Chii jengachenga? The jengachenga mutsetse. Kutsunga pajengachenga vemapato. The azimuth huru vemapato

Information zvinodiwa zvevhiki chero kwenzvimbo, rinoumbwa zvinhu zvitatu: marefu, mirayiridzo uye nhungamiro (siyana zvinhu pasi). In maenisaikoropidhiya kupa tsanangudzo pajengachenga: zviri kuonekwa kuti ziso mutsetse, izvo muganhu denga pasi.

The Navy Sea jengachenga ndeakaita siyanei nzira. Kubvira kare, zvikepe yakanga pachavo kufamba kwayo uye vamwe pachavo tsanangudzo dzavo. Mugore Marine enisaikoropidhiya Sea jengachenga - denga mutsetse kubatana uye mvura. Ona (sighting danda) kunoitwa mutsetse uyu kuoneka pakati denderedzwa mvura.

How kufamba munzvimbo yausingazivi

Nhangaruvazhe anogona kuva chero zvinhu zvakanaka zvinoonekwa kuti zviri zvishoma kumira panze. Izvi zvinogona kuva ibwe guru kana dombo riri sandara penyika. Musango iri chipimo akadaro aigona kuva muti upi, maererano, zvinofanira zvimwe kumira kubva muboka uye kusiyirira, kuti nyore kuyeuka.

Chii jengachenga? No nyaya chii venyika pane munhu rakamupoteredza kuramba iripo nzvimbo: chaizvoizvo kuona denderedzwa - ndiwo mutsara jengachenga.

Vanhu vakawana denderedzwa iri shoma zvikuru salient pfungwa. Vakaona kuti nyeredzi dzokudenga kufamba mudenderedzwa, uye mumwe wavo, sokunge panzvimbo iri pamusoro jengachenga. Ndicho North Star. Uyezve, vanhu akateerera pfuma nevamwe magnetized zvinhu zviri Limbo - vari nguva dzose zvayaitenderera paguyo pamugumo nenhungamiro kwayo. Uye zvishoma nezvishoma pajengachenga denderedzwa zvina huru (pajengachenga) vaizivikanwa - kuchamhembe, kumaodzanyemba, nokumavirira, kumabvazuva. mazita ava mufundisi pfungwa vachiri kushanda nhasi.

Definition jengachenga mativi

Tichibatsirwa of North Star kana zvikuru magnetized zvinhu (chinongedzo, astrolabe) vanhu vanogona, kubvira pose panyika, kusarudza rwokumusoro mirayiridzo, uye ipapo akasimuka kutarisana naye, vakawana panhivi ake muviri yasara chinoumba nzvimbo: musana - rwezasi, kurudyi - mabvazuva, kuruboshwe - kumavirira.

Angle kune chinjikira uye madhigirii

Mumwe muzvina pajengachenga denderedzwa rinokwana madhigirii 90. ari chinjikira Ndege rakakamurwa duku vakaenzana zvikamu zviri uwandu 360 zvidimbu - inogona kufananidzwa anofungidzirwa nhamba mazuva mugore. Mumwe nemumwe zvikamu izvi kwave ainzi shoko "dhigirii" uye akagamuchira pachake Serial nhamba - kubva 1 kusvika 360.

Funga madhigirii kubva imwe pfungwa - pfungwa yacho mujengachenga, riri kurutivi North Star. Pauri, kuverenga kurudyi (Kutenderera).

Kutsunga pakona zvinotevera: riri kuumbwa nemwaranzi miviri zvinobva imwe chete pfungwa (mararamiro samhu makirasi pakati). Mumwe dhigirii sekamufarenzi - mumwe angled.

The azimuth huru mativi jengachenga

Simple geometric angled ane mbiri zvemasanga danda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanogona kutungamirirwa kana kurutivi nzvimbo. Uye pane chinokosha azimuth bango - zviri vakatumira chete mirayiridzo, kuchamhembe. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, asi geometry yomunyika makona vane kunonyanyisa kukura anosvika 180 madhigirii (kururamiswa angled), asi azimuth anogona kuva, i.e. 0-360 inegumi.

Kubva ichi zvinoreva kuti azimuth of - yorusvingo, izvo chakaumbwa matanda maviri, mumwe wavo inoendeswa rwokumusoro, wechipiri - iri muganhu. The azimuth huru mativi jengachenga kunoyerwa pamwero, uye Kutenderera hauonekwi kubva razero.

