zviri chaichengetwa Hippocrates nevamwe vazivi vekare uye n'anga. Susruta Hindu chiremba, anofunga uye mutsigiri Ayurveda, mu bhuku rake rinotaurwawo pamusoro zviratidzo nemarariya uye akataura pamusoro pechitarisiko chavo mushure arumwa nevamwe nezvipembenene. Vamwe vanyori Roman chokuita nemarariya anezvimiti.

Kumbobvunza pfungwa vanogara vachitsvaka nzira kurapa ose zvirwere. Izvo chete nzira akarwawo marariya kurapwa kare: Kubudisa ropa, kudimurwa of akarumwa muzvidimbu kushandiswa chinodhaka mari ... Mukomana kunyange nyeredzi uyo akabatanidza kakawanda panowanikwa malarial fivha vane muchadenga mananara uye nzvimbo senyeredzi dzokudenga. Vakawanda vakadzokera uroyi. Scientific Albertus Magnus, Dominican, pfungwa kubata nemarariya nokudya pakati pemabhanzi duku, wakagadzirirwa efurawa uye weti kwevanhu murwere, uyewo kunwa chinwiwa yaisanganisira cognac, ropa utachiona uye mhiripiri.

Yekare Chiremba Greek Galen, uyo akashanda muRoma, akataura kuti kurutsa anowanika mune marariya, ndiko kuedza muviri kudzinga zvinokachidza panze uye ropa Inowedzera anoporesa. Nhungamiro iyi zvave mushonga nemashanu zana nemakore. Zvisingaverengeki kacho nemarariya vakanga pasi ropa riyerere uye akamanikidza kunatsa dumbu uye ura nevanhu enemas uye kurutsa. Izvi zvakaita kuti ngozi results: vanhu vakafa kupererwa neropa uye kupera muviri, uyewo kubva kuparadza marariya zviratidzo munguva kunyange pfupi.

In China muna 2nd remakore BC mune zvokurapa mabasa akatsanangura chirimwa Artemisia kana inotapira gavakava, rinoshandiswa sezvo mushonga marariya. Zvinofadza kuti muna 1971, Chinese masayendisiti kure nayo, zvinoshingaira chirungiso - artemisinin. Munguva yehondo yokuVietnam ari kushingaira kushanda nokudzidza Anti-malarial ehupfumi ari inonaka gavakava. Wabvisa ane chirimwa akadyisa rabhoritari makonzo nembeva utachiwana utachiona nemarariya. Artemisinin kwaibatsira chaizvo, uyewo Quinine uye chloroquine. The nomukaka yamarudzi ichi nhasi tiri chikamu simba uye inobudirira Anti-malarial zvinodhaka.

pamusoro Plasmodium mhando chinokonzera marariya kukura, yakatanga yakawanikwa nachiremba French uye musayendisiti Laveranom mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Vatsvakurudzi Russian apedza mupiro wakakura kuti kudzidza chirwere uye kukura nzira kuchigadzira. Enyanzvi izvi zvinokosha kuziva EI Martsinovsky, VA Danilevsky, SP Botkin. Panguva First uye Second World Wars watsemuka nemarariya kunge akacherechedza.

Mazana maviri zviripo kubva parasitic majemusi mhando Plazmodium marariya kunokonzera gumi zvinenge. Pakati pavo P. ovalecurtisi, P. wallikeri, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. knowlesi. Chinonetsa uye ngozi panyaya nemarariya kufa kunokonzerwa tusingaoneki P. knowlesi uye P. falciparumand. Chirwere inotisvitsa kukura maperembudzi wakapiwa chete nokuda Umhutu Anopheles genus. Chirwere nemarariya kuva kazhinji munguva kushingaira kufamba munyika, kunyanya mune kure endemic nzvimbo nyika, uyewo kudyidzana munhu ane mhuka.

zvinhu

Malaria - chirwere kunokonzerwa parasitic majemusi Plasmodium kuti kutapura paavhareji vanhu mamiriyoni 200 pagore pasi pose. Somugumisiro, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, pane 500,000 kufa. The marariya chisvetasimba iri anwa Anopheles mosquito ikaruma. Chii chinoitika chinotevera? Malaria chisvetasimba rinopfuura kunzwisisa upenyu kunoita muviri umhutu, uye ipapo - mumuviri ane HIV. The kunoramba kuchiitika apo umhutu inoruma munhu kare utachiona, uye pane muropa rake chisvetasimba kuti chinokonzera chirwere "marariya". Photos of utachiona hwakakura kukurukurwa pazasi.

