Mabasa uye Zvivako zviri nomumukanwa mhango

Muromo chero chipenyu - chinhu chisinganzwisisiki biomechanical gadziriro, ichipa iye zvokudya, uye nokudaro kuvapo. In yakakwirira Utachiona, muromo, kana, kuti ndokuisa nenzira nesayenzi, muromo, une chimwezve mutoro unokosha - zvukoproiznosheniya. Nemamiriro mumuromo womunhu chinonetsa, kuti chakabata kudyidzana mashandiro uye zvinoverengeka zviri chokuita kukura dzemuviri.

Marongerwo uye kushanda nomumukanwa mhango

All zvipenyu, kusanganisira vanhu, muromo ndiko dhipatimendi zvomudumbu hurongwa wokutanga. Uyu ake anokosha uye zvakajairika vakawanda yaivapo mashandiro, pasinei chimiro akauya zvakasikwa. Muvanhu, icho pakakoromoka kuti aigona zvikuru rakazaruka. Mukanwa, isu dzinovabata kana kutora zvokudya uye kuiita pasi, muchikuya, zvikuru wetting nemate, uye ari kusingachakosheswi yegurokuro, chokwadi, chinhu mukaha chubhu kuburikidza icho chikafu rwotedzemuka mudumbu kuti kugadzira. Asi kutanga kugaya kunotangira muromo. Ndokusaka vazivi vekare vakati, kangani prozhuesh, achararama makore mazhinji.

Zvaiitwa muromo rwechipiri ezita mitinhimira. Man harisi nyaya, asi richibatanidza kuzvivako mubatanidzwa. Naizvozvo, sechivako dzaiita zvokutaurwa mhango kwevanhu yakaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru kupfuura avo wehama dzedu.

Kushanda wechitatu muromo - kuita nedanho afemeruke. Pane mabasa ake aisanganisira chete mhepo yaunodya migove uye vorega kuna Airways apo, nokuti chero nezvikonzero, havagoni kukurira mhino ichi uye chikamu kukurukurirana.

The anatomical mamiriro

Zuva nezuva tinoshandisa zvikamu zvose mumuromo, uye vamwe vavo kunyange kufungidzira kakawanda. In sainzi wandei concretized nemamiriro nomumukanwa mhango. Photo rinonyatsoratidza kuti inomiririra.

Vanachiremba vari nhengo iyi dzoga zvikamu zviviri, yainzi chikumbaridzo muromo wayo mhango zvakakodzera.

Nokufamba run-up ane zvimwewo miviri (pamatama, miromo) uye dzimwe (mazino, mazino). Ndiko kuti, kumukova mumuromo inonzi nomumukanwa mumukaha.

Muromo chaizvo rudzi nzvimbo kumativi ose zvishoma mitumbi yavo nhengo. Pazasi - pasi ndiye muromo wedu, pamusoro mukanwa, mberi - the matadza uye meno, seri tonsils, ndiye muganhu pakati muromo uye pahuro, matama laterally, pakati mutauro. All dzakawanda mativi muromo akafukidzwa mucous membrane.

miromo

muviri ichi, iyo anoteerera zvikuru kuti bonde simba, kuti atonge zvepabonde simba, chokwadi, iri aiwanzopiwa wokushanda mhasuru matanga kumativi muromo mutswe. Muvanhu, ivo zvinobatanidzwa mukuchengeta zvokudya kuuya mumuromo, iri kurira nokuumbwa iri chiso kufamba. Govera okumusoro miromo, sechivako chiri anenge chete uye rine zvikamu zvitatu:

- Outdoor - akafukidza sandara keratinizing stratified epithelium.

- zvenguva - ane akaturikidzana wandei, kunze uko hwamanda. Ndiye dzakaonda chaizvo uye yakajeka. Nawo zvakakwana translucent capillaries, izvo chinoita Pink-tsvuku muromo ruvara. Apo cutaneous horny rukoko anova mucosa, mumwe muzvizhinji tsinga harinzwi dzichiitika (wandei makumi ezviuru nguva yakakura kupfuura nomunwe mazano), uye miromo yevanhu saka nehanya.

- Mucous, izvo inoremekedzwa seri muromo. It ane mugove ducts pakati mate mumasero (labial). It orifukidza neorogovevayuschy epithelium.

Mucous muromo zvinoenda mucosa pakati matadza nokuumbwa longitudinal muzvirugu maviri, anonzi matomu yokumusoro muromo uchingodzikira.

Muganhu rezasi muromo uye chirebvu riri chinjikira chirebvu-labial muforo.

