Chii Alchemy - a sainzi kana mashiripiti? Famous masayendisiti

Vanhu kwagara vanofarira chinhu rakavanzika inoshamisa, asingazivikanwi. sainzi akadaro, sezvo alchemy dutu refu kwazvo nguva, asi kufarira haisi akarasika kusvikira nhasi. Uye panguva ino, vanhu vakawanda vari kushamisika kuti chii chiri alchemy. Ngatimbotaurei zvazviri.

Pfungwa uye musimboti alchemy

Kusonganirana rokutanga kuti anouya tifunge paavhareji munhu, paanonzwa shoko "alchemy" - mashiripiti. Asi chokwadi chiri chinhu sayenzi zvemashiripiti iyo inoratidza sei kuti kusvika musimboti zvose zviripo zvose. Vakawanda vanoona Yesayenzi, rinotaura sei kuti kubva zvavo simbi inonzi alchemical goridhe, uye nenzira iyi kuti vazvipfumise. vanoita zvakawanda masayendisiti makarinzira pachedu vavariro vapfume, asi pakutanga zvinoreva alchemy kwaiva kunzwisisa musimboti murume uye nyika. masayendisiti izvi nokuda kufungisisa kwouzivi vachirumbidza kubatana kwenyika nharo kuti vanotora chikamu mune yepasi pose muitiro yokusika.

Vamwe Songaniro vanhu neshoko "alchemy" - kuti mushonga waizoita. Uye chero pfungwa pachinhu ichi zvechokwadi ndiyo. In Alchemy vaiita ndokusanganisa zvokubikisa siyana. The chikuru musimboti nesayenzi ichi ndechokuti zvose aripo zvinofamba uye vakazvipira kukura.

Nhoroondo panowanikwa shoko "alchemy"

Pakupindura mubvunzo, chii alchemy, unofanira kuziva nhoroondo kwakabva nesayenzi ichi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ndekekutanga kuti sayenzi dzakatangira munyika yekare: Girisi, Roma, uye Ijipiti, uye ipapo pakanyenga kuMabvazuva. Hazvibviri kutaura kuti shoko rinoreva, nokuti ane nemidzi zhinji. Wokutanga shanduro inoti alchemy rinobva pashoko Chymeia, rinoreva "kusunda", "dira". Shoko iri rinoreva kuti muitiro vanachiremba yekare dzakawanda dzokurapa. Maererano neimwe shanduro, zita rinobva pashoko Khem, iro rinomiririra nhema pasi nyika (Ijipiti). mabhuku ekare echiGiriki anoratidza kwakabva mashoko "pana Human" uye "hemevsis" - Kudzingwa, kuvhenganisa chokubuda.

Background uye zvebasa alchemy

Alchemy ane zvikuru zvitatu mabasa:

1. Tsvaka nzira kuti ndarama kubva pangoro nesimbi, kuti vazvipfumise uye vawane simba.
2. Budirira kusafa.
3. Mufaro.

Hwaro alchemy ndiko kushandisa zvina zvinokosha. Maererano nepfungwa iyi, Plato akakudziridza naAristotle zvakasikwa Demiurgos akasika iyo kutanga zvinhu zviri chinhu 4 akasika zvinhu: mvura, nyika, moto, mhepo. Masayendisiti akawedzera zvinhu izvi zvakawanda matatu: mekuri, sarufa nomunyu. Mercury - zvechikadzi, sarufa - mukono munyu - kufamba. Nokuda kunovhengana kwezvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana izvi zvose nenzira yakasiyana kuitira kunokwanisika transmutation. Somugumisiro transmutation vanofanira kuwana Muzivi wacho Stone, rinonziwo mushonga kusafa. Most Vanowanzotinyorera mushonga uyu chikuru chinangwa masayendisiti akawanda. Asi vasati kuwana kuchiva mushonga, mumwe alchemist chaiye anofanira kunzwisisa kwavo kwechokwadi womudzimu. Zvikasadaro zvikasashanda kuwana dombo Vaichiva muzivi wacho.

Alchemical shanduka uye nzendo nesimbi kupinda goridhe

masayendisiti Famous kwakavakirwa makore ake akawanda dzekutora zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti kubvira pakutanga vose nesimbi vakanga vaine, asi nokufamba kwenguva vamwe vavo vakanga dema, avhiringidzwa, zvichitungamirira zvavo ignoble.

Pane chikuru akawanda zvokukura kuchinja nechigadziko nesimbi kupinda rinokosha:

1. Calcinatio - danho iri kunosanganisira renunciation zvose zvenyika zvose, kubva zvose zvaanoda;
2. Putrefactio - danho iri unotora detaching guruva inongoora;
3. Solutio - inomirira nyaya kokunatswa;
4. Distillatio - Kukurukura zvose rokuchenesa zvinhu zvinhu;
5. Coincidentia oppositorum - mukomboni rinopikisa mananara;
6. Sublimation - rinoreva kutambudzwa pashure Kurambwa chido kwenyika mumudzimu;
7. Kwouzivi nokuomesa - Connect misimboti nenyama uye mumisasa.

Evolution of alchemy ndechokuti zvose napo pacharo, kunyange kana kunoita kukuvadza zvikuru, uye ipapo vanofanira kudzorerwa tichibatsirwa simba kuti awana yapfuura danho.

masayendisiti zvikuru

masayendisiti All vakaedza kupindura mubvunzo, chii alchemy. sainzi Izvi zvakabatsira chaizvo munhoroondo yevanhu. vazivi vakawanda vakafunga kuti alchemy anezvakawanda chokuita zvepfungwa. sainzi Izvi zvinobatsira munhu kuvhura somunhu uye vabudirire zvavo pachavo zvokunamata. Vanhu vazhinji vaiita alchemy kubvira pakutanga kwayo. Asi rinokosha yakanga reDare masayendisiti kuMiddle Ages.

