Inyika wokutanga runharembozha

Mobile kukurukurirana, iyo inoshanda munyika nhasi, rave rakagara richidudzirwa zvakurukurwa yakagadzirwa yerudzi rutsva. Zvisinei, sangano rokutanga kwezvivako pakati Mobile kukurukurirana pfungwa yakabuda mukutanga remakore rechi20. Pane mubvunzo, wokutanga neserura, uye kana, zvakaoma kupindura zvinonyatsoteerera ipi munyika. Asi kana ukaedza kuita ichi - chii chokwadi chemamiriro telecommunication kukura nokushandiswa redhiyo michina inofanira kutanga kudzidzwa uye mukuru? Zvichienderana Inzirai avo kana zvimwe mudziyo anofanira kupiwa maserura?

History of Mobile Phones: Key Facts

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo - uyo akazogadzira wokutanga runharembozha munyika, tinogona kutanga kuzivana nhoroondo dzakasiyana kutaurirana namano.

Dzidziso uye prototypes kukurukurirana mano, kubva dzichipfekeka nemaonero, pedyo mobile phones, akatanga kukurukurwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana (yesayenzi, injiniya) mukutanga remakore rechi20. Asi chaizvoizvo pafoni senzira yokukurukurirana zvakabayirwa inodzidzisa pa kuguma 70s kutanga rabhoritari Bell Laboratories, iyo vaiva nomumwe makurusa US makambani - AT & T. Pakati wokutanga nyika kuti vakabudirira chinozoiswa bhizimisi Mobile kukurukura mamiriro - Finland. Mobile kutaurirana gadziriro ari kushingaira yakatanga muna USSR.

Asi chii hurumende mberi vamwe tichitarisa yebhuku maserura?

Zvichava kubatsira uchifunga Soviet zvigadzirwa - kuziva chokwadi pamusoro pavo kuchatibatsira kunzwisisa kana wokutanga runharembozha munyika uye iyo nyika.

Kutanga serura: chiitiko yeSoviet

Panguva Great Patriotic War, pfungwa zano rinokosha, Monophonic, pfungwa musayendisiti Soviet Georgi Ilyich Babat. chikwata ichi aifanira kuva inotakurika dzorunhare operable ari otomatiki nzira. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti kunoshanda zvakawanda 1-2 GHz. Chikuru chepfungwa mudziyo dzataurwa nokuda GI Babati, chaiva nechokwadi nokupfuuridzirwa inzwi kuburikidza rakakura richikurukura anokosha waveguides.

Muna 1946, Shapiro uye I. Zakharchenko akabayirwa kuronga redhiyo kukurukurirana ezvinhu umo zano kuti kugamuchira uye kuparadzira inzwi raifanira kuiswa motokari. Maererano nezano iri, nemhaka Mobile kukurukurirana kwezvivako aifanira kuva vanoshingaira dzomumaguta pazviteshi, vaisanganisa by redhiyo michina chaiyo. The taitarisira kushandisa foni sechinhu rinotengeswa nevaridzi identifier.

Muna April 1957, Soviet injiniya Leonid Kupriyanovich akasika kumumvuri ane kukurukurirana mudziyo - radiotelephone Lk-1. mudziyo uyu ane chiito nharaunda dzinenge 30 km uye vane yakawanda uremu - vanenge 3 makirogiramu. Aigona kupa kubatana nokuda kudyidzana pamwe dzakananga PBX, izvo zvinogona chokuita norunhare veguta mitsetse. Zvadaro, foni yave nani. Saka, Li Kupriyanovich yekudyidzana akaderedza uremu uye kukura mudziyo. The yoku- Kukwanisa pamusoro chikwata rakanga anenge akaenzana kukosha 2 mabhokisi mudzanga, ukapisa murwi pane mumwe. Weight radiotelephone oda 500 grammes pamwe bhatiri. Tingatarisira kuti Soviet runharembozha kuchava zvinowanzoshandiswa National upfumi, kumba uye achava nyaya kushandiswa nevagari pachavo.

Radiotelephone Li Kupriyanovich anobvumira kwete chete kuti foni asi kutora kwavari - akapa basa pachavo nhamba, uyewo harnessing kuti kwezvivako wokushandura anonongedzera kubva PBX kusvika otomatiki runhare yemapurisa, uye pamwechete navo - kare kuti rinotengeswa nevaridzi dzakabatana.