Border rokumusoro muromo uye matama ndivo nasolabial pazvirugu.

Lips chokuita mumwe ari makona muromo labial adhesions.

Matama

zvokuudzwa mamiriro kunosanganisira aiwanzopiwa wokushanda nhengo, zvose aizivikanwa dama. Vari akakamurwa kurudyi nekuruboshwe, mumwe ane wokunze uye kati. The rokunze ganda nyoro akafuka mutete, rwomukati neorogovevayuschy mucous kupfuura vakapinda mucosa pakati matadza. Uyewo ari pamatama ine mafuta muviri. In vacheche, izvozvo inoita basa rinokosha mune muitiro yakayamwa dzakabudirira zvikuru. In vakuru, mafuta muviri flattens uye anochinja. In mushonga inonzi mafuta ikanyanya pamusoro Bichat. Hwaro buccal dama netsandanyama. Mumasero iri submucosa pakati pamatama wedzeredzei. ducts dzavo svinudzai kupinda ari mucosa.

mukanwa

Chikamu ichi mhango iri chaizvoizvo munhu partition pakati dzaiita zvokutaurwa mhango uye mhino uyewo pakati mhino chikamu pharynx. palate basa chaizvoizvo chete paumbwe mitinhimira. The kutsenga rinobatsira yekudyidzana kubva vakarasika kwayo zvakajeka transverse muzvirugu (vacheche vari kupfuura kuoneka). Uyezve, chikamu mukanwa nekunyatsotsanangura midziyo kuvapa nokuruma. Kusiyanisa pakati mukanwa zvakaoma uye munyoro.

On nhoroondo 2/3 pakati yakasimba. It chakaumbwa mahwendefa ari palatine mapfupa uye pezvakaitwa mapfupa maxillary fused pamwe chete. Kana chipi chikonzero hapana splice, mwana anoberekwa aine anomaly inonzi mumukaha mukanwa. Saka nasal uye kunanzvana mhango haisi kuparadzaniswa. Pasina kushandiswa rubatsiro mwana akadaro paanofa.

Mucous panguva dzose kukura vanofanira kukura pamwe rokumusoro mukanwa uye kufamba zvakanaka pamusoro nyoro mukanwa, uye mberi alveolar mapfupa chokumusoro shaya, achiumba okumusoro matadza.

In nyoro mukanwa hunongova 1/3 pakati, asi ine chinokosha zvainoita nemamiriro nomumukanwa mhango uye pharynx. Kutaura zvazviri, nyoro mukanwa - chinhu chaicho mafuro mucous, kufanana maketeni yakarembera pamusoro pamudzi rurimi. Anoparadzanisa muromo kubva pharynx. In pakati "machira" duku otrostochek, akadana rurimi. Zvinobatsira kuumba mitinhimira.

Kubva "machira" micheto anowa uta pamberi (palatal-lingual) uye musana (palatal-pharyngeal). Pakati pavo pane gomba akaumba apo kuunganidza lymphoid zvinyama masero (palatine ndimbo). The 1 masendimita kubva riri carotid tsinga.

mutauro

muviri uyu anoita zhinji mabasa:

- dög (yakayamwa mu vacheche);

- zvukoobrazovatelnuyu;

- mate;

- muchinzwisisa kuravira.

Chimiro rurimi kwevanhu chinobata kwete nemamiriro nomumukanwa mhango, uye ayo dzichipfekeka mamiriro. The mutauro iri yoga mudzi uye muviri ane musana (divi akatarisa mukanwa). mutauro muviri chinoyambuka longitudinal paburi, uye panzvimbo maererano yayo kusvikira mudzi transverse grooves. Under rurimi chaiyo mudanga, akadana frenulum. Near nayo dziri ducts yacho mate mumasero.

stratified epithelium akafukidza rurimi Mucous, izvo kuravidza receptors prostate uye node inotungamirwa. Top, magumo uye kurutivi rurimi papillae akafukidzwa vamakumi, muchimiro kupatsanurwa fungiform, filiform, conical, shizha, fluted. At pamudzi rurimi papillae, asi pane zvisumbu masero nhengo dzinobudisa anoumba mutauro tonsils.

