Kodzero kuvhota ari ... The Constitution of Russian Federation. Kodzero kuvhota Russian

Vagari Russian rusununguko vakawanda kodzero panyaya kusarudza zviremera uye paumbwe Zvivako yeko, uye kunyange kuchinja kuna Constitution. Pakuurayiwa zviri mitemo sarudzo Russia, nyika yedu - chimwe chezvinhu democratic munyika. Chokwadi, tiri kure Switzerland, wayo yakananga gutsaruzhinji, asi hurumende anopa vokuRussia zvose zvinhu nekuda zvizere utariri munyika zvavo.

Chii kodzero dzokuvhota

Kodzero kuvhota - kwegadziriro mitemo sei sarudzo dziitwe nenzira yakasiyana pamwero masimba, kana sezvo vakadaro kana kodzero vagari veguta kuitawo musarudzo pamusoro kodzero dzokuvhota kana mamiriro aikwikwidza. In zvose pfungwa yacho kodzero dzokuvhota unganzwa Somuenzaniso, State Duma sarudzo, ari musarudzo mu Russia, kwematunhu uye vatungamiri matunhu neminisiparati.

Kududzirwa rokuti "kodzero dzokuvhota", chokuita kuti kutora chikamu kwe vagari vari musarudzo, inoreva kungotarisa mhando uye tichishingaira. First - uyu kana munhu ave mumiriri kuti zvimwe administrative kana enyika hofisi. Chechipiri - kana asarudza. Dzimwe nguva yakadaro kupatsanura anonzi weboka kupinda imwe mutemo chinangwa, kana munhu akasarudza munhu uye kuzviitira, apo anova mumiriri. A chinokosha chero mutemo - kuvapo basa kuti vamwe vanhu uye kushaya ayo vamwe. Ndizvo zvakaita kodzero kuvhota: kwete zvose vagari uye vanhu vose vane utano kuwana musarudzo, rusununguko kukwanisa kuvhota kana kuva musarudzo.

Zvinokosha kodzero kuvhota Russian

Vakuru makanzuru, Federation, neDare vevatariri uye State Duma, ivo mayors, purezidhendi Russia - vose vanosarudzwa (kana yeUnited uye Regional mitemo pasina kunetsana nevamwe mabasa hatibvumiri zvimwe) vagari maererano nokudenga, zvakaenzana uye sarudzo nokuteerera pakavanda of vhoti. Kodzero kuvhota ari Russian Federation chakavakirwa mutemo chaiwo iyo rakakamurwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana siyana. Izvi Federal Law (FL) pamusoro kodzero, kwematunhu uye matunhu neminisiparati mabasa.

ReRussia sarudzo zvayo, kureva, ose mugari musoro unoti kuvhota uye kusarudzwa. Vamwe zvinodiwa vari, asi ane zvikuru zvine hwaro: vhoti (ndiko, kuti kushandisa vanoshingaira kana kodzero kuzviitira dzokuvhota) anogona vagari mukuru chete (anopfuura 18 years), kuva mumiriri (kushandisa pusa kana chinangwa kurudyi) - vanhu makore 21 ekuberekwa. Mitemo havabvumirwi kuvhota uye kuti kusarudzwa Vagari akawana sagona nematare, uyewo kushumira nguva ari mujeri. The yose sezvakaita mutemo Russia zvinoreva kuti munhu maererano nomazvo simba kuramba kubvuma kuti sarudzo, Vangafarira dare uye kutarisira kupindurwa hapana kwapera kupfuura mazuva maviri.