Kuyera azimuth pakati kumaruwa

Zvino zvishoma pamusoro nzira dzenyika. The jengachenga mutsetse segwapa kwete chete huru ina (ichi nechokugedhi mwaranzi ari centre - rwokumusoro, kumaodzanyemba, nokumavirira, kumabvazuva), asi zvenguva - riri pakati uye riri pakati mbiri huru. Somuenzaniso, pakati kuchamhembe uye kumadokero angled rworwendo 45 anoiswa zvenguva mirayiridzo. It anonzi kuchamhembe-mabvazuva. Anawo mirayiridzo inovakwa neimwe quadrant. Saka vakawana "azimuth mhete", uchiri kuchengetwa nenzira 22.5 inegumi, aitaridzika vanotsigira chikamu. Vari akasarudzwa sezvo kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva-nokumavirira, nokumusoro-kumabvazuva uye zvichingodaro. D.

Mufambi pamwe ruzivo kuona nyore rwokumusoro dzaizotungamirira chero ekunze uye chero nguva yezuva. Uyezve, zvichava nyore kuwana yakarurama uye pasina nekambasi. Izvi zvinoda zivo azimuth mhete.

Azimuth - angled izvo kuyerwa kana kuvakwa. Zviri nyore chekucheresa penzura nebepa, uyewo pasi kuyera reticle danda (ziso). Pamepu kana iri nyore notibhuku kuyera uye kuvaka azimuths zvakakunakira nyore protractor - protractor. Kuti aite izvi, tara nepakati pfungwa, kumativi jengachenga. Next nezvokudiwa kuzochera achirurama pamakona pakati pavo. Maka kuswedera zvinodiwa pfungwa uye chinooneka kubva kambasi kuti vaunze motokari panguva necheparutivi kuti mujengachenga, kuchamhembe pfungwa. Dzosai angled, unonzi ane azimuth.

Mune kwakajairika mepu ane zvizhinji kutwasuka mitsetse - zviri kumabvazuva nekumadokero kumucheto pamatanda uye rwonzi rectangular Coordonatele pamwechete nechokuchamhembe. Asi mira afoot Rwonzi dzimwe nguva chaizvo kwete noku pepuranga kadhi - kuumba necheparutivi. Haasi guru chaizvo uye saka kakawanda hazvina kucherechedzwa.

Somuenzaniso, tinofanira kuyera azimuth hwokutiparadza mutsetse kubva nguva A kukuratidza B. Transportir centre (razero pfungwa) iri seari pfungwa A, mumwe namasanhu waro zvayaitenderera paguyo zvokuti zvinofambirana hunyambiri mitsetse kadhi mberi dhigirii protractor pamwero akabvisa Countdown madhigirii semaonero A kukuratidza B.

Compasses

Compasses akasiyana chakagadzirwa. Yainyanya kushandiswa ndiyo Compass yakavakwa muna Russian topographer XIX remakore Petrom Adrianovym. Doma zvakakodzera - Compass Hadrian. Mumazuva iwayo, compasses vakaitwa nendarira, nhasi vari yakagadzirwa epurasitiki.

Adrianov Compass ane shanu zvinoriumba: muviri reticule mhete muzvidimbu rimwe rinobva tsono uye forceps.

The kumativi nyaya richibatanidza uye consolidates zvose magadzirirwo. Nechepakati yayo wakaiswa kuva tsono simbi iri pfupi, riri vakasundidzira museve. slits maviri kurutivi, kuburikidza icho akapfuura ngaasungirire kuti akasungirirwa ruoko rwake, akaita wachi. Dzimwe nguva chaidzo ngaasungirire nokuti akapfeka kumativi pamitsipa nekambasi. Kumusoro ane slots pamwe matsime nendarira, avo kubatsira dzimba iri yakanamatira uye rotates ari diopter mhete.

The sighting mhete akaiswa regirazi, pane miganhu maviri rokumusoro pamupendero wayo - uye nhunzi ziso. Pasi pavo vari iri romukati divi maviri mativi maberere izvo akafukidzwa chaiyo sezvamunoita, hwihwinyara murima. miganhu ava dzapiwa uye count rotations of mhete unoratidzwa madhigirii pamusoro rapanzvimbo nekambasi.

The chikuru Chikamu chinongedzo - magnetised tsono. cheka Its kubva simbi ndiro. Mugumo museve achinongedzera kuchamhembe, ndiye unhani nziyo, hwihwinyara murima. Arrow zvaingova pamusoro tsono nyore, duku izvo riri pana yayo pakati, izvo zvinoderedza inhibitory zvinokonzerwa kutenderera zvikamu. On rezasi divi pane tapered rusesi, izvozvo rinoshandisa tsono museve rinopa kutenderera circumferentially.

