Chounyanzvi chawakaita: muenzaniso, budiriro, uye kunyatsoongorora njodzi. Itsva zvirongwa muchikoro kana zvebhizimisi

Chounyanzvi chawakaita chinhu chisinganzwisisiki hurongwa nezviito zvainanga chokubudirira zvimwe zvinangwa kukura zvesainzi. Ivo vari interconnected vatambi zviitiko, deadlines uye pfuma. An itsva chirongwa akadana kunzwisisa interconnected itsva zvirongwa uyewo mabasa kuti chinangwa kutsigira mabasa pamwe mirayiridzo iyi. Panguva iyoyo, kuwedzera kukurumbira itsva zvirongwa zviri kuenda kukireshi, mienzaniso izvo zvakafuridzirwa pakusikwa mapurogiramu matsva yedzidzo.

The pamwero nesayenzi uye michina kukosha

Itsva zvirongwa, uyewo hwokugadzira mhinduro uye pfungwa kuti vanoziva, vangava zvinotevera kwevari nesayenzi uye michina kukosha:

• mazuvaano (Base Technology haadi kumbotambudzika akachinja);
• itsva (itsva chigadzirwa magadzirirwo kwakasiyana yekudyidzana vokutanga);
• okuchembera (magadzirirwo akasikwa aine vaitungamirira hwokugadzira dambudziko);
• kupayona pamwero (kune michina mitsva uye zvinhu kuti haana kurarama asati).

The pamwero zvinomirirwa utsanzi chirongwa kunotema kunzwisisa, pakafunuka, kunyanya kutsigira chirongwa uye migumisiro chakakandirwa. Izvi zvichaita sei basa utariri kugutsikana.

Kupatsanura pakati itsva muzvirongwa

Inogona semhosva itsva mabasa sezvinotevera:

1. hunhu zvinangwa:

• agumise;
• zvenguva.

2. nguva chokuti:

• pfupi;
• Svikiro-izwi;
• refu-refu.

3. zvinodiwa kuti vanosangana racho. Vanogona omerera kusikwa chitsva, kana waguta nezvinodiwa.

4. Maererano mhando utsanzi (kana kuumba idzva chigadzirwa kuvandudza, nokubatanidzwazve basa mamiriro, etc.).

5. Maererano dhigirii zvisarudzo zvinogona kuva chimiro chakadaro:

• chepamusoro;
• zvenharaunda;
• indasitiri;
• Federal International.

6. Maererano rapanzvimbo mabasa:

• monoproekty - zvirongwa kuti kuitwa rimwe boka kwazvo mari uye nguva puranga, uye vane chinangwa utsanzi rakasiyana;
• multiproject - zvirongwa dzakaoma zvainanga kuzadzika zvinangwa yakaoma;
• Mega-zvirongwa - zvirongwa multi-chinangwa kuti zvinobatana zvinoverengeka multiproetov anobatanidzira mumwe slozhnodostizhimoy chinangwa.

Chirongwa ose anoenda kuburikidza zvimwe zvokukura kukura kwayo kubva inception kwakwana. Avo akatarwa unoumba kwayo upenyu yatinofema. Inogona rakakamurwa maitikiro, avo - tichifambirana, pashure iyo - nezvishoma. Ivo zvinosiyana zvichienderana sangano wegadziriro basa nemitambo.

Development ane chounyanzvi chawakaita

Paaisika itsva mabasa vari pasi kukura, Implementation uye pakupera. Zvakakodzera achiteerera matanho anokosha:

• paumbwe pfungwa;
• tsvakurudzo mikana;
• kugadzirira magwaro nokuti kwemamiriro chibvumirano;
• kugadzirira magwaro nokuti vanyorwa chirongwa;
• ushande Implementation chirongwa;
• richiona zvoupfumi zviratidzo.

Panguva budiriro danho teerera ibudirire uye kubudirira chirongwa ichi. Panyaya iyi, mafambiro ake aripo panguva iyi hakusi kukosha zvakare. Kwavari kunyanya kukosha utsanzi, makwikwi, kudzivirirwa uye Kuwanikwa marezenisi bvumidzwa. Uyezve, nzira itsva zvirongwa zvinoda mari mari dzinounzwa kuti kuvandudzika ramambo.

