Computers uye chero zvemagetsi - dzakaoma mano, nenhungamiro izvo hakusi zvinonzwisiswa vagari vakawanda. Chii ROM uye chii mudziyo unofanira? Vanhu Most havazokwanisi kupindura mubvunzo uyu. Edza kururamisa kusanzwisisa ichi.
Chii chinonzi ROM?
Zvavari uye kupi kushandisa? Verenga-chete ndangariro (ROMs) vari nonvolatile ndangariro. Yemazuva ano, vari chinozoiswa somunhu chip. Panguva iyoyo takazoziva chii chidimbu ROM decoding. Rakagadzirirwa mudziyo kuchengeta ruzivo akapinda kubudikidza inodzidzisa, uye yakaiswa zvirongwa. The iverengwe-chete ndangariro anogona kuwanikwa mapepa, mumhanzi, mifananidzo - ndiko kuti, zvose kuti kunofanira kuchengetwa kwemwedzi kana kuti kunyange kwemakore. uwandu ndangariro, zvichienderana mudziyo kushandiswa, unogona anosiyana kubva kilobytes akawanda (nokuti nyore mano ane kuroorwa sekristaro nesilicon, mienzaniso dziri microcontrollers) kune terabytes. The kukuru chitsama ROM - zvikuru zvinhu zvinogona kuchengetwa. The vhoriyamu iri Proportional kuti uwandu mashoko zvakananga. Kana rakanamwa mhinduro yomubvunzo, chii ROM zvinofanira akapindura: ndiye date yokuchengetera zvinhu, inova yakazvimirira DC voltage.
Hard disks sezvo huru zvechigarire okuchengetera mudziyo
On mubvunzo chii ROM chava vakapindura. Zvino tinofanira kutaura zvavari. Huru zvachose okuchengetera mudziyo ndiyo nemotokari rakaoma. Ivo vane makombiyuta ose ano. Ivo anoshandiswa nokuda wayo kwazvo yaibvira date chekuchengeta. Asi panguva imwe chete pane vakawanda ROM kuti kushandisa multiplexers (ndiko microcontrollers, vene loaders uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvigadziriswe zvakafanana). A kudzidza hwakadzama vachava zvakakodzera kwete chete kunzwisisa zvinoreva ROM. Achiongorora zvaive mamwe mashoko zvakakodzerawo, kuti kunzwisisa nyaya.
Kuwedzera uye Kuwedzera ROM nezvaanogona pamwe furashi michina
Kana mwero User ndangariro hazvikwani, unogona kushandisa optioneel kuwedzera mikana yakabva ROM date chekuchengeta. Izvi zvinoitwa pachishandiswa yazvino mudzidziso kuyeuka makadhi uye USB-nokupenya Zvifambiso. Vari kwakavakirwa nheyo vakawanda kushandiswa. Nemamwe mashoko, mashoko pamusoro pavo inogona kudzimwa uye akanyorwa mazana ezviuru zvemadzimai.
Chii chiri muyeuko zvachose
The ROM rinoumbwa zvikamu zviviri, izvo zvinenge sezvo A-ROM (kuchengeta software) uye ROM-E (nokuti achivaratidza zvirongwa). A ROM mhando A transformer ari diode chizvaro, iri vaisona pachishandiswa kero waya. Chikamu chino ROM anoita chikuru basa. Zvekupfakira kunobva mashoko vaitwa ROM iyo (inogona kushandiswa perforations uye rinobva matepi, chibhakera makadhi, rinobva disks, ngoma, ferrite lugs, dielectrics vavo electrostatic nokuchengeta kuwanda pfuma).
Schematic nemamiriro ROM
Izvi yemagetsi chinhu rakashandurwa kuva mudziyo, izvo nechitarisiko chakafanana kubatana imwe nhamba chete-ikakuruma sero. Chip ROM, pasinei dzingangoitika kunzwisisa uye anoita kukosha mikana, saizi diki. Kana nomusoro matomu yakananga yakabereka Simbiso kune dzimba (kana rakanyorwa razero) kana kuti simba romugove (kana chikwata zvakanyorwa). Kuwedzera zvishoma ndangariro masero ari iverengwe-chete ndangariro Chips zvinogona kwakabatana munguva yakafanana. Uye vagadziri kuita kuwana chigadzirwa ano, sezvinoita ROM Chip dzakakwirira waivako kunoita kuti yemakwikwi mumusika.
uwandu ndangariro kushandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-ouinjiniya zviumbu
ndangariro hukuru zvinosiyana zvichienderana mhando uye chinangwa ROM. Saka nyore mhuri midziyo yakadai washing machine kana sefiriji inogona kusimbiswa microcontrollers zvakakwana (kubva reserves dzavo makumi mashomanana kilobytes), uye kashoma kacho wakaisirwa chinhu kupfuura kuoma. Shandisa yakawanda ROM pano hazvina musoro, nekuti kuwanda zvemagetsi diki, uye magadzirirwo hakurevi akaoma Masvomhu. Nokuti TV ano kunodiwa chinhu kupfuura akakwana. Uye kunzwisisa ndiko vanova kadambari michina yakadai makombiyuta uye servers, kuti ROM iro, sezvo kushoma, ane gigabytes shoma (nokuti kusunungurwa makore 15 apfuura) kusvika makumi uye mazana terabytes ose mashoko.