Research mumunda Mobile kukurukurirana yaiitirwa dzimwe mugovanisi nyika. Somuenzaniso, muna 1959, ari Bulgarian musayendisiti Khristo Bachvarov yakatanga foni, zvakafanana dzinoshandawo huru runhare Li Kupriyanovich, iye patented nayo.

tinogona kutaura kuti munyika runharembozha wokutanga yagadzirwa saka muSoviet Union kana dzimwe mugovanisi nyika?

Nzira dzekuziva nadzo rakavapa mano maserura

Chokutanga, unofanira kusarudza chii anonzi Chokwadi, serura. Maererano zvakajairika tsanangudzo, kuonekwa pasi zano rakadaro iyo:

- tsindirana (munhu anogona kutakura newe);

- unoshanda kushandisa redhiyo Links;

- kunoita imwe User kuzodana mumwe akasiyana nhamba;

- mumwe nzira revatema pamwe the wired runhare network;

- riwanikwe nevoruzhinji (mukana maererano hakurevi mvumo avo kana zvimwe zviremera nomazvo, uye dzisina mari uye infrastructural pfuma subscribers).

Sokuona ichi, mumwe mushumiri wenguva serura achiri harina kutangwa muSoviet Union. Asi, chokwadi, nzira dzekuziva kuti apa tsanangudzo haagoni kunzi nokudenga mbozha. Uye kana uine kubvisa, zvikurukuru, Accessibility uye compactness, vamwe vanogona zvakanaka kunowirirana reSoviet hurongwa "Altai". Funga mamiriro ayo zvizere.

Soviet ruzivo mune Mobile kukura: kwegadziriro "Altai"

Kudzidza mubvunzo zviri wokutanga runharembozha munyika, zvinobatsira kudzidza zvinokosha pamusoro nhengo kukurukurirana hurongwa. In namano chokuita nayo, paiva, pfungwa, zvose zviratidzo serura, kuwedzera zvavo kuwanikwa. ino saka:

- raishanda pamusoro chinobva redhiyo kutaurirana ;

- munhu akwanise subscribers kudana vamwe nhamba;

- rine mune imwe nzira revatema pamwe emimbure guta.

Asi zvakanga zvisiri pachena available: Caller Pamazita anotenderwa panguva departmental chechetere. The Hurongwa "Altai" kwakatangwa muna 60s muMoscow, uye '70s kwave muAtlantic mumaguta anopfuura 100 USSR. Nokushingaira kushandiswa muzana 1980 Olympic Games.

Pakanga muSoviet Union anoronga kuumba Mobile kukurukurirana gadziriro uko aigona batanidza wose. Asi nokuda zveupfumi uye enyika akaoma epakati mushakabvu '80s kushanda kukura pfungwa iyi yakasiyiwa.

In post-Soviet Russia kuti Western tsika cellular yokukurukurirana vakanga rakatangwa. Pakazosvika nguva vane nguva refu kunoita kukurukura pakati namano kuti aigona kunzi ari dzakazara maserura. Ngationei kudzidza nzira iyo yakatanga kuMudzidzisi mitemo kuMadokero. Izvi, zvakare, kuchatibatsira kupindura mubvunzo kupi uye kana yokutanga munyika mbozha.

History of US Mobile

Sezvatatoona munyaya ino, mumwe kumumvuri serura akatanga kuonekwa kuMadokero mukuvamba remakore rechi20. Mugore 30-40-ies akatanga chinozoiswa kukura chaizvo. Muna 1933, pakati motokari yacho New York mapurisa anogona kukurukura uchishandisa hafu-duplex maredhiyo. Muna 1946 iri Missouri , ari pafoni rezvebonde yambokurukurwa, umo munhu subscribers anogona kukurukura nevamwe redhiyo zvokushandisa nomumwe uchishandisa pamwe Mediation yacho opareta. Muna 1948 iri rehurumende Indiana kwezvivako kwakatangwa, vachibvumira chete rinotengeswa nevaridzi anodana mumwe kare muna otomatiki nzira.

tinogona kutaura kuti muUnited States, saizvozvo akazogadzira nyika yokutanga runharembozha? Kana tikafunga chambotaurwa nezvacho dzekuziva kuti mabasa radiotelephone mudziyo chaienzanirana mhando - saka, saka kutaura, asi achitaura zviitiko akazotevera American. Chokwadi kuti nhungamiro yawo kushanda kuti American cellular network 40s vaiva kure kwazvo avo kuti munguva ano Mobile network.

