Chii cytoplasm nemasero. Zviri nemamiriro cytoplasm

Zvinozivikanwa kuti vakawanda zvipenyu akaumbwa mvura vakasununguka kana kusungwa chimiro 70 muzana kana kupfuura. Kupi Zvinotora zvakawanda umo vemunyika? Zvachinja, sero rimwe racho kuchivako ane 80% mvura, uye chete zvasara ari nyaya yakaoma.

Uye mukuru "mvura" Chimiro rinongova cytoplasm muchitokisi. Uyu chisinganzwisisiki, heterogeneous, hunosanduka womukati ezvinhu, pamwe zvinhu nemamiriro uye mabasa anoitwa nawo takasangana mberi.

protoplast

Izvi izwi kureva zvose romukati zviri chero miniti mamiriro eukaryotic, akaparadzaniswa muplasma Kamudzira vamwe "nevamwe" ayo. Kureva, pano anopinda cytoplasm - dzomunyika ezvinhu sero, organelles, izvozvo riri, mwoyo weatomu pamwe nucleoli, uye masero acho.

Chii organelles dziri mukati cytoplasm? Ivo:

• ribosomes;
• mitochondria;
• EPS;
• Golgi midziyo;
• lysosomes;
• Sero nokuchinja ;
• vacuoles (zvinomera uye hunokuvadza);
• Sero centre;
• plastids (mu miti);
• cilia uye flagella;
• microfilaments;
• microtubules.

Kernel akatsaura karyotheca, pamwe nucleoli uye DNA molecules rinewo masero cytoplasm. Pakati paro mhuka, vakananga rusvingo - mune miti.

Saka, zvaidiwa cytoplasm yechivako chacho kuchaenderana zvikuru pamusoro mhando foni kubva muviri pachawo, ndeye kunyikadzimu zvipenyu. Kazhinji, zvinotora zvose nzvimbo yacho iripo mukati uye zvinoverengeka zvinokosha mabasa.

Matrix kana hyaloplasm

Sechivako sero cytoplasm rinoumbwa zvikurukuru ayo weboka muzvikamu zviviri:

• hyaloplasm - chenguva mvura chikamu;
• organelles;
• usanganidzo - shanduka marongerwo.

Matrix kana hyaloplasm - Nde chezvinonhuwira zvokunyaradza, iyo inogona zviviri inoti - dota gel.

Cytosol - cytoplasm a sero kuti ane mvura uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. hunhu hwakadaro. Tsitogel - zvimwechete, asi zvikuru gobvu, mupfumi huru mamorekuru pamusoro Organic zvinhu, ezvinhu. Zvinonyatsorehwa makemikari anoumba uye utano zvivako hyaloplasm akaratidza sezvinotevera:

• Hauoneki, viscous colloidal zvinhu, zvakakwana mukobvu uye slimy;
• ane Kusiyanisa zvakajeka STRUCTURAL sangano, zvisinei, nokuda mufambo anogona kushandura nyore nayo;
• cytoskeleton mukati raimiririra microtrabecular kana nesefa riri kuumbwa nokuda mapuroteni filaments (microfilaments uye microtubules);
• pamusoro zvikamu yekamuri uye dziri dzose STRUCTURAL zvikamu sero rose, uye nemhaka microtubule Golgi midziyo uye XPS therebetween kuburikidza hyaloplasm mashoko kunoitika.

Saka, hyaloplasm - rinokosha, iyo inopa akawanda anoitwa muchitokisi cytoplasm.

The Kuronga cytoplasm

Kana isu kutaura makemikari anoumba, kuwanda kwemvura iri cytoplasm nezvokuvandudzika anenge 70%. Ichi avhareji kukosha, nekuti vamwe vane zvirimwa masero umo kusvikira 90-95% yemvura. Yakaoma fuma iri:

• mapuroteni;
• makabhohaidhiretsi;
• phospholipids;
• remafuta akawandisa uye mamwe senitrogen tubhokisi Organic yeimwe;
• electrolytes (zvicherwa);
• inclusions muchimiro mumate ose glycogen (kwemhuka masero) uye zvimwe zvinhu.

Zvinonyatsorehwa makemikari maitiro ezvinhu - alkaline kana zvakaneta alkaline. Kana isu funga sezvo ari muchitokisi cytoplasm, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa ichi chinokosha. Part vakaungana kumucheto, munzvimbo yeplasma Kamudzira, inonzi ectoplasm. Chimwe chikamu achingoraramira pedyo karyotheca, unobereka zita endoplasmic.

Sechivako sero cytoplasm vagara vandifungira chaiwo hurongwa - microtubules uye microfilaments, saka ivo kunyatsotarisisa.

microtubules

Hollow duku elongated tudonhwe kusvikira micrometers wandei. Dhayamita - kubva 6 kusvika 25 nm. Nokuda zvakare shomanana kuita zvakakwana uye succinct kudzidza zvivako izvi haisati zvinogoneka Zvisinei, anoratidza kuti avo masvingo akaumbwa puroteni tubulin nevamiririri. remubatanidzwa ichi ane helically vakamonyanisa kusungwa Morekuru.