Mazino uye mazino

Izvi zviviri interconnected zvikamu vane simba zvikuru chaizvo nemamiriro nomumukanwa mhango. nemazino dzevanhu vanotanga kuva embryo rwakazara. A richangoberekwa neimwe rushaya ane follicles 18 (10 mazino mukaka uye 8 chizvarwa). Ivo akarongwa misara miviri: labial uye lingual. The ndeyokuva chimiro meno mwana, kana mwana kukabviswa 6 kusvika 12 mwedzi. The zera kana ndozvakajairwa mazino mwana kuwa kunze, kunyange zvakawanda akatambanudza - kubva 6 makore 12. The mukuru anofanira kuva kubva 28 kusvika 32 mazino. Vashoma inokanganisa chikafu kubudiswa uye, sezvo zvakaguma pamusoro nemudumbu, sezvo mazino basa guru zvokudya märehtiä. Mukuwedzera, vari munyaya kodzero inzwi kugadzirwa. Sechivako chero mazino (kukuru kana samafuta) uye rinosanganisira chete mudzi, korona uye cervix. The mudzi ndiwo mazino alveolus kuguma dukuduku orifice kuburikidza iyo nezino rakaedzwa mutsinga, arteries, uye utano hwake. Murume rakaumbwa 4 mhando kwemeno, chimwe nechimwe chine mumwe Maumbirwe korona:

- vematombo (zvishoma ine nokuveza pamusoro);

- mazino (conical);

- premolars (denderedzwa, ane diki dög pemvura pamwe dimples maviri);

- mudzi guru (cubic ne 3-5 tubercles).

meno remuromo nenzvimbo duku nzvimbo pakati korona uye mudzi uye mazino zvakafukidzirwa. At paro, kuti chingamu - zviri mucous membranes. mamiriro avo zvinosanganisira:

- interdental papilla;

- gingival kumahombekombe;

- alveolar nzvimbo;

- anozunungusa chingamu.

Matadza panofanira kuva multilayered epithelium uye ndiro.

dzakananga hwaro hwavo ndiye stroma, ina muzvizhinji kuti collagen fibers kuti vanopa snug zvakakodzera mazino uye mucosa muchimuranga mastication rikurumidze.

tusingaoneki

The nemamiriro muromo uye dzaiita mhango haangazozikamwi zvakazara pachena, kana tisingatauri mabhiriyoni zvigare, izvo weboka shanduka mumuromo womunhu yakanga isingori imba, uye yose nechadenga. muromo wedu kukwezva zviduku bioform nekuvongwa ayo anotevera zvinhu:

- mudanga, sezvamakaropafadzwa, ari optimum tembiricha;

- chenguva refu mwando;

- zvakaneta alkaline svikiro;

- vanenge kuramba kuvapo pachena iripo muviri.

Vanozvarwa munyika sezvo utachiona mumuromo mako kuti kufamba kubva pakuberekwa Canal pakubereka iri pfupi kupiwa nguva, kusvikira vana vavo. Mune remangwana Colonisation zvinofamba pamwero unoshamisa, uye pashure mwedzi tupukanana mumuromo mwana, pane vakawanda gumi nevaviri marudzi uye mamiriyoni evanhu vari. In vakuru, nhamba mhando utachiona mumuromo zvichisiyana 160 kusvika 500, uye nhamba yavo inosvika mabhiriyoni. Not mudukusa basa iri rakabatsira hombe-pamwero kugarwa nemamiriro nomumukanwa mhango. Chete mazino (kunyanya unpeeled uye varwere), uye akapotsa ruripo mazino Dombo ane mamiriyoni tusingaoneki.

Pakati utachiona izvi zvakapararira, inova mutungamiri pakati streptococci (60%).

Mukuwedzera kwavari muromo mhenyu notumwe (kunyanya Candida) uye wanda.

Marongerwo uye kushanda nomumukanwa mucosa

Muchirwisa kupinda pakati pathogenic utachiona nomumukanwa zvinyama inodzivirira mucosa. Ichi chimwe chacho chikuru mashandiro - wokutanga kutora brunt kuti utachiona uye utachiona.

uyewo kuvhara muromo rinenge pakuona tembiricha yokunyanyisa, zvinokuvadza uye zvokuimba kukuvara.

Kunze unodzivirira, mucous Kamudzira anoita rimwe basa rinokosha - secretory.

The STRUCTURAL zviri nomumukanwa mucosa zvokuti ayo submucous rukoko anoda masero glandular. Vanoumba namasumbu diki mate mumasero. Vanoramba vachiva uye kugara moisturize ari mucous Kamudzira, achivimbisa kuti Implementation waro anodzivirira mabasa.

Zvichienderana chii zvikamu Anofukidza mucosa, zvingava pose rukoko kana keratinizing epithelium (25%), pamwe neorogovevayuschy (60%) uye zvakasiyana (15%).

Keratinizing epithelium akafukidza mukanwa uye mazino chete zvakaoma, nokuti urimowo dög uye kushamwaridzana yakasimba zvimedu chikafu.