Systems, akadai avo dzave muAtlantic mu Missouri uye Indiana ari 40s, vane nouchapupu zvatisingakwanisi pamusoro frequencies uye makwara. It haabvumirwi kubatanidza woisa network, munhu zvakakwana vakawanda subscribers panguva imwe chete. The dambudziko iri rakanga aronga nyanzvi D. Bell pakati chindori izvo aronga kugovera nharaunda redhiyo kupararira muchitokisi kana masero kuti vakaumba rinokosha vakaisvoipa dzemapurisa uchishanda panguva frequencies siyana. Pfungwa iyi kazhinji akaziva uye ano Mobile dzaishandisa. D. Implementation Ring iri tsika, pfungwa rakatangwa muna 1969.

Nhoroondo Mobile kukurukurirana Europe uye Japan

In Western Europe, redhiyo midziyo rokutanga runhare hurongwa kushandisa vakaedzwa muna 1951. Mumakore 60 basa mirayiridzo iri vachishingaira inoitwa Japan. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Developers Japanese zvakawana kuti Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri kakawanda nokuda nekutumirwa kwemauto ose Mobile kwezvivako - 400 uye 900 MHz. Nhasi frequencies izvi - kusanganisira huru, kuti anoshandiswa nevanodavira Mobile dzaishandisa.

Imwe vaitungamirira nyika iri Implementation zviri kuitika mumunda kushanda ane dzakazara cellular network akava Finland. Muna 1971, ivo Finns akatanga dhipuroya zvokutenga cellular rezvebonde nhau nharaunda yaisvika ukuru yose nokuda 1978. Izvi zvinoreva here kuti wokutanga runharembozha munyika, uchishanda dzemitemo ano, akaonekwa kuFinland? Pane dzimwe nharo vachida chinyorwa ichi: zvikurukuru, yakasimbiswa kuti paku- Finnish foni Makambani yakakodzera kwezvivako strany.No pamwero maererano netsika maonero, zano kwakadaro wakaonekwa asi muUnited States. A basa guru iri, zvakare, kana tikafunga akakurumbira shanduro airidza kubva Motorola.

cellular pfungwa kubva Motorola

Mukutanga 70s ndokudzokera kukuru kwazvo makwikwi pakati basa rubatsiro uye midziyo mu vachivimbisa pamusika zvikamu muUnited States - pasango cellular yokukurukurirana. Huru Vakwikwidzi vari simbi dzesangano AT & T uye Motorola. Panyaya iyi, boka rokutanga chinotaura pamusoro nekutumirwa kwemauto kuti motokari yokukurukurirana gadziriro - panzira, sezvo foni makambani kuFinland, wechipiri - pamusoro Implementation kuti chiine namano chipi pati vaifarira vaigona kutakura.

Akahwina wechipiri pfungwa, uye, pana Motorola Corporation pakutanga nekutumirwa kwemauto Chokwadi, kupedza ano kunzwisisa cellular rezvebonde uchishandisa devaysov.Pervy tsindirana serura wenyika pasi Motorola kwezvivako, zvakare, maererano netsika yokutaura yakamborwa somunhu rinotengeswa nevaridzi chikwata muna 1973. Pashure pemakore 10 vari US yave achimhanya wenguva vezvokutengeserana rezvebonde kuti anogona batanidza vanhuwo vokuAmerica.

Funga kuti yaimiririra munyika runharembozha wokutanga yagadzirwa maererano akakurumbira maonero, mainjiniya American kubva Motorola.

First serura: Features

Zviri pamusoro devayse Motorola DynaTAC. Waiyera vanenge 1.15 makirogiramu. miganhu yacho vari 12,5 X 22.5 X 3.75 cm. It Pakarongwa nhamba makiyi kuti kuridza runhare, uyewo dzinokosha mabhatani maviri kutumira chikumbiro, uye unodana kugumiswa. The mudziyo waiva bhatiri, naro aigona kushanda kudanwa vakamirira rudzi, sezvakarayirwa maawa 8, uye kukurukura - anenge 1 hr. Undoraira bhatiri rokutanga nharembozha aifanira kuva maawa anopfuura 10.

первый в мире мобильный телефон? Chii munyika runharembozha rokutanga? mudziyo photos - pazasi.