Vamwe mabasa muchitokisi cytoplasm anoteererwa anoonga pamberi microtubules. Somuenzaniso, ivo chinhano achiumba muchitokisi masvingo notumwe uye zvinomera, mamwe mabhakitiriya. In masero mhuka, ivo duku zvikuru. Uyewo, zvivako izvi rinoitwa kufamba organelles vari cytoplasm.

By pachavo, ivo microtubules dzinotsauka, anogona nokukurumidza dziparare uye apiwa chimiro, akagadziridzwa panguva nenguva.

microfilaments

Enough chinokosha ari cytoplasm. Ko refu filaments ose actin (globular mapuroteni), izvo zvakanyatsobatana mumwe, kuumba nevakawanda rezvebonde - cytoskeleton. Chimwe zita - microtrabecular grille. mhando iyi maumbirwo zvaidiwa cytoplasm. Zvechokwadi, nemhaka cytoskeleton kwakadaro akabata vose organelles, vanogona nyore kukurukurirana, ivo vadarike nyaya uye mamorekuru rinoitwa muviri.

Asi zvinozivikanwa kuti cytoplasm - womukati muchitokisi zvakatipoteredza, izvo kazhinji anokwanisa kushandura kwavo mumuviri Data kuwedzera mvura kana viscous, mamiriro shanduko (achichinja kubva Sol kuti gel ndiEzekieri). In ichi kubatana microfilaments - simba, labile moiety vaikwanisa nokukurumidza vakavakazve, chakagadziridzwa, dziparare uye kuzodzosera chimiro.

yeplasma membranes

Zvinokosha kuti masero ari pamberi zvakanaka dzakabudirira uye zvakanaka kushanda Kamudzira zvivako zvakawanda, izvo rudzi maumbirwo zvaidiwa cytoplasm. Zviri kuburikidza plasma Kamudzira chipingamupinyi chokufambisa mamorekuru kunoitika, zvokudya uye muviri zvigadzirwa, magasi kuti afemeruke pezvakaitwa uye zvichingodaro. Ndokusaka vakawanda organelles izvi ane chimiro.

Ivo, kufanana pomumbure, iri cytoplasm uye delimit yomukati zviri varidzi mumwe, kubva zvakatipoteredza. Kudzivirira uye kudzivirira vasingadiwi zvinhu uye utachiona kuti dzinotyisidzira.

Sechivako vakawanda vavo rakafanana - imvura-waMosesi womuenzaniso, funga mumwe nomumwe plasmalemma sechinhu biosloy lipids zvapararira yakasiyana mapuroteni mamorekuru.

Sezvo cytoplasm basa muchitokisi - kutanga chokufambisa Links pakati zvose mativi ayo, pamberi membranes ose organelles vakawanda ndechimwe STRUCTURAL zvikamu hyaloplasm. Complex, zvose pamwe chete, yavanobata mukuru mabasa kuitira masero chinhanho.

ribosomes

The duku (20 nm) idenderedzwa hurongwa rinoumbwa sezvikamu zviviri - subunit. sezvikamu izvi zvinogona kuvapo pamwe chete kana akochonorwa chero nguva. Base sezvamunoita: rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) nemapurotini. Main ribosome localization muchitokisi;

• neerekitironi nucleolus, uko subunits pachavo vari yakaumbwa pamusoro morekuru reDNA;
• cytoplasm - the ribosomes vari pakupedzisira kuumbwa kuva chete nemamiriro kubatanidza mashoko vakaita mapoka maviri;
• Kamudzira neerekitironi endoplasmic reticulum - ivo ribosomal mapuroteni synthesized uye zvakananga ugozvitumira mukati organelles;
• mitochondria uye chloroplasts zvirimwa masero pachavo synthesize ribosome pachayo mukati mumuviri uye anobudiswa mapuroteni, kureva, panyaya iyi zviripo tisingatungamirirwi.

Mashandiro anoita zvivako izvi vari kwetunhu uye neungano mapuroteni macromolecules kuti ishandiswe pazvinhu zvinokosha mashandiro anoita masero.

Endoplasmic reticulum uye Golgi midziyo

A guru samambure tubules, tubules uye vesicles achiumba kuitisa maitiro mukati muchitokisi uye riri kumativi Vhoriyamu cytoplasm anonzi endoplasmic reticulum, kana reticulum. Its basa rinoenderana maumbirwo - ichipa ane interconnection pakati organelles uye inotonhorera chokufambisa mamorekuru kune organelles.

Golgi midziyo, kana zano, anoita mashandiro kuunganidza zvishanidswa zvinodiwa zvinhu (makabhohaidhiretsi, mafuta, mapuroteni) munyika chaiyo in hurongwa. Vari munotinyima kubva cytoplasmic membranes. Uyewo, ndiye organelle ndiyo nzvimbo kwetunhu kwemafuta uye makabhohaidhiretsi.

