Mazita ndege. Kupatsanura ndege, marudzi avo uye nezvimiro

Aviation nhoroondo anoziva guru kwazvo zvinobhururuka zvokushandisa siyana uye siyana. mazita All ndege kashoma kuti kunyange pasi. Zvisinei, zvinokosha mhando hwaibatanidza zvikuru zvechokwadi. Ngatidzidzei sei kuti ndege kupatsanura, avo mifananidzo, mifananidzo, mazita taurawo.

zita

Ngatitorei Kutarira ndandanda yemazita chikuru vagadziri yokumwe ndege mu earufabheti. The Pamazita rinoratidza kuti huripo iye zvino kambani uye chabvisa:

• Aérospatiale (France).
• Airbus (EU).
• Boeing (US).
• British Aerospace (UK).
• British Aircraft (United Kingdom).
• Heinkel (Germany).
• Junkers (Germany).
• McDonnell Douglas (USA).
• Messerschmitt (Germany).

Mazita ari earufabheti ndege anogadzirwa USSR uye post-Soviet nyika, dziri pasi apa:

• An (Antonov).
• Uye (Polikarpov).
• Yl (Iliushin).
• La (Lavochkin).
• LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Lee (Lisunov).
• Third (Mikoyan uye Gurevich).
• By (Polikarpov).
• WokuKurini (mufushwa).
• Tu (Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

Kuti aitsaura sei kuti ndege?

Chokutanga, tsvaka ndedzipi ndege. Mazita zvinobhururuka unyanzvi anogona kutaura nezvezvinhu zvakawanda, asi kupatsanura uchatiudza zvakawanda. Sezvo ndege iri Classified? Zviite zvinotevera parameters:

• kuti rwendo;
• nokukurumidza;
• Pakati injini;
• kutaipa injini;
• kutaipa chassis;
• uremu;
• nhamba mapapiro;
• fuselage Kukura;
• mhando management;
• fomu yasimuka.

Zvino isu anofanira kukurukura dzimwe pfungwa idzi.

Kupatsanura ne chinangwa

It anonzi rakajairika. Nokuti chakarurama ichi, ndege zvose deyalsya munzvimbo pemarudzi makuru maviri: zvechiuto uye sevhiriyeni. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe mapoka aya imomo varidzi vakapesana muzvikamu zviduku.

Maererano chaiyo kushanda warplanes Classified kupinda zvinotevera chinoumba Categories: bhomba, interceptor ndege, vanodzima mhepo, kurwiswa ndege, uto ngarava, murwi-Ndege uye vasori.

The Civil Aviation yokutizira mano akakamurwa inotevera mumapoka: mutakurwi, nyika yekurima, zvekufambisa, post, experimental, etc ...

Ndege

The bhomba Basa iri kukunda zvinangwa zviri pasi. Vanoita izvi nokushandisa mabhomba uye zvombo.

Zvino ngationei mazita ndege zvechiuto. Pakati bhomba nekusiyanisa mienzaniso yakadaro mumhuri kugadzira: Su-24, TU-160, SU-34. Panguva Second yeHondo Yenyika ainakidzwa chaizvo mukurumbira mumhuri bhomba Pe-2. Asi wokutanga kunzi akakurumbira "Ilya Muromets" - kusikwa akagadzira huru Igorya Sikorskogo. chikwata ichi akabvisa kokutanga mudenga kare 1913. Yenyika First yaitonga zvakanzi vatendeuka kuva bhomba. Ndege "Ilya Muromets" zvakashandiswawo panguva Civil War.

Pakati Motokari vatorwa zvinogona kupatsanurwa ano American Ndege Northrop B-2 Mweya, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US akagadzirwa ndege 30s Boeing B-17 uye Martin B- 10 Ndege German muhondo yenyika yechipiri, Junkers yeJudhiya 86 uye Heinkel He 111.

varwi

The chikuru basa mano izvi ndiko kuparadza ndege uye zvimwe zvinhu zviri mudenga.

Names evadzimi nyanzvi zvehondo, zvakare, vachati yakawanda. Most anozivikanwa muenzaniso Soviet Hondo Yenyika II - lagg-3, I-15 bis, third-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. Panguva imwe chete rini vane akahwina nyika vakakurumbira German Bf.109 ndege, Bf.110 uye FW 190, uyewo reactive Me.262, Me.163 Komet uye iye 162 Volksjager.

Pakati varwi Soviet Papera nguva inofanira kuitwa third-31, Su-27 uye third-29. Pari denga rizere ano Russian ndege. Mazita avo vari zvinozivikanwa zviri unyanzvi ndege. Chizvarwa ichi evadzimi 4 ++ Su-35 uye third-35.