Vanonyanya kupa kodzero kuvhota Russian

Kodzero kuvhota - Fani iyi, inobva mitemo. Chinokosha kuRussia ndeinotevera. Chekutanga, ndiwo Constitution of Russian Federation, mutemo mukuru munyika. Chechipiri, ndiwo Federal Mutemo "On referendamu", National pamutemo zvigadziriswe kutaura panyaya chokuita chinzvimbo yose nyika. Chechitatu, ndivo yeUnited mitemo inodzora nesananguro nezviremera, uyewo kutsanangura kiyi zvokudya pamusoro nesarudzo kodzero Vagari Russia. Pakati vaya yeUnited mutemo "On yesarudzo ari President," "On kuona kuti kodzero dzose vagari venyika Russian Federation kuti vasanangurwa uye kusarudzwa omunharaunda kuzvitonga." Chechina, panonyuka ari nesarudzo mutemo vari Russian wenyika mitemo, zviito yomunzvimbomo Executive machinda, vakuru vepurovhinzi uye makanzuru. Dzimwe Kuzadziswa kodzero dzokuvhota inova anozviita of State Duma uye Central Election Commission, vanoita akakodzera zvisarudzo, kana zvichidikanwa.

Dzokuvhota kodzero vokuRussia

Inopikira pakati nesarudzo kodzero vemo vemazuva inoti kutora chimiro wegadziriro, raitungamirwa zvinoverengeka mitemo yakananga. Ivo kuona kuti maererano nako pane kusarudza vakuru kana masangano ezvematongerwo enyika kumiririra zvido vagari vari vakuru siyana. Pane chakaparadzana mutemo yokudzora hwoutongi - ". On Basic anosimbisa kuti Electoral Rights uye kodzero kuitawo referendamu RF vagari" ari Federal Law

Pakati chinokosha, zvinokosha uye anenge chakasimba chekuchengetedzwa vagari rworudyi magweta vanoti zvinotevera. Chekutanga, zviri enyika inopikira. Vari chokuita zvakasiyana pepfungwa, kuenzana kwevanhu, vakabatanidzwa zvakafanana zvido pamberi mutemo, rusununguko kutambudza, kunobatanidza kuzvimirira vacherechedzi. Chechipiri, zvinhu izvi kunosimbisa kubva nesarudzo kodzero: mari yesarudzo dzakasiyana siyana vanoshanda bhajeti yacho, nharaunda kana Municipality. Chechitatu, zvakakodzera pamutemo nezvaidzivirira kuitira nekodzero sarudzo. Vagari pasi warranties izvi Vangafarira zvaiitwa vakuru siyana munyaya sangano kuvhota uye kuverengwa zvabuda.

Mhando nesarudzo enyika muRussia

Kodzero kuvhota - rudzi mashandiro. Kutsiga basa rake rinosanganisira kuomerera zvimwe zvinodiwa. Pakati avo Somuenzaniso, pamanyorerwo nesarudzo gadziriro. MuRussia, pane vaviri - ruzhinji Proportional. In sarudzo rokutanga rakaitirwa chete-nhengo kana multi-nhengo esarudzo. Dzokuvhota zvabuda zviri dzaona pachishandiswa ruzhinji mavhoti kuti mumiriri kana musarudzo. Inogona kushandawo kazhinji mhedziso ruzhinji, kana richakunda musarudzo vanofanira kuhwina anopfuura 50% of sarudzo, kana hama kana Kumukundi ndiye uyo akagamuchira kanenge imwe vhoti kupfuura vakwikwidzi ayo.

Proportional nemanyorerwo - uyu kana vavhoti vanovhotera ndandanda musarudzo vakaumba shamwari enyika (mapato kana blocs). Ruzhinji hurongwa runozivisa Russian sarudzo yacho wenyika, pamusoro emunharaunda vabati, mayors. Proportional nemanyorerwo anoshandiswa musarudzo kuna Duma uye nemakanzuru mumiririri miviri. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, pane neizvi kuti nesananguro vevatariri kuzviremera zvemo uye ruzhinji hurongwa.

Dzinenge zvinogona kubva nesarudzo gadziriro anosimbisa mitemo yakasiyana siyana. Kana totaura nesananguro President kana State Duma wevatariri, pane anechekuita batana mitemo. Zvadaro, muna sarudzo inoitwa mudunhu Russia, ari makanzuru yakatsviriridza dzemo nemitemo mutemo, asi havazivi kupikisana mitemo yeUnited uye Constitution chete kana. Chero mitemo maererano nomurau hwesarudzo kurapa vanofanira zvinoenderana Federal Mutemo "On Basic anovimbisa kuti Electoral Rights", iyo ambotaurwa.

