Aripiko keel of ndege? Ndege Kiel: kuvaka

Kunyange murume akanga kumboona gungwa, vanoziva okuoneka mashoko: ". Tsoka manomwe pasi keel" Zvino mubvunzo pakarepo unomuka. The keel chikepe - chinonyanya kukosha STRUCTURAL chikamu, izvo kuda nhengo dzakawanda muviri wake. Asi kana mumwe anoziva kupi riri uye chii keel of ndege?

Chii?

Ndiyo "simba" runyararo unokubvumira kuponesa ndege kupiwa kosi. Kusiyana nezvikepe, ari keel ari ndege chinhu chinokosha wehunyambiri stabilizer ari muswe. Panguva pasi fuselage hakuna keel mu kubhururuka michina regai! Asi pane imwe namano. Chokwadi kuti chikamu ichi zvakasimba chokuita rine mutoro-zvinhu zviri fuselage, asi nekuti chinhu zvakafanana kuchine mugungwa uye mhepo izwi. Saka apo iri keel of ndege? Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, ndiko hunyambiri chikamu muswe.

Zvinonzi fixedly akaisa, ndee pana nhatu pfungwa dziri zvakafanana, ichibata pamwe ndege axial mutsetse. In chitarisiko, chidimbu ichi ane akakwana ichiratidzika trapezoid. Sezvo kutonga, keel pamusoro ndege rine spars, mbabvu uye ganda. zano uyu chaiwo, zvachinja zvishoma kubvira ndege yokutanga. The spar pamberi anoiswa obliquely (ave mutemo).

Layouts

Kakawanda, keel kuroorwa, asi dzimwe nguva kuita kaviri uye kunyange katatu (ari hwindimiri Ndege). Mukupera zvazvingava, kunodiwa kupa yakakwirira achitaura kugadzikana rinorema michina. Nenzira, vose ndege panzvimbo nzvimbo yacho keel vari muzvikamu zvitatu mhando:

• Yakavakwa inowanzotorwa urongwa. Kwakadaro, somuenzaniso keel yacho A321 ndege.
• "Ducks," ndiko ndege ane chinjikira muswe zenze iri pamberi wamapapiro.
• "Tailless". The keel ndiyo chete wehunyambiri muswe, chinjikira ailerons zvachose vasipo.

Chokwadi, okupedzisira mhando mbiri ndizvo zvinowanzoitika kuti "nharaunda yevanhu" emauto ndege, dzakadai placement ari keel Zvakakodzera kupa ndege imwe kumusoro maneuverability.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, shandisa zvakawanda dzakaoma mazano. Somuenzaniso, podkilevye Combs (aka - ventral keels). Kushandiswa mune dzimwe supersonic ndege, apo ndichengetedze wakakwana kugadzikana panguva ndege kunokosha. Saka, pasi keel pamusoro ndege (ichi ndipo tatoona) pane chimwezve uye hombe mutsika. More zvakafanana mamiriro ezvinhu ari apo chinjikira stabilizer muswe vose kutamira pamusoro keel. Izvi zvinoitika kana injini akatasva shure ndege. vanoronga akadaro Somuenzaniso, unogona kuonekwa mumhuri utility ndege "IL".

Chii kuti?

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, windless ekunze - Zvaifadza husiri nyore kuwana, izvo zvikasaitika kakawanda vaviri pagore. Kazhinji, pane mhepo, uye simba rayo uye mirayiridzo inogona siyana zvinoshamisa. Kana ndege iri kubhururuka, mhepo gusts anogona kubatsira mirayiridzo uye kosi. The ndege inofanira kurongwa zvokuti yavo kudzokera mudanga chinzvimbo. Chete nenzira iyi anogona yakachengeteka ndege.

Chinangwa chikuru

Nokutonga chikuru pakuvaka keel - muriise zvokuti pasi hapana ezvinhu haana kuwana ari slipstream pamusoro bapiro. Zvikasadaro zvimwe unopinza kutyora kudzikama Program, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru - mumuviri deformation uye kuparadzwa yose muswe. Saka, chinangwa chikuru pamusoro keel - rokuponesa achitaura pakusimba.

Magadzirirwo vazhinji ndege zvokuti chikamu ichi - chinjwa. Nokuchinja kwakakura kutsauka kubva keel, vashandi vemo monitors mirayiridzo Kurwara negwara. Kunze - ndege zvechiuto, umo kuchinja nhungamiro ndege injini sei pamwe inodzorwa akapinza vector. Kana kwavo, kuti chinjwa keel ndege (mufananidzo uri munyaya) ibenzi, nokuti zadzisa apo achifambisa zvakadai kuti nyore kuparadzwa.

Ndezvipi nokugadzikana inopiwa iri keel?

Kune mhando nhatu rakatsiga, nokuda iyo ndege mamiriro rinosanganisira keel:

• Track.
• Longitudinal.
• Transverse.

