Medicine muRussia: History, Development, Problems

Nhasi, vagari vakawanda vomunyika yedu vanofunga kuti kuenda kwachiremba wakanaka - ari kubudirira zvikuru, akafanana kuhwinha rotari. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti mushonga muRussia ikozvino kuderera, saka vanachiremba ngaiteerere uye zvikuru vanokwanisa, varwere vakawanda vanogona chete nezvezvandisina. All zvakazara akaratidza weboka pakati pevapfumi nevarombo, tisingatauri zvimwe zvinhu zvoupenyu zvinowanzoitwa murume. Panyaya iyi, private makiriniki kupa unhu basa murwere muchimiro kushandiswa kwenguva refu uye wemapoka zvinoverengeka chirwere nzira, zvava dzakakurumbira.

History of mushonga muRussia akanyora nyaya apo yakakurumbira chiremba remakore rechi19 akasangana pachikumbaridzo murwere nemashoko: "Hello, murwere mitral mwoyo chirwere." Chokwadi, vanachiremba izvi - husiri nyore kuwana.

Uyewo haana pasina zvinorehwa pamwero dzidzo vanachiremba ramangwana. Nhanganyaya pamusoro kudzidzisa vanachiremba kuti vakawanda tsika mugore rimwe chete, kwete chete kuderedza unhu zvokurapa zvavo, asi anogona kuwedzera mwero wokufa kwevanhu pakati yevagari. Somuenzaniso, kuva chiremba muzana remakore rechi18 zvakafanira kudzidza kubva 7 kusvika 11 makore.

XVIII remakore. chizvarwa

Kokutanga rokuti "mushonga" munyika yedu yakanga The kushandiswa pasi Peter I. The Emperor pachake akaisa zvikuru nyaya chiremba, yakavhurwa 1707, chikoro kuchipatara, uye muna 1764 - weVadzidzisi Vedare of Medicine paYunivhesiti Moscow. Medicine muRussia vomunguva idzodzo yakashandurwa kubva achabatira zvesayenzi. Kana nokudzidziswa yapfuura zvimiso aihuitira chete kuvhiyiwa, kana Peter I pachikoro vakatanga kudzidzisa sayenzi zvinotevera:

• pharmacology;
• neurology;
• dentistry;
• maxillo-chako kuvhiyiwa;
• physiology uye anatomi;
• forensics.

Nyanzvi dzakawanda akafamba kunze uye vagamuchirwa zvakaitika vanachiremba yokumwe. Mambo pachake zvikuru zvakasimba mubasa kudzidza dzebhizimisi wezvokurapa uye zvinobudirira akaita mazino maitirwo ezvinhu uye mabasa sezvo vanhu vakaderera uye vanokudzwa.

XVIII remakore. budiriro

Development wemishonga mu Russia yakanga chipatapata. Mukupera remakore rechi18, zvipatara zvakawanda, chipatara uye chepfungwa kiriniki yokutanga akazarura. Yakanga ine veMubatanidzwa yokupedzisira uye akatanga kuberekwa wepfungwa sechinhu sainzi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvakava rokumanikidzirwa kuti kuvhuya chitunha murwere afa.

Pasinei mhanya basa, kuti wevanotungamirira mamiriro ezvinhu akanga mwoyo nokuda matenda chibhokisi uye denda. Medical vakuru panguva iyoyo, somuenzaniso SG Zybelin, inobatanidzwa kwakapararira zvirwere uye kufa kwevacheche kumusoro nokusava zvakakodzera utsanana munharaunda.

Mune 90s ramakore rechi18 Moscow University, izvo panguva iyoyo yakava kupfuura muzinda redzidzo nesayenzi, zvakanga aibvumirwa kumupa dhigirii pakati Dhokotera Medicine. First ndakaugamuchira zita ichi honorary FI Barsuk-Moiseyev. Medicine mu Russia yakanga kukasawedzerwa pamwe vashandi vanokwanisa.

Reform wemishonga of XVIII remakore

Muzana remakore rechi18, rakachengetedzwa akaumba kusvika vangasimudzira itsva sangano okurapwa, kudzidzisa uye dzokurapwa wezvinonhuhwira mhosva. Created wezvinonhuhwira akarayira, chikuru chemishonga Office, Medical Office, uyewo kuita shanduko mune rokudzidzisa kwacho uye paumbwe zvokurapa masangano. Saka, muna 1753 PZ Kondoidi akasimbisa gadziriro itsva dzidzo, umo vadzidzi kuitwa yunivhesiti makore 7 uye pakupera yakapfuura yaidiwa bvunzo.

XIX remakore. kutanga

Medicine muRussia pakutanga remakore rechi19 vakatanga kuva pane imwe nokukurumidza kumhanya. Kuti kudzidza Medicine, zvaida mabhuku anokosha. It akatanga kubudisa periodicals, uye wokutanga bhuku iri anatomi, izvo dzinorongwa dzokurapa Zvinovheneka nguva I. V. Buyalsky uye E. O. Muhin.

Vainyatsoongorora Obstetrics and Gynecology. Zvakabuda kutsvakurudza uye ruzivo rava budiriro iri kudzivirirwa uye kurapwa zvirwere munhukadzi nhengo dzokubereka nadzo. Kuedza yaiitwa nekuda epfungwa, zvaakapiwa tsanangudzo zvose kwemasayendisiti kuitika mumuviri.