Imwe yakakurumbira masayendisiti zvakarurama vaiona Nicolas Flamel (akararama 1330-1418). Nikola akaberekerwa mumhuri varombo chaizvo, ari kuyaruka akaenda Paris kuva wezvokukurukurirana. Iye akaroorwa mukadzi wechikuru aiva mumwe guru shoma uye zvitoro shoma akazarurwa. Flamel akasarudza kutanga kutengesa mabhuku. Basa rake alchemical akatanga kuonga hope ngirozi akaratidza Flamel bhuku, iro rine zvose zvakavanzika. Akawana bhuku uye akatanga kudzidza nayo zvakanaka. Hazvina kuzivikanwa kuti akakwanisa kunzwisisa zvose chokwadi, asi makore matatu chete gare gare alchemist akakwanisa kuwana Muroyi raMwari Stone, uye kubhadhara chakaipa mekuri nesirivha, uye pashure penguva yakati, uye goridhe. Kutanga kubva ra1382, Nicolas Flamel vakapfuma, akatenga nyika kumba. Ndakaita parudo basa uye nyore akapa mari. Nerunyerekupe ake nakisisa upfumi akasvika kuna mambo, asi tichibatsirwa fufuro Flamel aigona kuvanza upfumi hwavo kubva mambo. Muna 1418, alchemist akafa. Asi zvinonzi mukuwedzera goridhe nesirivha Nikola nokuenzanisa zvakavanzika upenyu hwokusafa. Iye faked rufu kwake, uye iye nemudzimai wake akaenda parwendo.

Alchemist Paracelsus: Summary

Mumwe zvakaenzana nomukurumbira alchemist Paracelsus akanga (akararama 1493-1541). Murume uyu akanga ari chiremba akakurumbira, uye vazhinji vanoramba basa raro alchemy. Pratsels vachiedza kuwana ibwe muzivi wacho, asi haana kudavira kuti achakwanisa kutsausa chawo simbi kupinda goridhe. Alchemist iye chaidiwa kuitira kunzwisisa zvakavanzika kusafa uye pakusika mishonga. Pratsels vaidavira kuti munhu anogona kuita chimwe chinhu kuti haisi pasi pesimba zvakasikwa, unofanira chete nguva uye kushanda nesimba. Medicine chikwereti zvikuru Pratselsu. Hazvina chiremba uyu akaramba dzidziso kuti netsviyo vari kunetseka nemidzimu yakaipa. The musayendisiti akati akakwanisa kusika Muzivi wacho Stone, uye ndiye asingafi, asi akafa pashure kudonha kubva kumusoro, paaiva nemakore 48 okuberekwa.

Denis Zasher: Summary

Denis Zasher (akararama 1510-1556). I akaberekwa mumhuri chaizvo yakapfuma. In kuyaruka, akaenda University of Bordeaux kudzidza uzivi. chipangamazano wake akashandura alchemist anenge dzakabatanidzwa muduku nomukomana kusvikira sayenzi iyi. Pamwechete chipangamazano ivo rokuongorora uye kudzokorora zvose zvitsva uye zvitsva Recipes ose alchemy. Asi nguva uye vakakundikana zvakare. Mari kubva Zashera akakurumidza payakapera, saka akaenda kumba uye akaisa pfuma yake. Asi ruzivo zvikasashanda, uye mari nyore ruchiyerera napakati neminwe. Denis akasarudza kuenda Paris, uko akapedza makore akawanda ari oga, kudzidza uzivi uye alchemy Quick. Muna 1550, achiri kukwanisa kuita nemekiyuri inokosha simbi - goridhe. Denis akapa zvikwereti zvose uye akaenda Germany, apo aida kurarama kwenguva yakareba uye mutambarakede upenyu. Asi hama akamuuraya paakanga akarara, uye akasiya mukadzi wake.

Seefeld: Summary

Kwenguva refu pamusoro alchemist iyi aiziva mashoko zvishomanana. Kubvira pauduku, kwazvo Seefeld tikatanga kuedza zviri alchemy. Chokwadi, akanga ashanda zvishoma, uye kumativi ose akadurura kusekwa pamusoro pake. Ipapo akabva akadzokera kuAustria nemakore gumi, uye aigara muguta duku riri mhuri imwe, izvo akazvigamuchira. In kukoshesa yakaratidza nehondo sezvo vakadzidza dzokubvisa goridhe kubva kwakajairika simbi. Nokukurumidza guta rose aiziva Seefeld alchemist chaiyo. About ake nazvo Ndakadzidza Emperor akatongera naye upenyu mujeri nokuda kubiridzirwa. Seefeld asi nokukurumidza akaregererwa, asi musi ezvinhu kuti acharamba kuedza ake nokuda mambo. Asi pashure penguva yakati Seefeld akatiza munyika, uye hakuna anoziva zvakawanda pamusoro dambudziko rake. Iye chaizvo vanyangarika mukati dzakaonda mhepo.

Pamusana ruzivo pamusoro apa, zvinova zvakajeka zvikuru kuti alchemy kwakadaro, chii pezvawakaita uye chii chaiva kuti.