Kumatunhu pamwe chepamusoro rufu mwero kubva chirwere ichi vari Africa, Asia, Central neSouth America. Malaria - chirwere chinobata yakakura chaizvo nhamba yevanhu kushanyira nzvimbo idzi. Dzakakomberedza dzemusub -Saharan Africa Kakawanda kacho (86%) - vana pasi pemakore 5 years. About 40% vanogara munyika iri panjodzi boka makaita. The incubation nguva anobva mumwe nhatu. Vamwe vanhu vanogona kuva vatakuri anonzi wakaderera tupukanana. Panyaya iyi, iyo activation ari chirwere chinogona kuitika mushure memwedzi yakati kana kunyange makore marariya plasmodium tigopinda muviri.

umboo

Malaria - chirwere ane zviratidzo zvinosanganisira chills, nefivhiri, nomusoro uye tsandanyama marwadzo. Vamwe varwere vave kuda kurutsa, kurutsa, chikosoro uye manyoka. Status Fivha kuitika mumwe, vaviri kana vatatu mazuva - ichi ndicho chinonyanya hwokufananidzira kuratidzwa nemarariya. Chakamira pakunodengenyeka zvine kunzwa chando uye chikatsiviwa inonzi inopisa Danho kuti kunoratidzwa nefivha, chinyamunhari chinorwadza, nomusoro, uye kurutsa.

Matambudziko kazhinji tiri zviratidzo chirwere zvakadai siyana sezvo dzinopisa marariya. Nokuda kuparadzwa masero matsvuku eropa uye chiropa masero angava ganda uye jaundice nevachena kwameso, uyewo manyoka uye chikosoro. In zvakawanda zvisingawanzoitiki zviitiko, mapundu anooneka pasi muviri muchimiro itchy, matsvuku papules. On chikonzero chirevo marariya. Photo kumusoro inoratidza mutakuri chirwere.

Zvakakomba siyana Somuenzaniso, kana munhu marariya utachiona hwakakura Plasmodium falciparum, vari pamwe nezvinetso akadai:

• ropa;
• hepatic uye renal kukundikana;
• kurohwa nehana uye chaanoziva;
• kuvadza nechepakati tsinga.

Pasina nenguva kurapwa, zviratidzo izvi kazhinji kurufu.

Sei kupararira?

Saka, isu funga zvakadzama sei marariya chisvetasimba anopinda muviri uye anovandudza nayo. The kutenderera marariya chisvetasimba Plasmodium upenyu yakaoma, nhengo ine mbiri varidzi - murume uye ari anopheles mosquito. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, maperembudzi pachishandiswa kuruma ari Tupukanana, sezvamakaropafadzwa chisvetasimba uchaguta zvakananga kupinda muropa.

Sporozoites (saibva Plasmodium) vofamba muropa uye kupinda kwevanhu chiropa. Ikoko vachiyaruka uye zvirwere matsvuku masero - masero matsvuku eropa, mukati iro kutanga sokuvapo murwere hairume shure marariya vectors - umhutu. Kamwe mumuviri ane Tupukanana, pinda plasmodium waro mate omumuviri, uye nguva inotevera muchiramba muchirumana kuva sporozoite kutanga zvakare kwavo upenyu kunoita muropa revanhu.

Development dzinotsanagura mhuka dzakadai P. ovale uye P. vivax, ingatonyanya kunzwisisa uye anosanganisira paumbwe vakaneta siyana - hypnozoites, izvo kazhinji vanoramba basa kwevhiki dzinoverengeka uye kunyange kwemakore. Mumuviri, kuti marariya mosquito Plasmodium vanosangana pabonde muupenyu hwavo akangofanana, uye mumuviri womunhu utachiona hwakakura riri asexual chokutambudzika, anonziwo schizogony. Naizvozvo, kukura kutenderera Plasmodium mumasero matsvuku inonzi erythrocyte schizogony.