Ndiani uye sei kushandura bumbiro remitemo

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mashoko Constitution of Russian Federation - ndiwo mutemo mukuru munyika. omurume All vanofanira kusangana naye. Bumbiro inogona rakadzokororwa muchidimbu (1, 2, uye 9 zvitsauko chete), rinogona Akave nokuvandudza (Chapter 3-8).

Ndiani ane simba kuti vaitaura kuti yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita kuti rugwaro reMitemo kana amboshandurirwa vamwe zvikamu zvaro? kodzero iyi ine zvakawanda simba: President State Duma, Federation Council, hurumende yeRussia uye mumiriri nezvitunha kumatunhu. The chaiwo nzira ndeichi reMitemo wemigove kuchaenderana worudzii chiremera akatanga. Chokwadi: zvakananga kuita shanduko reMitemo anogona kutora vagari pachavo.

Somuenzaniso, kana kupfuura 60% mavhoti ose nhengo Federation Council uye State Duma nevatedzeri kundodana amboshandurirwa Constitution, ipapo pakarepo paKokorodzano Assembly Constitutional. Nhengo dzaro anogona kuita rimwe zvisarudzo zviviri: siya chikuru mutemo munyika isina kuchinja kana kuva purojekiti itsva. Uye pano kuti kwacho kunogona batanidza vagari Russia. Kana zviviri muzvitatu Assembly Constitutional havazokwanisi kusarudza pamusoro mhinduro, zvinonzi aronga kuti vokuRussia. Kubvuma itsva chinyorwa cheBumbiro reMitemo zvaanofanira "hongu" mavhoti kupfuura hafu vagari, uye turnout vakapfuura 50%. Kodzero kuvhota Russian - uyu mukana kuvagari nyika kuti kana kushandura mutemo zvinokosha.

Mumwe muenzaniso - kukurukura bhiri iri kutanga yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita muBumbiro reMitemo muchitsauko 3 kusvika 8 neHurumende Duma. Izvi zvinoitika muna kuverengwa matatu, izvo zvakafanana zvikuru zvinofanira kuitwa mitemo yeUnited. Kuti dzinobvumira kunatsiridza hakufaniri asingasviki zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu vevatariri. Pashure ndima kuverengwa vatatu bhiri anoenda nhaurirano iri Federation Council, uye ikoko kuvhota "nokuti" kunofanira kuva zvitatu-mumativi ari nhengo. Kana izvi zvaitika, ipapo bhiri inobudiswa renhoroondo mabhuku, uye kunogona kuwanikwa vagari. Panguva iyoyo, akatumira mumiririri miviri Federation. Kuti ave dzakazara mutemo bhiri, zvakakodzera-zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu vepurovhinzi vanotenderwa izvozvo. Kana izvi zvaitika, chiito rwunotumirwa kusaina kuti purezidhendi weRussia.

Elections kuHurumende Duma

The Russian Tsika mutemo nesarudzo kunosanganisira anoverengeka marudzi sarudzo. Mumwe wavo - nesananguro vevatariri repasi reimba Russian Paramende (Duma). nzira iyi nokudzorwa Federal Mutemo "On Sarudzo pamusoro navakuru." Pasi chiito ichi, State Duma akasarudza vagari pasi nokuvhota. Rezasi imba Paramende nguva dzose kusarudzwa wevatariri 450. The kusarudzwa yakaitwa panguva yeUnited pamwero kuenderana mavhoti yakakandwa nokuda ndandanda musarudzo kubva mapato. Izvozvo hazvisi kuvhota kuti imwe munhu, asi chete kuti mubatanidzwa enyika umo iri pamutemo. Paakaudzwa zvimwe chikamu mavhoti bato anogamuchira ndiyo Proportional nokuwanda zvigaro zviri Duma 450.

Vasanangurwa wevatariri vagari Russian vane makore 18 okuberekwa. Uyewo vokuRussia mukuru anogona kubatanidzwa paumbwe webato ndandanda musarudzo, rutsigiro, chengetai sei sarudzo kuenda, kuti nesarudzo makomisheni (kusanganisira kutarisira kuverengwa zvabuda). Vagari vane makore 21 okuberekwa, anogona kuita kuti kuedza pachake ari mumiriri musarudzo kuHurumende Duma.