American mhando Contemporary vari dzinounzwa vomuzana chizvarwa murwi munyika nhamba mashanu Boeing F-22, uyewo kwokutanga F-4 muenzaniso uye F-15 Eagle.

Murwi-bhomba

Ivo nokubatanidza mashandiro ari Mapato maviri okutanga ndege isu zvinorondedzerwa. Kureva, kuparadza sezvo mhepo uye ivhu kunangwa.

Wokutanga murwi-Ndege vanoonekwa German Me.262, munhu dzakachinja muenzaniso kuBritain murwi Supermarine Spitfire, De Havilland Mosquito, uye Soviet Yak-9.

Pakati ano kwendege vanofanira govera epamba third-23b uye Su-17M uye third-27 uye American womuenzaniso F-105.

interceptors

Ndivo vaakasarudza subspecies evadzimi, zvakagadzirirwa kuparadza muvengi Ndege. Kusiyana kwakajairika Ndege ndege, zvinonzi vakapakata radar zvokushandisa ane simba.

Pakati Soviet interceptor anozivikanwa ndege anotevera mazita: SU-15, SU-9, Tu-128, Yak-28, third-25. American mhando zvinogona akasarudzwa F-16 uye F-14 Grumman. Uyewo nyika akakurumbira Japanese ndege Mitsubishi F-2 uye British interceptor Panavia dutu Adv.

stormtroopers

Basa ravo kutsigira pasi mauto pamwe mhepo.

Yakakurumbira Hondo Yenyika II-Nguva Kurwisa ndege vanoonekwa ndege IL-2 uye IL-10. Panguva iyoyowo, akafanana anokumhan'arira midziyo rakaiswa HS 129 uye Ju 87. Pakati ano Kurwisa ndege inofanira dzinounzwa zita SU-25 ndege, F / A-18, A-10.

Military senga motokari

The chikuru mabasa emauto chokufambisa ndege ndiyo chokuendesa motikari yehondo uye vashandi.

Ndege mukirasi ichi, uyo pari pamusoro nokushanda Russian Federation Armed Forces vari IL-76, AN-26, AN-124 AN-12. Pakati analogues American vanofanira govera Douglas yc-15, Boeing C-17, Boeing C-97 Boeing E-8.

mutakurwi ndege

Kudzokorora Civil Aviation mienzaniso ichatanga navo. Izvi mhando mhepo motokari, sezvo zita rinoreva, zvakagadzirirwa kutakura vanhu.

Yokutanga kugadzirwa ndege akanga akatakura vanhuwo zvavo, vaiona zvose chete kumba "Ilya Muromets", iro akarega mune ramangwana pasi bhomba. ndege yake yokutanga kubva St. Petersburg kuna Kiev pamwe gumi vanhu wakaita shure muna 1914.

The inonyanya kufarirwa airliner nokuda oupenyu ndege anoonekwa kuva American chikwata Douglas DC-3 ndege akaita ndege yokutanga shure muna 1935. Various okunatsiridza anoshandiswa nhasi. Somuenzaniso, Soviet pachake ndege akanga Li-2.

Above okutanga ndege vakarondedzerwa. Mazita huru vakwikwidzi pamusoro pawaitengesa mutakurwi ndege - Boeing uye Airbus.

"Boeing"

The American boka Boeing vakadzoka muna kure 1916. Kubvira ipapo yave mukugadzira ndege, zvikurukuru wehurumende avhiyesheni, kunyange panewo uto senga womuenzaniso. The usage dzakawanda makambani mutakurwi ndege - Boeing 737, Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777 uye Boeing 787.

The rokutanga pamusoro mienzaniso vakasunungurwa muna 1968, uye kuti musi, ndiyo hombe ose mufambi ndege. Boeing 747 yakabereka papera gore, ndipiyona pakati widebody airliners. Boeing 747-8 - mutakurwi ndege nepfungwa urefu. Akasunungurwa muna 2010. Nhasi pamusika ndiro rakakura kupfuura mamwe ose mutakurwi ndege Boeing 777 vawana gobvu yakabereka kubva 1994. The Newest muenzaniso dzesangano panguva - Boeing 787 2009 gore zvisikwa.

"Airbus"

Sezvambotaurwa, chikuru aikwikwidza Boeing pamisika nyika ndiyo European mugadziri Airbus, hofisi epakati riri mu France. Kwayo zvikuru paya pane ayo American aikwikwidza - muna 1970. The usage dzakawanda ndege kambani - A300, A320, A380 uye A350 XWB.