Sezvo chirwere rakapararira? zvinyorwa ayo hadzi Anopheles mosquito uye utachiona vanhu (zvose varwere uye vezvenhau). Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti marariya - chirwere asina chinopfuudzwa pakati vanhu kana zvipfuwo kana kuenda neherikoputa mumate. Kusvibiswa anogona kuitika chete kana ropa murwere anopinda muviri ane utano hwakanaka.

Diagnostics Features

Kana pamusoro zviratidzo, kunyanya paaifamba, Zvinokurudzirwa kuti kuedzwa kuti pamberi marariya chisvetasimba. Kuratidzwa zvirwere zvakawanda zvinogona kufanana zviratidzo nemarariya. Izvi Somuenzaniso, yero fivha, fivha, yokuSpain, korera, gwirikwiti uye TB. Naizvozvo, chiremba anofanira kuziva nhoroondo kushanyirwa munhu anorwara, kugadza miedzo zvakakodzera.

Chirwere nemarariya pakutanga kunosanganisira kuita chekare uye kakawanda kushandiswa bvunzo - kudzidza ropa zodzera pamusoro girazi yemasiraidhi, iyo anoshandisa coloring paakati zvichiratidza tupukanana mukati masero matsvuku eropa. Pasinei chokwadi kuti bvunzo uyu nyore zvakakwana, iyo Kururama migumisiro zvinoenderana hwokugadzira unyanzvi mukoti Anogadzirira uye anoongorora zvinogadzirwa neropa pasi maikorosikopu.

Nemimwe miedzo kuti vachiita zvokuongorora zvirwere:

• immunoassays;
• polymerase cheni kuita.

mabatiro

Features kurapwa kunoenderana zvinoverengeka on:

• Plasmodium maonero, vakapinzwa muviri;
• mashoko navanachiremba ezvinhu omurwere, somuenzaniso, mishonga zvichava zvakasiyana kuti munhu mukuru, mwana uye mukadzi pamuviri, nokuti chiedza uye inorema siyana chirwere;
• zvinodhaka aikanganiswa pakati nayo utachiona.

Zvapedzisira chinhu kunobva nzvimbo umo utachiona yave kugamuchirwa. Chokwadi chokuti siyana dzenyika dzine mhando dzakasiyana nemarariya tupukanana husingakwanisi zvimwe zvinodhaka. Mari kubva marariya inogona vachiwirirana nemazvo chiremba ajaira mashoko ari protocols kunorapwa nemarariya pose. Vanhu vane utachiona pfungwa nayo utachiona P. falciparum, angafa pasina mangwanani kurapwa, saka kuchirapa matanho anofanira kutorwa pakarepo.

Nyoro siyana nemarariya vari kubatwa nemumuromo mishonga. Complex zviratidzo zvakadai zvikuru kupererwa, havachanyatsogoni kuziva, pakoma, pulmonary edema, renal kukundikana, chenjera kufema nenhamo chirwere, neakangwara intravascular coagulation, vaingoerekana ropa, acidosis, kuvapo Chizenga iri weti, jaundice uye generalized nezvipusha, zvinoda intravenous kwokubatsira zvinodhaka.

How kubvisa nemarariya achibatsirwa zvinodhaka? Pakurapa chirwere mishonga havasi kubudirira nguva dzose. Rinoreva "Aral" unoshanda pamusoro tupukanana zvose kunze husingakwanisi chacho vanoshingaira zvinhu chisvetasimba utachiona, semuenzaniso, Plasmodium ovale. zvinotevera nzira kuti kurapika inogona kushandiswa kurwisa husingakwanisi chloroquine marariya marudzi:

• Quinine sulfate akabatana nemishonga "Doxycycline" kana "Tetracycline".
• Zvinodhaka "Clindamycin" kana "Maralon".

Treatment nemarariya muzviitiko dzakawanda dzinobva stereotyped akaendeswa imwe nharaunda. Somuenzaniso, pomutumwa P. falciparum, vawana kuMiddle East, anonzwisisa chloroquine, asi kana utachiona mumwechete kwemarudzi nemarariya kwakaitika Africa, nefuma havagoni kuunza migumisiro yakanaka mukurapa.