Neorogovevayuschy epithelium anofukidza pamatama, nyoro mukanwa, ayo muitiro - rurimi, kureva, avo muromo, izvo vanoda kunzwisisa.

Marongerwo uye vose epithelium unotora 4 akaturikidzana. maviri okutanga vavo, basal uye chipingamupinyi, vane.

At Stratum rechitatu nzvimbo inoremekedzwa ari granular layer uye runyanga chechina (masero pasina nuclei mairi uye anongoda hapana ropa).

At neorogovevayuschy wechitatu zvenguva layer uye wechina - pemvura. Zvinonzi dzakaona kuunganidza leukocyte masero, iyo inobata kudzivirira kushanda mucous.

Mixed epithelium anofukidza rurimi.

The nemamiriro nomumukanwa mucosa ane zvimwe zvinhu:

- Kushaya tsandanyama rake ndiro.

- The kushaikwa nzvimbo dzaiita zvokutaurwa mhango submucosa, kureva, mucous riri zvakananga pamusoro tsandanyama (pane Somuenzaniso, mumutauro), kana zvakananga pfupa (somuenzaniso, pamusoro mukanwa zvakaoma) uye zvakasimba spliced kuti vakurise Located micheka.

- The Kuvapo vakawanda capillaries (rinopa maitiro yakatsvukuruka Ruvara mucous Kamudzira).

The nemamiriro nomumukanwa mhango muvana

Panguva upenyu hwayo mitumbi yevanhu mudziyo zvinosiyana. Saka, sechivako dzaiita zvokutaurwa mhango vana pasi gore rimwe riri yakasiyana ayo chivako nedzevakuru, uye kwete kungotaura kusavapo mazino, sezvinoratidzwa pamusoro.

muromo Primary mu embryo achiumbwa vhiki rechipiri pashure pamuviri. Vachangoberekwa, sezvo vose vanoziva, haana mazino. Asi ichi hachisi kufanana kusavapo meno vakwegura. Chokwadi ndechokuti zviri nemumuromo mhango wevacheche meno vachingotya utachiona, uye, panguva imwe chete, uye mukaka, uye zvechigarire. Pane imwe nguva, ivo achaonekwa pamusoro pechiso matadza. Mumuromo nevakwegura pachavo alveolnye pezvakaitwa kare atrophied, kureva, mazino uye hakuchazovipo. All madhipatimendi mumuromo rusvava akasikwa pachisikirwo kupa chirongwa yakayamwa. Maitiro kusiyana kuti anobatsira kuti utape munyatso:

- Soft miromo ine yakananga labial ikanyanya.

- Zvirongwa zvakanaka kunyatsobudirira dzeraundi tsandanyama pamuromo.

- gingival Kamudzira with muzvizhinji kuti anorovera.

- pazvirugu Transverse mu mukanwa hwakasimba akataurwa zvakajeka.

- The nzvimbo yakaderera shaya distal (mwana anokwirira yakaderera rushaya rwayo, uye zvinoita kuti sangano neshure, kwete kune divi kana denderedzwa, sapamazuva dög).

Chinokosha vana - vanogona kumedza ufuridzire panguva imwe chete.

The nemamiriro mucosa muromo uyewo vacheche vakuru. Epithelium muvana pasi gore rimwe inoumbwa chete basal uye spinous akaturikidzana uye epithelial papillae vari chaizvo havaratidzi yakatanga. Muitiro unobatanidza rukoko pamusoro mucous varipo mapuroteni mamiriro chinopfuudzwa kubva vanevana kutapata. Pataikura, nembudzana anorasikirwa kwayo zvirwere ehupfumi. Izvi zvinoshandawo munyama pamuromo. Naizvozvo hazvina richikora epithelium, glycogen zvikukutu mukanwa uye mazino ipfupi.

By makore matatu nevana nemumuromo mucosa ane vaakasarudza emunharaunda kusiyana, mashoko epithelium anova anokwanisa keratinization. Asi chisungo paiva mucous uye ropa midziyo pedyo vachiri yakawanda cellular zvinhu. Izvi zvinobatsira kuti kunowedzera permeability uye, naizvozvo, chimiro herpetic stomatitis.

Kwemakore 14 nemamiriro nomumukanwa mucosa mu kuyaruka haana zvakawanda zvakasiyana kubva vakuru, asi pamusoro pakanyorwa hormone anochinja muviri vanogona kuonekwa mucosal chirwere: munyoro leukopenia uye kweuduku gingivitis.