Zvadaro, zvakasimba Motorola akaita kusunungurwa vanoverengeka upgraded mushanduro mudziyo. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro Motorola zvebhizimisi pomumbure - wokutanga runharembozha munyika yakaitwa kuti akakodzera kwezvivako muna 1983.

Tiri kutaura mudziyo Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. chikwata ichi vakayera vanenge 800 magiramu uye kukura ayo akafanana wokutanga shanduro mudziyo. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti mupfungwa dzake aigona kuchengeta kufona nhamba 30.

Ndiani akazogadzira wokutanga runharembozha?

Saka, tinoedza kupindura chikuru mubvunzo wedu - uyo akazogadzira nyika yokutanga mbozha. Nhoroondo telecommunication kukura uchishandisa redhiyo akati kuti mudziyo wokutanga chaizvo kuti inopindirana zvizere nzira dzekuziva kuti mobile phones, akakodzera nhasi, akanga afunga Motorola muUnited States uye kuratidza nyika muna 1973.

Zvisinei, isiri achati kuti dzesangano akaita akatanga kukura vangasimudzira itsva. Maserura - pakuti vaiva midziyo redhiyo uye inopa kubatana pakati subscribers pedyo nedzimwe nhamba - panguva rinoshandiswa Soviet Union, Europe uye Japan. Kana isu nezvazvo apo munyika runharembozha wokutanga rokusimudzira zvokutengeserana - kambani, izvozvo kwakasimbiswa, yakatanga zvinoenderana bhizimisi 1983, gare gare pane, zvikurukuru, zvirongwa zvakadaro vave rakatangwa muna Finland.

Saka, dzesangano Motorola zvakarurama aionekwa wokutanga, iyo yakapa serura iri ano mupfungwa - kunyanya anoshanda panheyo iri vakaparadzira hwaro dzemapurisa kuti masero, uyewo ane tsindirana format. Saka, kana isu nezvazvo apo yakanga yagadzirwa nenyika yokutanga neserura, nyika iyo - sezvo inotakurika, chiine mudziyo uri chikamu cellular kukurukurirana kwezvivako, zvingava zviri pamutemo kuziva chii wataura mashoko anenge vaiva United States.

Zvisinei, zvinokosha kuziva kuti muSoviet hurongwa "Altai" raishanda kwazvo uye pasina pakatanga American-maitiro michina. Saka, mainjiniya kubva Soviet Union vangasimudzira nekusimba kukwanisa dhipuroya Mobile kwezvivako mu National Chokwadi, chikero, pasina kushandisa misimboti kugovera pechingoro zviteshi ari muzinga.

Zvinogoneka kuti pasina zveupfumi uye enyika zvinetso 80s USSR angadai akatanga pachavo Mobile network dzavo uchishanda pahwaro pfungwa dzimwe American, uye havana kushanda kuipa. Zvisinei, chokwadi - Nhasi tsika cellular kutaurirana kuRussia zvinoshandiswa, yakatanga muna West, ubayire uye rokusimudzira zvokutengeserana wokutanga mbozha nyika.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti "Altai" mamiriro chaizvoizvo aishanda kusvikira 2011. Saka, Soviet ouinjiniya kubudirira kwenguva refu akaramba kushanda uye zvingaratidza kuti vave pamwe zvakafanira kuvandudzika, aigona kukwikwidzana nezvavatorwa Dzidziso yekuvaka Mobile kwezvivako.

pfupiso

Saka ndiani akatanga nyika yokutanga runharembozha? Mhinduro pfupi yomubvunzo uyu kwakaoma. Kana serura kuziva tsindirana rinotengeswa nevaridzi redhiyo zvokushandisa a, Integrated pamwe dzomumaguta network, kushanda papfungwa foni uye zvinoitirwa munhu wese, pamwe inguva wokutanga, kwezvivako izvi wakatangwa US kambani Motorola.

сотовых сетях — то таковые, вероятно, в масштабе всего государства были внедрены в Финляндии, однако с применением устройств, ориентированных на размещение в автомобилях. Kana isu nezvazvo yokutanga vezvokutengeserana cellular rezvebonde - ipapo avo vangangorambana mhiri mamiriro kunge akatanga muna Finland, asi nokushandiswa mano zvainanga placement mune motokari. Nonprofit up Mobile network kubudirira zvakaitika uye, chaizvoizvo, pamwero wenyika muna USSR.