Masayendisiti Modern zvakagadzira zvaiitwa kwakavakirwa wemishonga zvinodhaka pamwe nomukaka yezviri antimalarial yeimwe - artemisinin. Mienzaniso zvinodhaka zvabatanidzwa:

• "Artesunate-Amodiaquine."
• "Artesunate-Mefloquine."
• "Digidroartemizin-Piperahin".

Development nzira itsva nemarariya kurapwa rinoitwa nguva dzose, izvo chokuita nokuwedzera kwenhamba zvahunoitwa nemishonga okuva Plasmodium. Mumwe vaizotibata yeimwe pakasikwa zvinobudirira zvinodhaka pamusoro marariya spiroindolon, izvo zvakava kunobudirira pamusoro P. falciparum mhando nayo utachiona munyika dzinoverengeka kuedza.

Drug "Primaquine" inogona kushandiswa kurapa marudzi nemarariya, iyo Utachiona kwenguva refu ari munhu akaneta ezvinhu ari chiropa. Izvi zvinogona kudzivisa dzokororo chirwere chakakomba. Vakadzi vane pamuviri havafaniri kutora "Primaquine." mushonga uyu contraindicated, uye vanhu vanotambura kushayiwa shuga-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi chokushandisa hauna basa chero yokuongororwa rinovharidzira bvunzo harirambidzi kuvapo dambudziko iri. Mune dzimwe nyika, mune Kuwedzera nemumuromo uye injectable siyana inoshandiswa uye suppositories.

Chirwere munguva rokubereka vana

Malaria - nengozi kumukadzi pamuviri uye azvarwa. Chirwere yekudyidzana zvinowedzera mukana nguva isati yakwana yokuberekwa uye kubereka mwana akafa. Nhamba dzinoratidza kuti munyika dzesub kufa marariya rimwe gore-Saharan Africa uye 30% vana. Saka, vakadzi vose nepamuviri vanogara munzvimbo dzine ngozi kana vari kuronga rwendo ikoko, vanofanira zvachose bvunza chiremba uye tora ushandiswe mishonga yavo, akadai "sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine." Zvinokosha marariya prophylaxis kunodzivisa hweHIV.

Pakurapa chirwere vakadzi vane pamuviri, inobva mureza urongwa inokurukurwa pamusoro. Zvisinei, mishonga yakadai se "Primaquine", "Tetracycline", "Doxycycline" uye "halofantrine" havasi yakarumbidza nokuda ngozi kuti azvarwa.

The chirwere muvana

Kudzivirira Malaria rokumanikidzirwa vose vana, kusanganisira vacheche, vanogara kana dzimwe nguva nzvimbo kupararira chirwere. Zvinotevera maturusi anokwanisa kuita sechinhu "Chloroquine" chokudzivirira uye "Mefloquine."

Zvakakosha kushandisa zvakarurama chipimo chemushonga mwana wenyu, izvo zvinoenderana nezera rake uye uremu. vabereki vose vasati kufambira mwana munyika weboka racho ngozi, vanofanira kutanga nyanzvi mune chiremba chirwere pamusoro kurapwa uye kudzivirira chirwere pasi kukurukurwa zvirwere. Sezvo ane ovhadhozi pakati antimalarial zvinodhaka kunogona kuurayisa, mishonga zvose zvinofanira kuchengetwerwa pasingasvikirwi nevana Somuenzaniso, muna zvakasimba namahwindo mumagaba.

Kudzivirira chirwere

Kana munhu anoda kuenda kunzvimbo marariya kwakakurumbira, kupfuura zvose, anofanira kuwana chii zvinorevei uye chii dosages zvinofanira kutorwa kudzivirira chirwere. Zvinokurudzirwa kutanga kutora zvinodhaka izvi mavhiki maviri asati aronga rwendo, apo kugara munyika kuti mwedzi Ndadzoka kubva rwendo. Pari, hapana mushonga zvinoumbwa kubva marariya, asi kwakatanga kutsvakurudza, kuti mushonga achiri pasi kukura.

