MaGermany ndeapi? Urongwa hwehutachiona

Zvirinhiviramu zvipenyu zviduku zvikuru, zvisingaiti zvisikwa-zvisikwa izvo zvinogona kuonekwa chete kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemakrosikopu chaiyo. Uwandu hwavo hwakanyanya zvokuti hunoyera mumakromrometer (1 μm = 1/1000 mm) kana kunyange nanometers (1 nm = 1/1000 μm).

Chii chinonzi microbiology chinodzidza

Microbiology inonzi scientists inotsvaga mararamiro ehupenyu hwehutachiona: sarudzo, kushanda, mamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu, kubudirira uye kubereka.

Munhu wekutanga akakwanisa kuongorora uye kutsanangura ma microbes aiva Dutchman A. Levenguk. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi17 akaita lenzi yakakurudzira chifananidzo kanopfuura ka 200. Akashamisika kuti akaona kuburikidza navo kuti microbes ndiyo nyika yose ine humwe hunhu huripo hwehupenyu. Ichi chaive chikonzero chesayenzi itsva - microbiology. Levenguk akafananidza uye akatsanangura mishonga inowanikwa. Mifananidzo uye mifananidzo nemifananidzo yavo yezviitiko izvi - kukudzwa kwemafoto kuburikidza nemakroscope.

Aina dze microbes

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemarudzi ezvinyoronyoro zvinoshamisa. Mishonga inokwana iyo mazita mashoma emazana emhando dzavo dzakasiyana-siyana. Izvo zvakasiyana pakuonekwa, chimiro, mararamiro ehupenyu, kukwanisa kubereka. Kusiyanisa pakati pe-noncellular, multicellular uye unicellular microbes. Mifananidzo nekutarisa kwavo kubatsira kunobatanidza nyore nyore munhu mumwe nomumwe kune zvimwe zvipenyu. Kurongeka kwezvipembenene :

• Bacteria;
• Virusi;
• Phages;
• Mushroom;
• Microalgae;
• Protozoa;
• Yeast.

Mabhakitiriya

Chikamu chese che microbiology - bacteriology - inozivisa kwatiri nyika huru yebhakitiriya - prokaryotic zvipenyu. Kubvira kuEukaryotes (multicellular, protozoa, algae, fungi) ivo vanozivikanwa nekusavapo kweklorophyll, nucleus yakagadzirwa ne genetic material uye organelles. Kukura kwebhakitiriya hakusi kugara, kunogona kusiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze (kubva ku1 0.1 kusvika ku 28 microns). Chikamu chinonyanyozivikanwa chebhakitiriya - maererano ne morphological structure.

Kokki

Kokkami inonzi inonzi micropherical, iyo inogona kutora soprical, bhino-shaped, ellipsoidal kana lanceolate.

1. Micrococci inogona kuwanika imwe panguva imwe chete, muzvikamu zviviri kana zvese. Vanonzi saprophytes, vanogara mumvura nemhepo.
2. Diplococci reproduce nekuparadzanisa mune imwe ndege kumativi maviri. Izvi zvinosanganisira meningococci (meningitis carrier) uye gonococci.
3. Streptococci inoparadzanisawo mune imwe ndege, asi mumaketani ose. Anozivikanwa pathogenic kumunhu wemuviri wemarudzi anobudisa angina uye erysipelas akasiyana-siyana.
4. Tetracocci inorongwa muzvidimbu zviviri pamapuraneti maviri, pamwe chete pamapendi. Zvirwere zvepachigoni hazviwanzoitiki.
5. Sardines inomirira mabheji emasero e8, 16 kana kupfuura pazvikamu zvitatu zvakafanana. Vanenge vese vamiririri vavo vanorarama chete mumhepo.
6. Staphylococcus inogona kuparadzaniswa panguva imwe chete mumakwikwi akawanda, aripo pane imwe neimwe kune mumwe nomumwe, muchimiro chakafanana nemasumbu emagorosi.

Rodlike

Cylindrical microorganisms inoitika kakawanda kupfuura dzimwe mhuka. Zvinopatsanurwa kuva mabhakitiriya asingakwanisi kugadzira spores (diphtheria, dysentery, tuberculosis, partiphase, E. coli), uye bacilli, anokwanisa kugadzira spores (anthrax, hay, tetanus, anaerobic). Kurongwa nekuparadzanisa nzira:

• Diplobacteria, diplobacillus yakasiyana mune urongwa mune imwe ndege yemasero maviri (pneumonia).
• Streptobacteria, streptobacilli mukugadzirisa kukamukana inopinda ndege imwe, iyo pavanovaka iketani rose (anthrax).
• Chikamu chikuru cheylindrical microbes chinorongwa zvakananga kune mumwe munhu.