Vanotsvakurudza vari mumunda uyu (kureva Dyadkovsky, E. O. Muhin, KV Lebedev nevamwe) kuva akagadzira uye vakava nzvimbo dzepanguva dzidziso.

M. Ya. Mudrov akavaka nzira Nhaurirano nomurwere, izvo akabvumira humwe paaibvunzwa rwakazara kuziva chikuru zviri chirwere chacho etiology. Mune ramangwana, nzira iyi nani GA Zakhar'in.

XIX remakore. budiriro

Development wemishonga muRussia aizivikanwa okuguma ndandanda chirwere matanho. Zvikurukuru, GI Sokolsky dzinounzwa percussion nzira kudzidza zvirwere pechipfuva. Panyaya iyi, mumwe musayendisiti zvakabudisa basa "On vanachiremba bvunzo tichibatsirwa kunzwa, kunyanya achishandisa stethoscope," yakabudiswa 1835.

Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 kudzivirira Institute yakaumbwa kubva nedenda, chibhokisi nezvimwe zvirwere ngozi kuburikidza kubaya. mapurofesa zhinji, kusika kunoreva aiona ravo kuzviita zvichenjerere. Maererano neizvi umhare rufu rimwe vanachiremba Russian M. Ya. Mudrov, ane rufu aiva kurasikirwa zvikuru Russia.

Muna 1835, Chirevo musimboti nedzidziso akanga akatsunga kusenza komiti iri zvokurapa Africa, izvo airarama munhu naMwari hunhu. Kushanda ichi zvinoreva kuti nhoroondo mushonga mu Russia aifanira kuguma panguva ino. Zvisinei, vanachiremba zvakapfuurira zvidzidzo zvavo uye kubudirira zvinoshamisa zvabuda.

Results of XIX remakore

Muzana remakore rechi19 nheyo zvose ano zvepamusoro kwesayenzi mukurapa, kusanganisira dermatology, histology, uye kunyange balneology. Kuburikidza kukura yakakurumbira masayendisiti nguva vakatanga kushandisa yokutindivadza, nokumutswa nzira uye physiotherapy. It yakaumbwa sayenzi akadai zvidukuduku uye virology, izvo akatanga kukura chete gare gare.

Mamiriro mushonga mu Russia muzana remakore rechi20

Kutanga kubva 1900, ari raive rakasimba orthopedics, ophthalmology, oncology. Rinonyatsooneka inofananidza zvokurapa akatungamirirwa makiriniki, ne zvikoro - G. I. Turner, RRVREDEN, EV Adamyuk nevamwe.

A chinokosha danho mumunda Obstetrics and Gynecology, kunyanya kuburikidza basa V. F. Snegireva yaiti "Uterine ropa." NF Filatov anosika chiremba chikoro chokutanga, rakabudiswa kurapwa mirayiridzo uye basa iri zvirwere uye ekudzivirira vana.

dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda mushonga chiri kwete akamira. Muzana remakore rechi20 yakanga akaita inokosha kuwanikwa pakati majini code, izvo zvichaita kuti masayendisiti kuongorora zvizere decoding womunhu muviri dzakakwirira zvakarurama.

maitiro kuchinja

The nadzurudzo wemishonga kuRussia uye dzimwe nyika yaifanira dzose, nekuti sainzi hakuiti mira, zvokuti kune zvinodhaka itsva, nzira yokutsvakurudza uye kurapwa. Uyezve, zvinokosha kuita kunzwisisa zviyero zvainanga kuunza yose vakawanda, vanokwanisa mishonga, izvo nhasi, zvinosuruvarisa, kwete vokuRussia vose vanogona kuverenga mberi.

Kubva remakore rechi21 zviri kuchinja zvokurapa muRussia rinokurukurwa nenyanzvi kutungamirira. Zvinofungirwa kuti muna 2015 mari dzoutano masangano kuchinja. Payment vashandi vachava murwere, uye kwete muzana mubhedha. makiriniki All achava imwe price list, vazhinji vachaitwa Kutamiswa pamusoro-zuva nomwe kushanda vhiki. Uyewo, zvipatara nhoroondo richashandiswa anoyamura mipiro, izvo pari ane razero pachiyero. Zvinotarisirwa kuti pakatanga mitemo itsva kuchabatsira mari veruzhinji vawane yakakwirira azvipire basa munyika mundima Russian Federation.

nepfungwa

Zvisinei, mushonga ano muRussia haagoni kupa hwaivapo basa, uye nyanzvi dzakawanda vanofunga kuti kuchinja vanofanira kutanga dzidzo. vanachiremba kuona kuchinja kumonera kudzoka yekare basa hurongwa, unosanganisira kuparadzana pachipatara varombo uye mupfumi.

matambudziko vezvokurapa muRussia havasi chete rwakakwana mari dzoutano masangano, asiwo kwakakwana hanya nevamwe vanachiremba varwere. Kutonga nezvinooneka nhoroondo basa zvokurapa, vanachiremba vakawanda vakaisa upenyu kuti kudzidza uye kukura nzira itsva kutsvakurudza uye chitunha chake ndichiva kubvisa zvose zvemarudzi zvirwere. Zvinosuruvarisa mushonga ano ari kuitika kurutivi monetization upenyu.