Peroxisomes uye lysosomes

Lysosomes - duku idenderedzwa hurongwa chakatodzana matema akazara mvura. Izhinji kwazvo uye anoparadzirwa munyika cytoplasm, apo masero kufamba mukati pachena. Chavainyanya basa - pokufa dzimwe nezvimedu, kureva, kubviswa "vavengi" muchimiro akafa zvikamu cellular zvivako, mabhakitiriya, uye mamwe mamorekuru.

The mvura zviri enzayemu saturation, nei lysosomes zvinobatanidzwa munyaya cleavage pakati macromolecules dzavo monomeric dzakabatana.

Peroxisomes - duku denderedzwa kana kumativi organelles rimwe chete membrane. Vakazadzwa mura mukati kuitika vakawanda makemikari akasiyana. Ndivo mumwe mikuru vatengi kuti okisijeni. basa rayo rinoitwa zvichienderana sero mhando umo varipo. Possible nokuti kwetunhu myelin mumuhara tsinga fibers, uye zvinogona kuita oxidation uye neutralization kuti zvine chepfu uye mamorekuru siyana.

mitochondria

zvivako izvi haana pasina anonzi simba (simba) muchitokisi dzemapurisa. Zviri mavari paumbwe chikuru simba - mamorekuru pamusoro adenosine triphosphate, kana ATP. Chitarisiko akafanana bhinzi. The Kamudzira dzinojata ari mitochondria kubva cytoplasm, kaviri. Internal mamiriro pleated zvakasimba kuwedzera pamusoro ATP usage. Nhindi vanonzi kristinusko zvine yakawanda makemikari akasiyana catalyze kubatana kwetunhu.

mitochondria Most vane tsandanyama masero mitumbi yemhuka uye vanhu, sezvo zvinoda dzakakwirira kuvariritira uye simba rakawanda.

Fani cyclosis

Movement kuti cytoplasm muchitokisi anonzi cyclosis. It rinoumbwa pakubhadhara akawanda:

• oscillatory;
• muhombe kana tenderera;
• struychatoe.

Chero kufamba ndiko pakuraramisa vanoverengeka zvinokosha mashandiro ari cytoplasm: izere kufamba organelles mukati hyaloplasm, dzakafanana kupanana zvinovaka muviri, magasi, simba metabolites excretion.

Cyclosis rinowanikwa mune zvose zvinomera nemhuka masero, pasina anosiyiwa. Kana anomira, muviri unofa. Naizvozvo, izvi - zviri zvakare nechiidzo upenyu venyama.

Saka, tinogona kugumisa kuti cytoplasm mhuka masero, chirimwa, chero eukaryotic - simba chaizvo, mhenyu mamiriro.

Kusiyana cytoplasm mhuka uye chirimwa masero

Kutaura zvazviri, zvakasiyana zvishoma. Zvinonyatsorehwa nemamiriro urongwa, mashandiro anoitwa zvachose zvakafanana. Zvisinei, vamwe kusiyana zvichiripo. Somuenzaniso:

• The cytoplasm hwomuti sero ine zvakawanda microtubules, izvo zvinobatanidzwa pakugadzirwa zvavo muchitokisi masvingo pane microfilaments. In mhuka, nekusiyana.
• Cellular inclusions ari cytoplasm zvinomera zviri starch zviyo, kwemhuka sezvo anosiya glycogen.
• Chirimwa Sero kunoratidzwa kuvapo organelles dzisina kuwanikwa mhuka. It plastids, vacuole uye masero rusvingo.

Mune dzimwe nzira, ivo zvivako zviviri vari akafanana sezvamunoita uye nemamiriro cytoplasm. Anogona siyana uwandu mumwe kana chimwe chinhu Links, asi kuvapo kwavo kunokosha. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha muchitokisi cytoplasm zvose zvinomera nemhuka vanoitirwawo guru.

Basa cytoplasm kupinda muchitokisi

The kukosha cytoplasm muchitokisi mukuru, kwete kutaura kuti rinotsanangura. Mushure nheyo, riri apo zvose zvivako zvinokosha, saka kuti kuona zviri basa rayo zvakaoma. Zvinokwanisika kuronga zvishomanana pfungwa anoratidza kukosha.

1. Kuti kunoita vose zvinoumba pamakamuri mune rimwe Integrated hurongwa kuti anoita dzinotsanagura upenyu uchinyatsobatanidzwa uye pamwe.
2. Nokuda nechikamu mvura muchitokisi cytoplasm svikiro anoita mabasa kuti kunzwisisa mukukurukurirana zhinji nemakemikari uye vasiri transformations zvinhu (glycolysis, zvokudya, gasi Exchange).
3. Ndicho chikuru "mudziyo" kuvapo sero organelles.
4. Nokuda microfilaments uye sepombi anoumba cytoskeleton, organelles ndichisunga uye zvinovabvumira famba.
5. Zvinonzi pfungwa iri cytoplasm vanoverengeka zvoutachiona catalysts - makemikari, pasina iro hakuna nokukanganisika kuita.

Kuti muchidimbu, unofanira kutaura zvinotevera. Basa cytoplasm kupinda Sero kushanda kiyi, nekuti - hwaro ose dzinotsanagura upenyu kwezvakatipoteredza substrate nokuda kuita.