Muzvidimbu - chena mhete pamwe nemapoka. Ndizvo zvakafanana azimuthal mhete. It ane bhaa refu, iyo zvemapuranga ane luminous sezvamunoita - ndiwo mavambo mapoka bhuku. Asi kune zvitatu pfungwa kuti uyewo hwihwinyara murima, uye pamusoro pavo vari vakaronga tsamba kuziva pfungwa chinongedzo. Mumwe weboka Kambasi madhigirii matatu.

Clip - springy simbi yairema, akatsivama hafu. Kana iye akasunda outwards kuburikidza slots mu dzimba, ndiro mativi vari compressed, achisunungura tsono kubva chinongedzo, uye izvo yangu, "gara" pamusoro tsono. Kana kiramba ari kusandudzirwa nechomukati kambasi - namo zvitubu anombotwasanudza, achibvisa tsono museve uye kudzvanya kuna girazi. Panzvimbo ino, chinongedzo ndiye namahwindo uye tsono asingadi kushanda.

The Mhando ano compasses

Zvino, anenge ose vashanyi dzine imvura kambasi nacho yamunenge uye nyore kushanda. ruoko rwake iri munzvimbo ine Kamudzira chaiyo iyo wakazara mvura. Inoita Kutenderera kuiswa mune kuchamhembe mirayiridzo masekonzi anoverengeka. Pane zvakawanda zvakasiyana yemashoko mitambo compasses, muzvidimbu wavo ane neyakarurama kukuru nokupesana - 2 inegumi. The Kamudzira iri chinongedzo kadhi, ine rwokuyeresa mutongi zvakanaka. On the bhodhi pacharo, uyewo Kamudzira zvemapuranga akarongwa yakafanana mitsetse, zviri nyore zvikuru kushandira pamwe neSvondo.

Modern compasses zvinogona yaipfekwa pamusoro chiningoningo, uyewo pamutsipa pedyo ngaasungirire. Girobhu racho uye muripo vari akagadzirwa aaiitawo nemishonga zvinhu, vanoshanda zvakanaka kudzi- siyana.

Tichigadzirisa kambasi

Zvakafanira kudzivirira mudziyo kubva kwechirwere, kunyanya mvura zvigadzirwa. muviri wavo achiumbwa mundiro chimiro, naizvozvo, ndizvo kusimba chaizvo. Uyewo Neighbourhood kambasi kunofanira kudziviswa pamwe simbi zvinhu - ichi ane kunambwa ari rinobva tsono. Kana kambasi haisi kushandiswa, unofanira kupfeka naro ruoko kana mutsipa wako kana chete dzakachena muhomwe yake.

Mitemo kushanda nekambasi

Kune mhando ina nezviito pamwe chinongedzo;

1. Achiziva chii jengachenga, achishandisa kambasi anogona kuwanikwa kwake. Just rakavhurika hove, uye museve pachayo tigokuzivisai rwokumusoro negwara. Task kwapera zvaraireva rwokumusoro, hazvina kuoma kuwana mhiri kwenyika. Zvakakwana kuyeuka azimuthal mhete.
2. Kushanda pamwe mepu pedyo nekambasi. Zvakakodzera dzokumabvazuva mepu iri kuuya vemapato. Kuti aite izvi, akatendeuka kuti kunangiswa mitsara pamepu zvinofanana kuti akabatana kuti chinongedzo museve, uye musoro mitsetse ava kuenda mugwara risiri, rinotarira rwokumusoro kuguma magnetized negwara. Saka, achiziva kuti ane mujengachenga akadaro, munhu anogona nounyanzvi nomugungwa pamepu. Compass rikaiswa pamepu zvokuti akapfuura pasi kumabvazuva uye kumadokero kadhi. Next, museve akazaruka, pashure iye anova kudzikama, vanofanira tenderera mepu pamwe nekambasi kusvikira kumuganhu mutsetse uye museve haachazovipo pamusoro chete mutsetse. Unofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti vari chaizvo nenzira yakarurama mutsetse, uye muromo "anotarira" map chaizvo kuchamhembe. Zvino kadhi zvakarurama nezvatinovavarira mugwara, uye zvinokwanisika kuti kuona wakakwana madirection chero zvokusvika pakuongorora uye omunzvimbo midziyo, ndiko kuti, rinooneka jengachenga.
3. Resection mutsetse - mugumisiro muitisi, izvo, muchiziva azimuth chinotsanangura payo uye nekufambisa varipo, ipapo chinoita kuti achida kupfura.
4. Resection kunoshandurwa - Zvakaitwa kondakita, paakaona chinangwa uye nokuziva kuti iye achakurumidza kuvanzika maonero, pamwe chinongedzo kunotema rinobva panyaya imwe aikosha-kupfura. Izvi zvinobatsira nenzira yakananga serif kusvika aida nzvimbo kuburikidza akaronga chimwe shure mumwe uye nekufambisa nhungamiro.