Tichanzwisisa pamwe zvipenyu zvose izvi zvizere. Saka, achitaura dzigadzikane. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti kana kurasikirwa longitudinal kutsiga fuselage Anotiza, ndege vacharamba mberi kwenguva yakati nendege mberi nokuda inertial simba. Zvadaro, mhepo aibuda anotanga kumhanya pamusoro rwemberi ndege, riri shure pakati regiravhiti. Kiel iyi nyaya kunodzivisa kuti chidzoke ane kutenderera simba, kumanikidza ndege kuti tenderera kumativi ayo akabatana.

Longitudinal pakusimba. Vanova ndege iri dzichibhururuka zvisingatomboiti rudzi, musimboti regiravhiti rinobatana pakati kushandiswa kuita ayo fuselage. Panguva iyi, fuselage uyewo kuita multidirectional masimba kuti vanotsvaka richikura muviri ndege. Lift nerukudzo vari panguva imwecheteyo. ndege keel (mapikicha zvinhu munoona munyaya) inopa nechiyero, izvo hazvisi kusimba chaizvo. Normal ndege pasina empennage, keel uye stabilizer hazvibviri.

Mamwe nokugadzikana

Lateral pakusimba. Kazhinji, chinhu ichi inhaurwa kuenderera yapfuura zvinhu. Kana bapiro uye muchinjikwa zenze stabilizers vari multidirectional mauto, ivo "edza" hungaita ndege. Anoshora chimiro ichi namapapiro: kana kutarira navo kure, akafanana tsamba "U" ane zvikuru rakasanganiswa pamusoro "nyanga." chimiro ichi inopa kuzvipira kugadzirisa nzvimbo ndege iri muchadenga. Kiel panguva imweyo kunobatsira kuchengetedza lateral isimbe.

Cherechedza kuti ndege pamwe mberi-yakatsvairwa bapiro kudiwa nekuda keel hakusi kukuru ... panguva pamatunhu aimhanya. Kana rikawira, kuwedzera kuita mauto kuitika mune geometric kunoita. Uye nokuda michina izvi inokosha chaizvo kupfuura twi, lightweight keel, izvo zvinogona kudzivisa dzakakwirira mitoro yakadaro. Uye sei zvinganzi kutengwa? Uye nezvazvo.

Features pakusika ndege ano

Iye zvino, Federal Air Transport Agency nyanzvi vavo dzimwe nevamwe vari rinotarisa pakusikwa zvikamu ndege (kusanganisira keel) makuru-saizi mativi akagadzirwa yemhando zvinoumba zvinhu.

Huwandu yeimwe izvi pamasikiro ano ndege motokari iri kuramba ichiwedzera. Maererano mashoko kubva nyanzvi, avo vhoriyamu reshiyo yakatotanga asvika 25% kusvika 50%, uye duku vasiri ezvokutengeserana ndege, uye zvose zvinogona rinoumbwa mupurasitiki chinoumbwa nezvinhu 75%. Sei izvi zvakanga zvakapararira munyika avhiyesheni indasitiri? Chokwadi iyoyo keel kuti ndege "Boeing", wakaitwa polymer "alloys", ane chiedza chaizvo uremu, yakakwirira kwazvo simba uye ruzivo iyo, achishandisa mureza zvinhu kuzadzisa nyore zvisingaitiki.

zvakananga zvinhu

Most wakarurama kushandiswa chinoumbwa pamasikiro kwete muswe, asiwo wamapapiro uye fuselage mutoro inobereka okunze, izvo zvinofanira kuva kwete chete simba chaizvo asi tefa zvakakwana. Zvikasadaro pane mukana wokuti STRUCTURAL kukundikana pasi zvinoitwa kutiza mitoro.

Asi haana nguva dzose. Saka, kuzvikudza reSoviet ndege indasitiri, ndege "Tu-160", hunonziwo "White Swan" kana "Blackjack", ndiwo keel pakati ... titanium alloys. zvinhu zvakadai chaiwo uye zvinodhura chaizvo akasarudzwa nekuda hombe mitoro pamusoro nemamiriro muchina, izvo nhasi anoramba musoro inorema bhomba vaiva nezvombo. Asi inokosha yokusvika yakadaro pakusikwa keel - husiri nyore kuwana, asi nokuti nhasi apo vagadziri kazhinji kugadzirisa zvimwe nyore kumiririra zvinhu.

Ndezvipi zvipingamupinyi mukusika chine keel?

Munguva kukura wechipfuwo vagadziri aifanira kugadzirisa-siyana nezvinetso:

• Akashanda kusikwa guru zvikamu keel, uye mumwe kabhoni internet kugadzirwa nzira aizomupa.
• Akanga zvinenge zvachose uongorore zvakare uye apiwa pa chikuru nzendo kugadzirwa, vasina akagadzirirwa kushandiswa zvinoumba zvinhu.