Implementation pamusoro itsva muzvirongwa

Masangano Most kushandisa zvemukati uye zvimwewo manyuko mari panguva imwe chete. Internal mabhuku vari mari dzavo, izvo aumba kunyanya kubva kutengeswa zvinhu kana tiri inishuwarenzi Sumy, depreciation uye amortization. External mari mabhuku anosanganisira vanomutswa uye chikwereti mari, uyewo mari kubva romunharaunda kana batana bhajeti.

nengozi

Itsva mabasa ndivo zvirongwa chepamusoro ngozi inivhesitimendi. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, creators dzavo vanofanira sezvazviri kuongorora nezvaanogona dzavo. Chinonyanya kukwezva zvirongwa mari chinangwa kukurudzira rapera chigadzirwa utsanzi. Projects chokuita kusimudzira michina mitsva kuti anopa zvikuru pangozi nokuda kwavo kwakaoma zvikuru kusika munhu yokutengesa pfungwa.

Nezvinetso mari inomuka ari chiitiko kuti chirongwa chiri konekwa tsvakurudzo rwakazara exploratory. Kana mufambiro wavo ane mukuru mukana mvumo kunaka mugumisiro.

ngozi kupatsanura

Ngozi ane utsanzi chirongwa haanyatsozivikanwe, izvo zvinoenderana nezvisarudzo akatorwa uye Implementation kwavo rinoitwa mushure mechinguva. Chikamu zvebhizimisi zvisarudzo ndiko kuongorora ngozi. Nokuti kupatsanura yavo, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa nheyo anovhara, izvo anopa hurumende ichiisa Mapato njodzi, mapoka, uye dzimwe mhando ngozi itsva zvirongwa zvinogona semhosva seizvi .:

• Predictability zvinhu: akafanoona uye nezvinoitika.
• By kuvapo mazvokuda zvakasikwa.
• Maererano panguva vasabatwa.
• Panzvimbo yakawanikwa.
• Mune nzira vasabatwa.
• Nezvikonzero nezvechitarisiko.
• Maererano chitarisiko vaishungurudza.
• Nokuti nguva yose chiito.
• On mikana inishuwarenzi.
• Maererano nzira reparation.
• Nzendo kwacho.
• Maererano ezvinhu okuwana.
• At wakaiswa mitengo.

Kuongorora nengozi chounyanzvi chawakaita kunodiwa kuona ukuru kwesainzi, zvaidiwa chirongwa chekambani musika zano kumusika. Kupatsanura, kuongorora uye kudzidza ngozi hunodiwa kudzora navo.

Kuongorora kubudirira ane chounyanzvi chawakaita

Kubudirira kwaiita chirongwa tichitarisa chikamu anogona kusarudza parameters zvakakodzera yavo kupindura. Zvinofanira mudzokorore mutengo wayo cheefa itsva kuyunivhesiti, riri basa Implementation chirongwa, uyewo kukwezva yokumwe vechikamu uye yokuwedzera mari. Kuongorora kubudirira ane chounyanzvi chawakaita muchishandisa zvinotaurwa:

• kushandisa mitengo mabasa, zvinhu, zvinhu, ayo inopiwa chirongwa kana pavanopfuta pamusika;
• mari Rwako inofanira dzaona iroro mari, izvo inopiwa purogiramu kubhadhara zvinhu uye pfuma vatenge, pashure iyo vachava panguva pamwero ano kushandurirwa rubles Russian;
• Masvomhu vanofanira kufunga mari mari uye bhizimisi mabasa, uyewo kushandisa zano nemari chirongwa;
• vanofanira kufunga mipiro kuti okuwedzera mari uye mari pakupfuwa kwavari.

In muitiro pakuverenga iri kunyatsoshanda wekambani chokuita, vanofanira kufunga mari, pasinei zvavanazvo kana chikwereti. Kubhadhara ari zvikwereti achaiswa raireva inofashukira, uye borrowings - vabati vechibharo.