Kubva ichi zvinoreva kuti pane vaviri kuita:

1. Pane ongororo izere nzvimbo, asi pane rinobva azimuth yacho achida kupfura (zvakatorwa kubva kadhi).
2. Zviri nzvimbo inowanika, uye muganhu anooneka. Ngatitii murume inomira pachikomo akapoteredzwa dondo, uye anoziva kuti kana rwunotanga kutama, ndanzwawo kwenguva refu nguva zvakavanzwa pameso ake. Ipapo ndichaenda nzira yake achitevedza azimuth (zvakananga serifs).

Muzana rokutanga musimboti, azimuth inotengwa kubva mepu, rechipiri - kuburikidza sighting kuda.

Mupoteredze Hadrian: Ruramisai notch

1. A Pointer akatasva nenhunzi nokupesana gumbo izvo rinoenderana achida azimuth.
2. tsono chinongedzo kuzarurwa uye chakabatikana wake muzvidimbu kureva nulshtrih muzvidimbu zvokudya nokuda kuchamhembe kuguma tsono kuburikidza kutenderera muviri.
3. Sight (squinting meso ake) - unofanira kucherekedza nhunzi kubudikidza mutswe ziso, ipapo ziso anoona kure imwe chinhu, izvo akawira nhunzi (kupfuura munhu nhangaruvazhe).
4. Zvino kuzvidzora rinoitwa ongororo kuti zvakakodzera chinozoiswa 2 uye 3 matanho. Compass nzvimbo haachinji, ipapo ruoko anovhara.

Direct notch chinorondedzerwa panguva imwechete rinowanikwa anofungidzirwa daro kuti jengachenga. Unogona Zvino musoro pasuo chikuru, zvakakosha kusarasikirwa. Somuenzaniso, musango sighting danda (maonero) anozorora pane rimwe muti, iro kutorwa kuti kupfuura muganhu. Zvinofanira kuva zvakanaka kuyeuka uye harifaniri kuvhiringidzwa nevamwe. Sezvo benchmarks izvi zvinofanira kusarudzwa zvinhu kure nekuti, kana wasvika kwavari, zvichava zvakakodzera zvakare kudzokorora yakarurama notch. oparesheni Izvi zvinotora nguva.

Kutsunga of azimuth of zvinoonekwa nhangaruvazhe - Resection

1. tsono chinongedzo anovhura zvakawanda nehasha (anenge) iri kugadziridzwa nokuda raundi negwara. Fly, uyewo inenge kutungamirirwa bhuku pfungwa nokuramba ari sighting mhete.
2. Zvadaro, muzvidimbu iri yakatarwa museve uye zvakarurama kugadziridzwa pamusoro nhunzi nhangaruvazhe.
3. Next ndiko nulshtriha kuongorora kana akatsauka kubva kuchamhembe mugumo chiito wechipiri inodzokororwa.
4. By kuverenga muzvidimbu yabviswa, tsono anovhara.

Direct uye Ivan Kuchin serifs pamusoro chinongedzo mvura

Direct:

1. Chinongedzo iri pamepu kuti divi kuguma pamucheto hanya uye bhuku pfungwa sangano.
2. The kutenderera chikamu kambasi zvayaitenderera paguyo kuitira kuti njodzi zvinofanana kunonyora kuti rinobva Meridian. Double ngozi vanofanira kutarira kuchamhembe.
3. kadhi Next chinobviswa. Dzimba akasungwa yakatambarara uye anotendeukira rwokumusoro museve iri muviri pakati miviri ngozi. In ichi chinzvimbo kutambanudza ndiro mutsetse kuchaita dzinoratidza mirayiridzo kufamba. Watch pamusoro vanoenda kuti chiero hakudi kuti kutamba chete museve haana kuchinja nzvimbo yake. Izvi zvinoita ekisiposha azimuth kufamba. Liquid Compass, mukusiyana kune dzose, nokuchengeta nhungamiro haisi chete mudambudziko, asi pamusoro run. Zvinokosha chete kudzidza vanorichengeta panzvimbo chinjikira chinzvimbo.