Rakabudiswa muna 1972, ari A300 ndiye wokutanga rakafara-muviri ndege pamusoro injini maviri. On the A320 muna 1988 kugadzirwa vomuzana waya chimiro management raiswa munyika. A380, izvo akapfura kudenga kokutanga muna 2005, ndiye pakukura munyika. Anokwanisa kuita bhodhi kusvikira ayo 480 vanhu. The Newest budiriro ndiyo A350 XWB. Chikuru basa raiva kukwikwidzana pamwe kare kubudiswa Boeing 787. Uye basa ichi zvinobudirira kuzvigona kuti airliner, obohodya ake aikwikwidza tichitarisa kunyatsoshanda.

The Soviet mutakurwi ndege

Pachine pamwero uye Aimiririrwa Soviet mutakurwi ndege indasitiri. Vazhinji mienzaniso - ndiye ndege "Aeroflot". Mazita mikuru pezvitsiga: Tu, Il, An uye Yak.

Yokutanga epamba ndege airliner asunungurwa muna 1955, ari Tu-104. Tu-154, wokutanga kutora-kure uko kwakaitika muna 1972, runoonekwa zvikuru hombe Soviet mhepo mutakurwi chikwata. Tu-144 1968 womuenzaniso gore akawana kunozivikanwa chokuva airliner rokutanga renyika, izvo akakwanisa kuputsa inzwi nokuidzivirira. Aigona kusvika aimhanya anosvika zviuru 2.5. Km / h, uye chinyorwa ichi kuti nguva yedu haina kurohwa. Panguva iyoyo, wokupedzisira nokushanda womuenzaniso ane airliner yakataurwa Tupolev Design Bureau, mumwe Tu-204 1990 womuenzaniso gore, uyewo nadzurudzo of Tu-214.

Sezvingatarisirwa, kunze Tu pane dzimwe ndege "Aeroflot". Mazita zvikuru nevanhu: IL-18, IL-114, IL-103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 uye Yak-42.

Airliners dzimwe nyika

Kunze apa, pane chinozikamwa mienzaniso uye dzimwe Vagadziri mutakurwi ndege.

British airliner De Havilland kometi, yakabudiswa muna 1949, ndiyo yokutanga munhoroondo yenyika ndege airliner. Fame yakawanikwa Franco-British Concorde airliner, yakagadzirirwa muna 1969. Akaburuka munhau nemhaka yokuti ndiye anobudirira kuedza rechipiri (mushure Tu-144) kutanga supersonic mutakurwi ndege. Uye vachiri izvi zviviri ndege iyi akasiyana, sezvo bedzi hapana munhu akakwanisa kusunungura akakodzera vakawanda vanozivikanwa airliner, vaikwanisa kufamba nokukurumidza kupfuura inzwi.

transporters

Huru chinangwa chokufambisa ndege ndiyo kutakurwa kwenhumbi pamusoro madaro marefu.

Pakati michina iyi mhando zvakafanira kunan'anura Western yemashoko mutakurwi ndege dzakachinja pasi chokufambisa zvinodiwa: Douglas MD-11F, ari Airbus A330-200F, kuti Airbus A300-600ST uye Boeing 747-8F.

Asi kupfuura zvose zviri kugadzirwa chokufambisa ndege rava rakakurumbira Soviet, uye zvino Ukrainian Antonov Design Bureau ainzi. Inobereka jets kuti nguva kurova nyika rekodhi basa: AN-22, 1965 (kukwanisa - 60 m), Ru-124 1984 (kukwanisa - matani 120), AN-1988 225 d (253 zvinotora mungarava, 8 m). Latest muenzaniso ndezvevanhu haisati rakatyoka rekodhi payloads. Uyezve, akaronga kushandisa kutakura reSoviet university "Buran", asi basa racho harina chinozoiswa, pamwe pokuwa USSR.

Mune Russian Federation, zvose hazvisi nani seizvi pamwe nezvifambiso ndege. Mazita ndege Russian ndeinotevera: IL-76, IL-112 uye IL-214. Asi dambudziko riri kuti IL-76 anobudiswa nhasi yakazokudziridzwa panguva yaitonga Soviet Union, muna 1971, uye vamwe vari kuronga kutanga chete muna 2017.

Agricultural ndege

Kune ndege, vane mabasa anosanganisira rokufambisa kusango mishonga yezvipembenene, sora uye nemamwe makemikari. Izvi mhando midziyo ndege inonzi purazi.

Kubva Soviet yokutevedzera mano aya aizivikanwa U-2 uye AN-2, izvo zvinokonzerwa chaiyo kushanda ari dzakakurumbira inonziwo "chibage".