Muenzaniso mumwe chounyanzvi chawakaita inobva kubudirira ngozi

Zvinofanira funga kukura ane chounyanzvi chawakaita kwakavakirwa ane tinyatsonzwisisa basa. Somuenzaniso tinogona kutora muenzaniso chirongwa "EkoZdrav". The kambani anoita mabasa ayo muguta Krasnoyarsk. The chirongwa anokanda panguva kugadzirwa kumusika vasiri reagent uye bezkartridzhnyh zvivako, izvo aiendeswa kurapa kunwa uye tsvina mvura. Panguva iyoyo havana analogues.

Rokutanga tsvakurudzo musika akaratidza kuti miti iyi vanoda iguru zvakakwana. Maererano nokufungidzira, izvozvo yaiva 25 000 zvidimbu, inova chegumi zvose zvinogona vatengi. Mashoko aya, kambani anoronga nokuparura kugadzwa 10 zviuru. Vezvikwata pagore, kwaizova zvikuru musoro.

Kuongorora kushanda zvakakodzera kuwana mambure chipo ukoshi (NPV) kushandisa mwero kukura kwakaita mitengo uye Verengai weighted avhareji mutengo guta (WACC). Zvinotevera fomura chinoshanda:

WACC = (E / K) * and + (D / K) * B * (1-t),

apo E - Nokutendeka guru, D - chikwereti yakawanda guru, K ndiye Verengai paakapiwa guru y - fungidzira kudzoka zvakarurama, b - nokukosha profitability yacho imwe guru, t - mutero unodiwa pamusoro purofiti.

mufananidzo zvichava kuti kambani:

WACC = (188/2000) * 0,72 + (1812/2000) * 0,28 * (1-0.2) = 0,270624

Kana iwe utore mitengo mwero 7%, yakasimbiswa panguva kukura chacho, unogona kuwana dhisikaundi chokufunga 0,340624.

Pasi urongwa, bhuku purofiti kungaguma 448060 rubles. pakutanga kwegore, 3229925 rubles. - yechipiri, uye 3919425 rubles. - ari wechitatu. Vanofanira dzaona kufungisisa zviratidzo, kwakavakirwa chichakurukurwa kuongororwa kubudirira utsanzi chirongwa.

Net varipo ukoshi dzaona kuti matatu akatevera (NPV):

NPV1 = 448060 / 1.340624- 2000000 = - 1665782,5

NPV2 = 448060 / 1,340624 + 3229925 / (1,340624) ^ 2 - = 2000000 131343.21

mari profitability indekisi (PI):

PI = (448060 / 1,340624 + 3229925 / 〖(1.340624)〗 ^ 2) / 2000000 = 2131343,21 / 2000000 = 1,0656

zvazvingava Internal kudzokerazve (IRR):

IRR = r_1 + NPV (r_1) / (NPV (r_1) - NPV (r_2)) (r_2-r_1)

Mari guta rakundwa r1 20%.

Zvadaro IRR = 0,3 + 255859,8 / (255859,8- 131343,21) (0.340624-0.3) = 0,383475

Zvinogona vakagumisa kuti vakaverenga mwero kudzoka akapfuudza mutengo guru. Nokudaro, Implementation izvi chounyanzvi chawakaita ndiyo noitika.

Itsva chirongwa mumabhizimisi

To musi, itsva zvirongwa mubhizimisi kubudirira kukunda musika nyika. Izvi imhaka yokuti ano mutengi hakusi nyore kufadza. Kana boka kudzokorora vorongerwa ayo, pakupedzisira anorasikirwa mukurumbira wayo. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, ani basa inoda zvakagadzirwa. Kupfuura zvose, kana zviri zvechokwadi itsva zvirongwa, pane ndiwedzere ekare ruzivo, zvinhu kana mabasa.