Kusarudzwa vevatariri repasi pekamuri Paramende neMutungamiriri weNyika. Musoro State vanofanira kupa zvakanaka, mazuva asina paya pane 90 pamberi musi sarudzo (the Sunday romwedzi wokutanga, kana izwi iri State Duma of ano ungano rapera).

Unonyanya kukosha, kana kwete pakuita sarudzo pakati vevatariri of State Duma sarudzo makomisheni vatambe. Ivo kushandisa kuvhota munzvimbo vemo - mumaguta nemisha. In kusarudzwa kuHurumende Duma, chero bato anogona kuita sarudzo anotuma vamiririri vavo. Vatatu vavo: nhengo yekomiti kuvhota, munhu mvumo kupa Advisory vhoti Mucherechedzi. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akapiwa imwe zvakawanda mabasa. Kodzero sarudzo basa nhengo raakapiwa mutemo. Regai kuti zvingaitwa Somuenzaniso, aiona. Chekutanga, izvozvo zvinoita kuti Kururama kuverengwa mavhoti. Chechipiri, zvakanaka kufunga mavhoti dzavo kuvimbika, zvakarurama mavanga "nokuti" kana "pamusoro." Inogona kuongorora yakarurama pamusoro dzakati, kuratidza Zvaizobuda sarudzo, kusangana nevamwe zvinyorwa maringe sarudzo.

Chii yakananga utongi hwegutsaruzhinji

Pane kudaro chinhu - zvakananga suffrage. Ndiko nzira apo mitemo hazvibvumi mumiririri muviri (Council kana Duma), uye pachavo vomunyika kana enyika sangano. Nzira angave akasiyana pano: congresses, forum, etc. Kare, yakananga hweruzhinji asati mumiririri. chimiro ichi hurumende kwaiitwa panguva mararamiro ekare ari okutanga Middle Ages (kusanganisira Russia muchimiro National Chamber).

Zvino yakananga gutsaruzhinji kuwanikwa kunze nenhanho mapoka maduku (somuenzaniso, pakusarudza meya muboka yunivhesiti). Kune zvinhu zvakananga ushe nevanhu, uye mune dzimwe makanzuru, dzakadai veIsrael kibbutzim, ari cantons Swiss (ndinoiitawo on-vachienda National referenda kuSwitzerland).

Muenzaniso zvakananga nevanhu kuSwitzerland

Funga muenzaniso Swiss zvakananga hweruzhinji. Heuno muenzaniso apo masangano ose zvakananga nevanhu kwakagonesa kodzero dzokuvhota - Ichombo kufurira nenyika. Munguva ichangopfuura, mumwe referendamu yakaitwa munyika umo yaiva mubvunzo kuti tightening ose immigration itsika. Nokuti chinhu kutora mitemo yakawanda inoomesera, akavhotera 78,8% Swiss. Somugumisiro, mune mumatsutso 2015, zvinogona vanotama zvichava zvakaoma kuti zvakajairika munyika ino European: zvichava Somuenzaniso, akamisa anokosha misasa vapoteri aedze vanhu. Izvi muenzaniso nokuti kuzivikanwa vanoverengeka vaongorori, vamwe nyika akaratidza sei inoshanda uye pedyo kuvanhu, moods ake yakananga gutsaruzhinji, uyewo chete sei rakafara zvinogona nesarudzo kodzero vemo.

Nhoroondo hweruzhinji Swiss, maererano vakawanda kare, anotora kuverenga kubva XVI remakore. Paivawo hurumende inonzi "landsgemaynde" vaidzora upenyu munharaunda. Kodzero kuvhota akanga chete varume vane kodzero kutakura chombo. Chinotevera ndechokuti pakuonekwa zvakananga nevanhu Swiss - wokutanga referendamu, yakaitirwa May 1802. Ipapo akakurumbira sarudzo rakazoshandiswa bumbiro Helvetic Republic.