Kana zvichiita, dzivisa kushanyira nyika vaine mwero chirwere mune zvimwe marariya prophylaxis kunodiwa - zvinogona kuponesa utano hwako uye kuponesa upenyu. Kana iwe - mufambi, nguva dzose edza kuziva nzvimbo umo kwave panomuka chirwere panguva ino. Malaria vectors vanogona kunyika iri ganda hwevanhu chero nguva yezuva, asi ikaruma dzakawanda zvawanikwa usiku. Tupukanana uyewo vari kupfuura basa mambakwedza uye kwasviba. Kudzivisa panze mumaawa izvi. Kudzivirira chirwere kuchikosha chaizvo, apa ndechokuti mushonga pamusoro marariya haina kusikwa.

Pfeka zvipfeko - vanopfeka unokutakwairirai, Shirts maoko refu, yakakwirira namahwindo shangu pane hwashu akazarurwa uye heti. Wedzera mbatya bhurukwa. Shandisa insecticidal nomushonga wezvipembenene Somuenzaniso, tinogona varumbidze senzira "Permethrin" kuti rinopindura kusakara uye giya. Yeuka kuti zvakanaka yomuchipatara dzine kusvika makumi mashanu kubva muzana diethyl toluamide. anodiwa Mosquito mambure kunyanya kana mumba hauna ventilated Somuenzaniso, hapana mhepo kutonhodza. Kuvabata pamwe aerosol nomushonga wezvipembenene. Zvinonzi Dzakamukurudzirawo kushandisa mosquito Coils.

mushonga

Pari, hapana yokudzivirira zvinowanikwa pamusoro marariya. Zvisinei, mumakore mashoma apfuura, vaongorori hwapedza nemigumisiro yakanaka experimental yokudzivirira. nemiedzo yakakura Recent zvekuchipatara chokuita vana vasere dzomuAfrica, dzinorongwa Gates Foundation, vakaratidza kuti kudzidza nemishonga kwaibatsira iri hafu mhosva. dzimwe kuedza vakawanda kuva vanobudirira uye kufanoona kudzivirira chirwere sezvinorondedzerwa ramangwana. Nyanzvi dzinoti mushonga kuzorwa marariya achava makore 3-10. Yokufungidzira richifanira inobva chidzivaidzo ari chisvetasimba upenyu kunoita nekushandisa gadziriro mapuroteni unobereka antibodies naro.

chirwere mhando

Above rinonzi huru akasiyana chirwere utachiona. Dzingasiyana uye chirwere. Ndezvipi mhando huru nemarariya:

• dzinopisa;
• A-zuva matatu;
• mana-zuva;
• marariya-ovale.

Mana-zuva marariya kunoratidza matanhatu-gumi kusingaperi fivha kurwiswa, izvo kazhinji inotanga mangwanani kana masikati. Zvakakomba nemigumisiro hadziwanzowaniki, ari incubation nguva kunogona kusvika 5 months. Tropical marariya tupukanana zvikuru pfungwa muropa, akaratidza vaguely fivha, kazhinji aripo zviratidzo zvakadai semanyoka, kurutsa, nechepakati tsinga maronda, renal kukundikana. Kazhinji matambudziko kukudziridza. Vivax anoratidza raidudzwa fivha zvinosanganisira chills, vangadikitira uye tembiricha simuka asi damerau rakatumbuka pamwe nguva kanganwiro.

zvavo mishonga

Medicines - ndiyo hwaro kurapwa nemarariya. Asi zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinoratidza kushandiswa zvimwe zviwanikwa pakurapa zvirwere zvinokonzerwa plasmodium. Pano ratinoparidza chete vamwe vavo, ari kuzvidzosera Quick izvi uye vanorumbidza hazvigoni sechinhu chikuru pachishandiswa mishonga.

Lime uye ndimu zvinobatsira mana-zuva fivha. Anenge magiramu vatatu choko zvazvichanyungudutswa 60 ml mvura uye muto mumwe ndimu kana madota. sezvamunoita izvozvi zvinokosha kuva chinomwiwa pamberi kutanga fivha.

Alum zvakare sechinhu kutsigira mukurapa nemarariya. Vari zvakakanyiwa namafuta pamusoro rinopisa chakabikwa mugango uye ivhu kuti upfu. Inside utore yetea zvinoreva maawa mana risati nefivha uye hafu yetea maawa maviri pashure.