Other zvinhu

Kurimwa kwacho kwave chinozoiswa ichangobva Software (FiberSim), izvo zvinoita kuti vabudirire-soro zvaibvira mwero kushandisa michina. Uyewo, ikozvino keel ndege ane nemagadzirirwo inorondedzerwa munyaya, inogona kugadzirwa pamusoro michina yakadaro, apo kushanda hapana vanodhirowa. Kugadzirwa chikamu ichi mu nzira iri sezvinotevera:

• Design kana pakusarudza Finished womuenzaniso. Nhasi keel (zvimwe) iri projected ari zvakazara kwangoitwa rudzi, pasina Developers "munhu".
• Nokuveza zvakashandiswa, sezvo nekugadzirwa otomatiki nzira.
• In otomatiki nzira, ndiye computation chakagadzirwa mbishi zvakashandiswa paakasika keel wayo STRUCTURAL nhengo.
• Kuisira akaturikidzana vari robotic mashandiro kudzora purogiramu yekombiyuta.

Uyezve, munhu ano yokusvika pagadzirwe zvimbi anotora zvinotevera:

• Kuramba Kugadzirwa prototypes kuti kuedzwawo kupfuura zvakawandisa ezvinhu.
• Dzakabudirira non-anoparadza yokuedza michina, hunoita kuramba richiona pamusoro keel mundege.

Advanced nzira kusika "MC-21" ndege empennage

Ari kwete kure kare, avhiyesheni indasitiri zvinoreva ndakadumbirwa kushandisa mudzimba Developers avari kutanga imwe ndege zvachose itsva, "MS-21". kusiyana Its ndechokuti anenge matatu emakore, ndiye wokutanga mumhuri motokari kune Flights mukati munyika. In kwayo gadzira nayo akaedzwa vazhinji achangobuda ruzivo, izvo zvikuru zvakakanganisa itsva zviri keel uye vakakomberedza muswe.

Kukudziridza uye kubereka "MS-21" caisson keel ndege, mudzimba nyanzvi vakakwanisa kuzadzisa zvinotevera:

• Fully zvoga nesting zvikamu uye mbishi zvakashandiswa mukurima. Somugumisiro, izvozvo dzakakwanisa kusvika kanenge 50% zvinoderedza zvachose Mari yose muswe, uye chidimbu keel.
• In kweShanduro empennage ProDirector kushandiswa chirongwa unokubvumira kubudirira akakwana zvakarurama kubudiswa zvikamu. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave yakasimba kwete chete, asiwo zvikuru lightweight keels.
• Uyewo, iyo keel ndege ano akasikwa pachishandiswa miviri curvature unyanzvi. Pamusana kwavari, zvinokwanisika kuti vabudirire multidirectional ukobvu vaya dzine zvakafanira mamwe chisimbiso mamiriro (pasi keel Ndege).
• Kunyange nhasi, makuru mativi keel anogona "yakagochwa kwazvo" iri chaiyo autoclaves. Mugumisiro chinhu chaizvo simba uye vanachandagwinyira zvinoriumba kutsungirira netsapo dhigirii upi.
• Control zvakare inopfuura mashoko ari geometry of zvakaoma pasi kutonga makombiyuta gadziriro.

Other zvinhu

Kuburikidza kushandisa michina mitsva uye unyanzvi, zvakanga rakasikwa munhu muswe uye keel vakanga kuderedzwa 50-70%. Nhasi, hurumende nemiedzo kwave vanopfuura zviuru zvina zvidimbu zenze uye muswe.

The chikuru budiriro - kwakasimbiswa akavimbika uye nyore mabikirwo kweShanduro zvinoumba bhokisi keel kukura 7.6 X 2.5 M Panguva Ivo Wakatotanga kununura mberi. Irkutsk Aviation Plant. Ivo akagadzirwa yepamusoro zvinoumba zvokuvakisa, uye zviri izvi nechekare vanofarira kutungamirira vagadziri dzimwe ndege.

matambudziko ano

Nokuti chii takapedza nguva yakawanda kudaro kukurukura nzira ano yokugadzirwa uye kuvaka keel? Chokwadi ndechokuti kubvira 60s remakore rapfuura zvakava pachena kuti imwe kuwedzera nokukurumidza waivako ndege zvinogoneka chete kana kuwedzera simba ravo uye kuti yokusuma kupinda kugadzirwa neitsva mhando polymeric zvinhu. Chinetso ndege rokupedzisira chizvarwa ndechokuti magadzirirwo yavo (uye keel zvikurukuru) ndiyo zvikuru kubatwa "kuneta". Nokuda kwaizvozvi, anenge 70 makore okupedzisira remakore kunge vakava dzakawanda nzira vachiongorora mamiriro bapiro uye muswe.

Production zvinodiwa uyewo kumusoro. Mumwe batch mangé zvikamu pasi zvikuru kwazvo overloads vibration nemabhenji kuona kutonhora uye kumanikidzwa. Izvi hazvishamisi, sezvo kuchangotanga mutswe pakupedzisira kutungamirira kurufu mazana vanhu.

Saka munoziva apo ndege zenze uye chii zviri pamusoro!