Zvino chero mugari Swiss anogona, pakutanga kwezvose, kuvhota, uye chechipiri - atange National gakava pamusoro bhiri nekugadzirisa magetsi mabasa, Codes kana kunyange Constitution. Zvisinei, unofanira kuunganidza yakawanda ine zvikamu nokuti chirongwa yave vakanyorwa. The wakananga chitsama kunobva zvavo referendamu mhando. In Switzerland, pane vaviri - optioneel (nokuti zvakakodzera 50,000 vakasaina) uye anosunga (100 000 vakasaina).

musiyano iri nyore akatsanangura: kan referendamu - ichi kazhinji ndiyo mhosva vakagamuchirwa neparamende murayiro, ndiko rinokonzera ane optioneel referendamu inofanira kuva zvimwe zvinhu, uye anosunga referendamu - ndiwo muitiro "kubva muvare", iro zvaidiwa chaiwo ezvinhu kunodiwa.

Election of President kweRussia

Russia, maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda - vemutungamiri zvokuvhoterwa. Kuti ndozvinoita musoro wehurumende haisi chezita (zvakadai muna Germany), President wenyika of jure uye of facto inonyanya simba rakakura mumaoko avo, uye nokuti Russian mutemo nesarudzo inopa musoro wehurumende nzira Pakusarudza inoverengeka anokosha unhu kuti kusiyanisa uku nokuda sarudzo, somuenzaniso, State Duma wevatariri.

The sarudzo mutemo unotaura kuti purezidhendi weRussia haagoni kuva mugari pasi makore 35 (panyaya yesarudzo kuHurumende Duma kuvhota zera - 21). Izvi imhaka nezvebasa rinokosha uye basa guru ane akasarudzwa musoro wehurumende. Uyewo pahofisi purezidhendi weRussia aikwikwidza vanofanira dzinenge makore gumi kugara munyika yavo. Achitaura kodzero iyi ine mhirikiro mbiri. Vamwe magweta vanofunga kuti mumakore gumi dzokugara chingawanikwa Achipfupikisa kwekutevera siyana kugara Russia. Vamwe vanodavira kuti zvinokosha kuti kurarama.

Kana sarudzo kuHurumende Duma, chete bato anogona kutora zvigaro dzinenge dzose 450 sezvo nguva zhinji mumutsetse, purezidhendi weRussia anogona chete kuva kaviri pamusara. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vashoma vemutungamiri apiwa sarudzo kungaita authoritarianism. Kuchinja unhu sezvo mutungamiri, sezvo vamwe vaongorori vezvematongerwo enyika, - ezvinhu rugare, chepamutemo mufambiro nokushorwa, riri nguva dzose mukana kuisa kukwikwidza avo musarudzo uye kuhwina. Zvikasadaro, rinopikisa aigona kuronga nevapanduki. Russian Bumbiro anobvumira chete munhu kuti abate yapurezidhendi katatu, uye nguva yakawanda zvina, asi kwete kaviri pamusara.

musoro Russian ehurumende sarudzo dzinodomwa neMutungamiriri Federation Council, kwete pava paya pane 120 mazuva asati waichengetwa vhoti. Sezvazvakanga zvakaita nesananguro vevatariri of State Duma, kuti sarudzo inoitika yokutanga Svondo romwedzi iyo wava masimba purezidhendi. Nenzira, Federation Council haangagoni kudana musarudzo, asi vachava kuitwa muna Sunday romwedzi apo vagari vasanangurwa purezidhendi panguva yekupedzisira yechipiri kana yechitatu.

Musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika Russia rikurumbire ndonda kanoverengeka. Chekutanga, kana zviri zvishoma pane hafu nzvimbo vanovavhotera. Chechipiri, kana Central Election Commission akaratidza yakakwirira chikamu hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka zviri kuverengwa mavhoti. Chechitatu, sarudzo dziri akadzima kana anopfuura 25% polling dzemapurisa ari kuvhota kunoguma ndedzenhema.

mutungamiri Russian kuti akasarudzwa pakutanga yakapoteredza, kana iwe kutaipa anopfuura 50% of vhoti. Kana asingadi, ipapo akagadza rwakapoteredza wechipiri, izvo zvokuti dhayira nyore ruzhinji.