The munharaunda nyika kushingaira dzakachinja nokuda pave nesayenzi uye michina bhora. Kubva panguva iyi maonero, bhizimisi kunoda kutarisirwa. Uyezve, utsanzi zvinofanira kuzivikanwa noruzhinji. hazvigamuchirwi kana vachava akava chounyanzvi chawakaita, muenzaniso iyo yave akaratidza kuti vatengi, zvichaita kuuya chero kubatsira.

Kushandiswa zvakagadzirwa mubhizimisi

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti utsanzi mubhizimisi kunotora rezvedzidzo, zvemari uye basa mari. Uyezve, tinofanira kushandisa kwete kugadzira asiwo kambani. Innovation zvebhizimisi kunogona zvekushandisa, managerial, administrative, zveupfumi uye sangano.

Pakati chikuru itsva zvirongwa izvi mhando anganzi computerization. Vanobatsira kusika nemvura chawo, kuti vaite kuurayiwa vachibhadhara Indaneti, kushandiswa ekombiyuta kushanda uye kutumira na. Mukuwedzera, entrepreneur achakwanisa kusika zvokutenga Website kana paIndaneti chitoro.

Saka, kwakadai chirongwa mumabhizimisi kubvumira kuvandudza kuvandudza muitiro, mabasa, kutengeserana, nezvimwewo. Uyezve, muitiro wacho nyore kwazvo uye shoma nguva unoparadza. Izvi zvinoreva kuti bhizimisi vachava mukuru profitability.

Itsva zvirongwa zviri chikoro

The vabereki kakawanda kunomutsa mubvunzo apo kutumira mwana wavo kuchikoro nguva dzose, chesekondari uye chesekondari. Vazhinji vavo takatsunga nokukurumidza, asi pfungwa "utsanzi chikoro" nokuti kazhinji dzinodanana. Pasinei neizvi, ano zvose zvikoro yedzidzo anganzi vakadaro. Izvi imhaka yokuti vazhinji zvezvaidzidziswa rinoenderana utsanzi.

Hazvina zvakafanira kupa mwana ane chikoro itsva, pashure zvose, mune tsika chinyakare chinozoiswa ane chirongwa itsva rokudzidzisa. Asi vachakatyamadzwa omerera paumbwe vana anokwanisa kuzvidzora kudzidza.

Kushandiswa unyanzvi mukirasi unokubvumira nomumwe kusarudza purogiramu yokudzidza kuti mwana mumwe nomumwe, ine pesvedzero inobatsira nezvaanogona ayo. Uyezve, vana vane zvakawanda kushingairira kudzidza, saka inogona kuva kufarira. Chii chinhu chounyanzvi chawakaita kuchikoro? Muenzaniso - shandisa pakugadzirwa mapurogiramu siyana. Uchibatsirwa wavo, unogona kuva pesvedzero inobatsira pakuunganidza uye kuitwa zivo.

Chounyanzvi chawakaita: muenzaniso

Kuti tinzwisise zvachose chii chiri chounyanzvi chawakaita, vanofanira kufunga muenzaniso chaiwo. The kambani Electrolux Design Lab wakaitwa muna 2013 mudzidzi makwikwi China. Iye kudzidza Institute of kuchangamuka Qing Ji akapa basa rake, iro rakanga zvainanga kuvandudza vanhu hope. Akakurukura cellular pamutsago muchimiro zvakasvibirira guru. It anokwanisa kupa kwete chete yakanakisisa zororo, asi kudzivirirwa mabhakitiriya anokuvadza. Muchiitiko chino, chinhu chounyanzvi chawakaita, muenzaniso iyo kunoratidzwa, nokugadzirwa inopa zvachose itsva uye yakagozha rwokugadzira.

The sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira piro Aloe masero, izvo rishandise carbon dioxide kuti uye kusunungurwa okisijeni. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vanhu vanorara pariri, havana nezvinetso kufema. Aloe masero vanokwanisa kubvisa chero utachiona hunokuvadza kumativi. Ichi chirongwa chitsva, muenzaniso yaiva rakarondedzerwa, aiva kubudirira, asi kana uchida chokusika chinhu chitsva, zvinokwanisika kuti kugadzirira chirongwa hachisi kuoma. It ingasanganisira update huripo rwokugadzira.