Crimped

Krimson microbes inogona kutora fomu yekomma, izvi zvinonzi vibrios (somuenzaniso, kora). Spirillas ine mazamu akawanda, mapirochetete mapfupa akacheka (syphilis).

Zvakakosha kuona kuti ma microbes uye mabhakitiriya ari mapurymorphic, vane unhu hwakasiyana-siyana hwekuchinja maitiro avo pasi pesimba rezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana: nzvimbo yekunze, kutonhora, acidity, nezvimwe. Ndiyo mano aya anowirirana neongororo dzakawanda dzemakiratiki anotsvaga kukura mishonga Ichakubatsira mune ramangwana kuti urwe nema-pathogenic mabhakitiriya kuvanhu.

Virusi

Mavairasi inharaunda yakawanda yemakiromita akasiyana kubva kune vamwe musipo kwechigadzirirwe chekamuri saizvozvowo. Kubva paukuru hwacho hahubvumirwi pasi pehukuru hwebhakitiriya: kubva pa5 kusvika ku 150 nanometer. Kuti uzvione, iwe uchafanirwa kugadzirisa microscope ye electron kusvika kune yakakwirira yekururama. Vazhinji vamiririri vemavirinomine vemazana vanoumba chete mapuroteni uye nucleic acid (RNA, DNA).

Zvimwe zvipukanana uye mavairusi zvinogona kuva maitiro ekurwisa ezvirwere zvakawanda zvevanhu (fenza, hepatitis, masero). Mukuwedzera, kune marudzi, pathogenic uye nemhuka (denda, tsoka uye muromo wemuromo).

Mycophagi mushonga wemushroom. Bacteriophages vane mavairusi emabhakitiriya, vanogara kunenge kwose kwose, uko kune imwe rudzi rwehupenyu. Zvimwe mapaji ane unyanzvi hunobatsira kuparadza microbial cell, saka dzinowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yekudzivirira uye kurapwa kwezvirwere zvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana.

Rickettsia rudzi rwemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzinogona kuonekwa kune mabhakitiriya uye mavairasi. Izvo izvi zvinokonzerwa nemisimba yakasimudzika inopellular parasites, isingakwanisi kugadzira spores kana capsules.

Mushroom

Idzi ndidzo mikoko yakasiyana-siyana yemiti yakasikwa, isina chlorophyll uye kukwanisa kugadzira zvinhu zvakasikwa. Uyezve, nokuda kwehupenyu hwavo huri kugadzirira zvinhu zvezvinhu zvakadzingwa zvinodiwa, naizvozvo zvinenge zvose zvinokura pamusana pezvikamu zvezvisikwa zvakasiyana. Kune dzimwe mhando dzefungi pathogenic yevanhu, mhuka nemiti.

Fungi dzinofananidzwa nemabhakitiriya mune kuti masero avo akafanana zvakafanana nekudyara masero, vane nuclei uye vacuoles. Dzinomiririrwa nenzira yehufa-yakatsvuka tsvina dzinogona kushanda uye dzinopindirana.

Mbeu inogona kuwanda nenzira dzakawanda: vegetative division, asexual uye zvepabonde - kuumbwa kwe spores. Spores of fungi inoratidzirwa nekukwirira, vanogona kurarama kwenguva yakareba mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana uye vanofamba pamharaunda yakareba kusvikira vapinda mukati mekudya mashizha apo vanokurumidza kuchinja kuva hyphae.

Moldy mushroom yakajairika, inogona kuonekwa nyore nyore nemeso asina maziso pazvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvekudya. Vanoratidzika sehupfeko hwemaxi yejasi isina kufanana. Kune dzimwe mhando dzehowa dzinosanganisa chete zvokudya, dzinobvisa chepfu kuvanhu nepamhuka, moxin, dzakadai sa aspergillus kana fusarium.

Zvisinei, fungi haisi nguva dzose inokuvadza, iyo yakawanda inobatsira inoshandiswa zvakabudirira nevanogadzira mishonga yezvokurapa. Iyo inoshandiswa uye yakakurumbira antibiotic penicillin inogadzirwa pamusana pefungi kubva pamarudzi e penicillium.

Actinomycetes ndeyemhando dzakasiyana siyana dze microorganisms dzine chimiro uye zvinhu zvebhakitiriya uye nzira yekuberekwa yakafanana nefungi.

Yeast

Izvo hazvina kukwana michina yeunicellular inosvika 10 kusvika ku15 μm muhukuru, iyo inogona kuva yakapoteredza, yakasviba, mune zvisingasviki maitiro e-cylindrical uye crescent. Yembiriso yakafanana nefungi muzvigadziro zvayo, ine chinyorwa uye nucleus. Nzira dzinokwanisika dzekubereka - kupatsanurwa, budding kana nekubatsirwa kwe spores. Vanokura nokukurumidza muvhu, zvokudya, mbeu. Mbiriso pamusoro pezvokudya zvinoita kuti vadzike uye vasvike. Kunwa doro kunoshandura shuga muwaini, izvi zvinokonzerwa nemabhizimisi ezvinodhaka uye kumba kunowanikwa.