Contact:

1. Chinongedzo inoitwa munhu chinjikira chinzvimbo, Munongedzo inoendeswa lateral kana axial pamuuyo redzimba.
2. Zvadaro anotendeukira Kamudzira kusvikira museve rinowanika pakati kaviri ngozi, achinongedza wakakodzera kuchamhembe. Next, unofanira kungwarira kuti madhigirii zhinji kunoratidzwa pamusoro mutezo pedyo nepakati mutsetse.

Zvino vatakuri ndawana, zvakakodzera uzvinyore mukabhuku. Kuziva chii pajengachenga uye azimuth panguva yakakodzera chiero, zvinokuchengetedzai kuenda nenzira, zvichiita serifs, kutamira kune kutsvakwa chinangwa kuburikidza the bushing mabheyaringi.

Asi hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti munhu wose vanhu kuti zvikanganiso zvose, kusanganisira basa chinongedzo. Munhu wose anogona kukanganisa akasiyana zvachose nzira: kuvhiringidza kumugumo miseve kutungamira muzvidimbu kururama, kuipa kutsigira zvinodiwa chinhu. chikanganiso chipi kunogona kudhura chaizvo. Nokuti, ari panzvimbo yausingazivi, kunyanya kure vakawanda nzvimbo, zviri nyore kurasika. Naizvozvo, vafambi vanofanira kungwarira chaizvo uye tarisa kanoverengeka.

Kubvisa Compass Hadrian kuti ruoko rwake Urume chaizvo, uye zviri zvakaoma kusimbisa chaiyo pamusoro razero pamatanda richiripo. Zvakanyanya musoro kupfeka nokutsigira Compass kuti mukuru kururama. Anonyatsoenderana chigutsa mumasango kana kuzvinamira rakabayirwa pasi. Achiri kuti reinsured - kuita serifs hapana mumwe, asi vanhu vanoverengeka miviri kana kupfuura compasses. Mumwe kondakita ane basa asakura kaviri: vaviri panguva imwe chete kuti serifs. Kana zvabuda akabvuma, ipapo zvose zvakanaka. Kana ivo kwakasiyana zvishoma, avhareji chinobviswa. Asi kana Masvomhu regai kunowirirana, ipapo oparesheni zvakakodzera kuchinja zvachose.

Pamushandirapamwe sangano iri huviri zvokusarudza: zvakaoma azimuth (pasina kadhi kukurairisai azimuth) uye rakaramba riri ezvinhu (musi glades, pamakwara, migwagwa), ekupedzisira boka iri mberi kutungamirirwa anofungidzirwa mirayiridzo (azimuth nhungamiro).

Kazhinji, nzira hazvibviri kufambisa sighting danda, nokuti kudzivisa zvipingamupinyi zvakadai senzizi, wetlands, pamawere mujinga, vashoma mudenhere rayo nemasango nzvimbo. Panyaya iyi, zvinotevera rinoshanda zano: rave humwewo kutsauka kubva azimuth. Somuenzaniso, mumwe Danho akasiyiwa mari, vamwe - kurudyi. Tapedza yokunzvenga zvimwe mirayiridzo zano.

Apo kufamba anoenda azimuth matatu madhigirii kutsauka zvinopa anofungidzirwa shanu muzana zvaizopedza goho pfungwa. Naizvozvo, kuti azimuth iri akakunda kuburikidza kwenguva (zvevhiki) netumedu zvikamu.

Kugona kubata mepu uye kambasi - dzinokosha unyanzvi mufambi. Nounyanzvi ose orienteering, uchiziva kuti kwakadaro kureba pajengachenga uye kukwanisa kuva nezvatinovavarira mu azimuth, mufambi haazombofi kurasika pamusoro kujairwa nomunzvimbo dzine, zvisinei paakange ari. Zvinofanira Saka kupiwa zvose izvi zvikuru nezvayo, achida kuenda parwendo kana kwidza.

Kana kusarudza chinongedzo, ipapo anosarudza mumwe nomumwe, kuti zviri nyore. Asi pane tsika kuti noruzivo vanhu vakwegura vanosarudza mutana uye yechokwadi chinongedzo Hadrian, uye vechidiki vanosarudza analogs ano. Vose yokutanga neyokupedzisira kuita zvakarurama, nekuti pano kunongova zvivanakire uye tsika. Uye chokwadi, kushanda zvakanaka sezvo muenzaniso okuberekwa, achishumira kupfuura gumi, uye itsva, akavandudzika.

Watenga rwendo uye yakanaka nzira wose kuronga kuenda musasa! Iva nguva dzose zvinoonekwa kuti ziso mutsara jengachenga!