Mask ROM
Muzviitiko apo kurekodha nevamwe nokushandisa metallization rikurumidze uye chifukidzo rinoshandiswa zvachose chekuchengeta mudziyo unonzi masiki. Kero ndangariro masero imomo vari kusvitsa kune zviteshi 10, uye imwe Chip anosarudzwa nevanhu rinokosha chiratidzo CS. Zvirongwa kwakadai ROM panguva fekitari, zvichiguma kugadzirwa diki uye svikiro pamwero maturo uye zvikuru dzamira. Asi pamwero mukuru kugadzirwa, ndivo yakachipa pashiri pakati zvose zvachose okuchengetera mano, izvo Akachengetedza kwavari mukurumbira.
Schematically, zvachose uremu inozivikanwa kuti yeimwe rokuyeuka chizvaro conductors yakatsiva fusible Matandira dzakagadzirwa polycrystalline nesilicon. Panguva kugadzirwa rwakazara muri jumpers zvose uye kombiyuta anofunga kuti zvose zvakanyorwa musoro dzakabatana. Asi panguva regadziriro chirongwa vakashumira wakakwirira voltage, naro kusiya musoro dzakabatana. Kana tikashandisa yakaderera voltages jumper sasana, uye kombiyuta anoverenga kuti pane musoro razero. Maererano nenheyo iri programmable iverengwe-chete ndangariro.
Programmable kuverenga chete Ndangariro
PROM vaiva chaizvo munguva kugadzira muitiro, kwavari zvaibvira kuti mukana wokuzvidzivirira panguva medium- uye madiki kugadzirwa. Asi izvozvo namano avo patinogumira - kuti chirongwa chinogona kunyorwa kamwe chete (nokuti kuti bhiriji sasana kamwe uye kwenguva dzose). Nokuda kutadza ichi kushandisa apiwa kuverenga-chete ndangariro, mashoko asina kururama kunyora pasi kana chinofanira kuraswa. Izvi zvinowedzera kukosha ose anobudiswa michina. Nokuda kusakwana iri kugadzirwa kutenderera, dambudziko iri zvikuru dzatora pfungwa kuyeuka mudziyo Developers. Nzira kubva izvi raiva kukura ROM, izvo zvinogona kuzodzosera chiite vakawanda nguva.
ROM pamwe UV kana electrically erasable
Uye takagamuchira mano dzakadaro inonzi "verenga chete ndangariro pamwe UV kana electrically erasable." Zvasikwa pachishandiswa kuyeuka siyana umo ndangariro masero vane chinokosha yakarongeka. Saka, Sero rimwe nerimwe riri mos transistor, sezvamakaropafadzwa gedhi chakagadzirwa polycrystalline nesilicon. Akafanana yapfuura shanduro, zvakarurama? Asi ROMs izvi iine kuti nesilicon zvatowedzera takapoteredzwa insulator rine insulating ehupfumi zvinoshamisa - silica. Nheyo kushanda iri inobva induction vakaraira kugutsikana kuti inogona kuchengetwa kwemakumi emakore. Zvino pane zvimwe abrasion. Saka, nokuti ultraviolet-ROM mano vanofanira rova ultraviolet mwaranzi achibva kunze (the ultraviolet rambi, etc.). Zviri pachena kuti kubva pfungwa nemaonero nyore kushanda ane kuverenga chete ndangariro electrically erasable ndiyo Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri kuti Activate kwavari, anongoti kushandisa voltage. Nheyo magetsi erasing kwave zvinobudirira rakatangwa muna ROM akadai isipi Zvifambiso, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa panguva zhinji.
Asi ROM-redunhu yakadaro kunze pakuvaka muchitokisi, zvayakaita rakasiyana kwakajairika chifukidzo ROM ndangariro. Dzimwe nguva mano aya anonziwo reprogrammiruemymi. Asi zvose zvazvakanakira pane zvimwe miganhu erasing kumhanya nokuti chiito ichi kunowanzoitwa anenge 10-30 maminitsi.
Pasinei tinogona overwriting reprogrammiruemye mano havabvumirwi kushandiswa. Saka, zvinhu zvemagetsi pamwe ultraviolet erasure anogona kurarama kubva nyora zvinogara 10 kusvika 100. Ipapo zvinoparadza simba nemwaranzi zvokuti palpable kuti vasisipo kushanda. Ona kushandisa kwakadaro zvinhu zvinogona kuwedzerwa sezvo kuchengetera Bios purogiramu, mavhidhiyo uye ruzha makadhi yokuwedzera zvengarava. Zvisinei, mashoko optimum hama rewriting ndiyo musimboti magetsi erasure. Saka, nhamba rewrites mu zvavo namano siyana 100 000 kusvika 500 000! Pane zvakaparadzana ROM zano kuti anogona kushanda zvikuru, asi vanoshandisa vakawanda havadi nayo.