Unit Speed

Kuwedzera kupatsanura ndege zvimwe zvinangwa, izvo taidzidzira muudzame kumusoro, pane mamwe marudzi kuera. Izvi zvinosanganisira kupatsanura pakati kutiza nokukurumidza. Pahwaro ndege vari akakamurwa inotevera mumapoka: subsonic, transonic ndege, supersonic uye hypersonic ndege.

Hazvina kuoma kunzwisisa kuti subsonic ndege vakatamira zvishoma nezvishoma kurira. Transonic ndege ichibhururuka ari kumhanya pedyo sonic, supersonic kukurira inzwi mhinganidzo, uye hypersonic kupfuura mufananidzo uyu nguva inopfuura mishanu.

Panguva iyoyo, mashoko uchitsanya munyika chinhu experimental hypersonic muchina kubva US X-43A muna 2001. Anogona kusimuka kuti makarindira 11.200 km / h. Munzvimbo yechipiri, ake compatriot X-15, yakabudiswa kare kure 1959. Nokumhanya 7273 km / h. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro experimental midziyo, asi veavo ndege kuti mabasa chaizvo mabasa, zvino pane ushasha panguva SR-71 American, achikwanisa kuva akurumidze kusvika 3530 km / h. ari supersonic third-25 inofanira dzinounzwa pazvipfuwo motokari. zvazvingava Its kunonyanyisa kuti nokukurumidza inogona kusvika kusvika 3000 km / h.

The mufambi ndege nokumhanya zvinhu zviipe. Today wakabudiswa vaviri chete supersonic airliner: zvipfuwo Tu-144 (1968) uye Franco-British Concorde (1969). Chokutanga izvi kutanga mukuru-nokukurumidza chokupika anosvika zviuru 2.5. Km / h, zvinova zvinyorwa yevagari avhiyesheni, asi ndege kuti kugadza zvose ndiyo chete nzvimbo chegumi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti panguva iyoyo hapana mumwe supersonic airliner, iyo yave ichishanda kubva nokushandisa Tu-144 akaramba kunyange shure muna 1978, uye kushandiswa Concorde rikaguma muna 2003.

Hypersonic mutakurwi ndege kumbovapo. Zvisinei, zvino pane zvirongwa zvakawanda, vose nezvipfuwo uye dzimwe magadzirirwo mahofisi kuti pagadzirwe hypersonic ndege. Pakati pavo, zvikuru nomukurumbira ari European ZEHST. The ndege inokwanisa aimhanya anosvika 5.0 zviuru. Km / h, asi nguva yacho zvisikwa kujeka. MuRussia, pane zviviri zvirongwa zvakadai - Tu-244 uye Tu-444, asi panguva iyoyo vari vaviri chando.

Mamwe kupatsanura

Maererano nenhamba injini kubva ndege ipapo kubvira one- kuti dvenadtsatidvigatelnyh.

Maererano mhando injini ndege vari akakamurwa zvinotevera mumapoka: wemagetsi injini, pisitoni, turboprop, ndege, chitundumuseremusere, uyewo michina ine injini vasanganiswa.

By mhando chassis kupatsanura ndege iri rinotevera: mavhiri, the, hovercraft, Crawler, ichiyangarara, amphibian. Sezvinotarisirwa, Zvinonyanyozivikanwa ndege pamwe mavhiri chassis.

By kurema ndege vari muzvikamu superlogkie, chiedza motokari, svikiro-uremu ndege, rinorema uye nakisa rinorema.

Maererano nenhamba wamapapiro yakananga kuderedza nhamba yavo, ndege vari rakakamurwa polyplane, triplane, biplanes, monoplanes uye polutoraplany.

Panewo kupatsanura maererano kukura fuselage: kuroorwa-mukana uye rakapamhamha-muviri.

Management mhando kupatsanura ndege rakakamurwa aigarira uye unmanned zvemuchadenga motokari.

Pezvakaita yose ndege kutora-kure chinogona kukamurwa zvinotevera mumapoka: wehunyambiri kutora-kure, chinjikira uye pfupi.

kusiyana

Tinoziva kuti ndiye kupatsanura pakubhadhara ndege, mifananidzo, mazita akaongororawo. Sezvaunogona kuona, zvinoratidza guru kwazvo yokutevedzera nedzimwe kushanda, vane nokurondedzerwa yakasiyana chaizvo. Nyika avhiyesheni zvechokwadi ichiita mabasa akawanda, uye mumwe yokudzokorora haangavi kutsanangura zvose kwake.

Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa mukuru, isu akapa nyaya iyi inogona, tsanangura yakakurumbira ndege zvaisanganisira munyaya. Types uye mazita, pasinei nhamba yavo yakakura, vachiri kuronga here imwe nzira, kujekesa musimboti wenyaya.