Kune pathogenic yemhando yemuviri wemunhu. Semuenzaniso, maitiro anowanzojairika yemasipi candida anokurudzira kupararira kwechirwere chisingafadzi - candidiasis.

Mishonga inobatsira mumuviri womunhu

Muviri womunhu unogarwa nemamiriyoni ane mabhakitiriya akasiyana, ayo anogona kunge ari maviri anokuvadza uye anobatsira. Kune mabhakitiriya anokosha pakuita kwechimiro chemuviri wedu. Zvose zviyero zvebhakitiriya mune munhu mukuru zvinogona kusvika 4 kg, uye ¾ vavo vanogara mumatumbu edu. Vamwe vose vanonzwa vachifara mujenitourinary system, pamusoro peganda uye mucous membrane. Zvinonakidza kuti mutumbi wemwana unowanikwa nema microorganisms atova maitiro ekuberekwa kwawo, uye nezera remakore gumi mudumbu microflora yakatove yakanyatsogadzirwa. Mamwe majirusi evana ane ngozi zvikuru, naizvozvo gore rokutanga rehupenyu hutsanana hwemuviri wemwana hunofanira kunge hwakanyatsonaka.

Ndezvipi zvipukanana zvinorarama mumatumbo:

• Lactobacilli;
• Bifidobacteria;
• Streptococci;
• Enterobacteria;
• Mushroom;
• Protozoa;
• Virusi.

Kubatsirwa kwebhakitiriya kuvanhu

1. Nekubatsira kwe enterobacteria muviri unotora mavitamini B, C, K, nicotinic uye folic acid.
2. Rubatsiro rwekuchera zvokudya zvisingazivikanwi.
3. Chengetedza ionic uye mvura-munyu metabolism.
4. Iva nekukura kwezvirwere zvepathogenic microorganisms.
5. Inobatsira pakuchengetedza utachiona.
6. Ita lymphoid apparatus.
7. Deredza kunzwisisika kwemukati kumadziro kune zvigadzirwa zvecarcinogen.
8. Wedzera hutachiona kusarudzwa.
9. Shingairira kutora chikamu mumhepo inopisa.

Bifido- uye lactobacilli inobata zvinopfuura hafu yepachivi microflora, iyo inotora basa rinokosha muupenyu hwomunhu ane utano:

1. Lactic acid uye acetate, yakakonzerwa nekubatanidzwa kweiyi microorganisms, inogona kuumba nzvimbo yakadaro mumatumbo, umo maatachiona asingagoni kurarama.
2. Bifidobacteria - antihistamine yepanyama, inodzvinyirira zvinokonzera zvirwere mumutumbi.
3. Vane antioxidant effect uye vanorwisana nekukura kwemarara masero.
4. Bifidobacteria inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwevhithamini B.
5. Bifidhi- uye lactobacilli inobatsira kuwedzera muzana yehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemunhu wesimbi, calcium uye vitamini D.

Kukosha Kwemakemikari Kwezvakasikwa

Mabhakitiriya ane ammonifising enzymes anotanga kusanganisa kwevanhu, mhuka, mbeu uye tsvina yezvokudya. Panguva yekuparara kwemapuroteni, magasi anokosha anobudiswa mumhepo: ammonia uye nitrogen, iyo inokosha kuvanhu, mhuka, nemiti.

Urobacteria inogona kuparadzanisa urea, inobudiswa zuva nezuva nevanhu vose nemhuka. Uye izvi, nenzira, inenge mamiriyoni makumi mashanu ematanhatu gore negore.

Michina, inokwanisa nitrate, oxidize ammonia. Zviratidzo zvinokonzera mafungiro zvinokonzera kusunungurwa kwema molecular oxygen kubva muvhu.

Carbon imwe yezvinhu zvakakosha masero mumiti yemiti nemhuka. Fiber, iyo mhuka dzakawanda dzinodya, dzine carbon yakawanda. Mumimba yavo, nerubatsiro rwe cellulose bhakitiriya, inobviswa uye inouya nemuriwo kudzokera mune zvakasikwa. Nokudaro, nyika inogamuchira humus, inova yakawanda kwazvo, uye mhepo yakazara ne carbonic acid.

Nokudaro, mabhakitiriya nemakirukitiriya ndiwo chikamu chakakosha chepasi rose rehupenyu. Bhakteria yakawanda inobatsira nguva dzose inofambidzana nemunhu muhupenyu hwose uye inodzivirira miviri yedu kubva kune zvisingadikanwi zvekunze. Zvakakosha kuti usavhiringidza hutachiona hwakakosha uye husina simba pakati pezvakanaka uye pathogenic microorganisms.