The chikuru zviri zvipenyu

Zvii kusiyanisa mhuka nezvimwe zvisikwa? Mubvunzo zvinoita nyore, asi mhinduro kunoda kunzwisisa zvimwe zvakawanda kujeka unhu zvipenyu, kusanganisira zvipuka zvine masero akawanda heterotrophy, mufambo nezvimwe pfungwa dzakaoma rakashandiswa zvinhu zvipenyu. Chii zviratidzo zvipenyu vakabatana, zvichida nokuti vazhinji mhuka, kubva hozhwa uye mbizi kuti mongooses uye gungwa anemones?

zvipuka zvine masero akawanda

Kana iwe uchiedza kusiyanisa wechokwadi kubva mhuka Somuenzaniso, paramecium kana amoeba, hazvina kuoma chaizvo: mhuka, kubudikidza tsanangudzo, zvisikwa zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, kunyange zvazvo nhamba masero siyana chaizvo mhuka. Somuenzaniso, kumativi honye, iro zvinowanzoshandiswa kuedza pamusoro zvipenyu chinosanganisira chaizvo 1031 masero, pasisina uye hapana zvishoma, apo munhu rinoreva zvinosanganisira tiririyoni masero. Zvisinei, zvinokosha kuziva kuti mhuka - kwete chete zvipuka zvine masero akawanda Utachiona, naivowo zvinosanganisira miti, notumwe uye kunyange mamwe algae.

Eukaryotic muchitokisi mamiriro

Zviratidzo zvipenyu zvinosanganisira eukaryotic muchitokisi mamiriro. Zvichida paradzanisa chinokosha munhoroondo upenyu Panyika ndozvinoitika vaviri zvavo zvakawanda maonero. Prokaryotic zvinenge havana Kamudzira-rakatenderedzwa neerekitironi nezvimwe organelles uye vari chete chete-celled. Izvi zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, zvose utachiona.

In masero eukaryotic, kusiyana, pane yakajeka neerekitironi munyika organelles (akadai mitochondria) inokwanisa dzikarongwa pamwe kuumba zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge. Kunyange zvazvo mhuka yose euakariotami haana eukaryotes zvose imhuka: iyi mhuri zvikuru dzakasiyana chinosanganisirawo zvinomera, notumwe uye duku gungwa proto-mhuka, aizivikanwa protists.

unyanzvi munyama

Chimwe chinoratidza zvipenyu ndiro guru-siyana micheka. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa zviri mhuka - ndiwo sei vari masero kushandiswa. Sezvo zvinenge izvi zvinoita munhuwo hunde masero chaizvoizvo asina nyore. Pane zvina dzakafara Mapato ose zvoutachiona: tsinga, connective, tsandanyama uye epithelial munyama (uyo kuvaka mapazi nemidziyo ropa).

More mazhinji zvinenge kuratidza zvakajeka Kusiyanisa mumatunhu. Somuenzaniso, vanhu vakasiyana-siyana zvomukati womunhu ine chiropa masero, rwatata, uye yakawanda nezvimwe kwemarudzi. Anosiyiwa vari sechipanji kuti vari pamutemo kubvumira, asi ave kusiyaniswa masero shoma kana kwete.

syngenesis

Chimwe chinoratidza zvipenyu ndechokuti mhuka dzakawanda zvirare kubereka, kubatanidza mashoko avo kuvabereki uye inobereka vana vakatakura DNA nevabereki vose. Asi pano hakusi pasina kunze. Vamwe mhuka, kusanganisira mamwe marudzi Sharks vanokwanisa zvichiberekana pachavo asexually.

Zvakanakira pabonde kubereka iri rakakura kubva-shanduka pfungwa maonero. Kugona kuongorora uwandu hwakasiyana-siyana kuti genomes achibvumira mhuka kuchinja nokukurumidza kune zvinhu zvipenyu matsva. Zvakare, pabonde kubereka hakungoitwi mhuka: ino rinoshandiswawo nokuda dzakasiyana-siyana zvinomera, notumwe uye kunyange vamwe utachiona vaizotibata chaizvo.

blastula

Ichi chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma kunzwisisa zviratidzo sentient venyama. Kana nhongo panosangana urume hadzi zai, mugumisiro uri sero rimwe chete rainzi zygote. Mushure zygote kaviri vaitenderera wandei weboka, rikawira zita - Mórula. mhuka chaidzo chete kusvika rakatevera Danho - paumbwe blastula, negomba idenderedzwa ane masero shoma. Chete iyi, vanogona kusiyanisa kupinda rakasiyana-siyana tishu.

Movement (Animals)

The unhu vashanu zvipenyu achibatsirwa varaidza mifananidzo yokutanga inoratidza zvakaoma chaizvo. Chaizvo chaizvo kunzwisisa, kana isu kuatsanangura Somuenzaniso, mwana. Hazvigoni kutaurwa zvinotevera zvinhu. Hove dzinoshambira, shiri dzinobhururuka, mapere vanomhanya, hozhwa uye nyoka kukambaira - mhuka dzose vanokwanisa kuenda pane imwe pavaipfuura upenyu kutenderera. Mumwe aidzidza unhu yokurarama zvinhu zvenyika kuna mugiredhi 3 ndiyo kufamba. Kana paine kufamba, saka muviri mupenyu.

Izvi utsanzi shanduka rinobvumira zvisikwa zviri nyore kuwana niches itsva zvipenyu, pakudzinga chayabata uye kudzivisa nezvikara. Vamwe mhuka dzakadai sechipanji uye matombo ekorari, anenge mira iri akura pachikuva, asi avo mazana vachikwanisa kutamira vasati midzi pegungwa. Uyu ndiwo mumwe anokosha zviri chinosiyanisa mhuka kubva zvinomera uye hunokuvadza. Zvazvinosarira gakava mafungiro zvimwe kunze ushe, kusanganisira Mbeswa Venus Flytrap uye kukura nokukurumidza miti sengere.

muviri

Pakati pavana kudzidza unhu zvipenyu zvenyika (richanzi "zvokudya" mukirasi 3, chikamu ichi) zvinokosha kuziva kuti muviri uye simba. Utachiona All vanoda makemikari kabhoni hwokutsigira dzinokosha dzinotsanagura upenyu, kusanganisira kukura, budiriro uye kubereka. Kugona kuravidza zvokudya, vanotaura mutauro sayenzi, inonzi heterotrophy. Pane nzira mbiri kuwana kabhoni: kubva kwezvakatipoteredza (muchimiro carbon dioxide inobvisa gasi pachena zvinowanikwa mumhepo), kana nevamwe vachidya mupfumi kabhoni zvinenge.

Utachiona kuti kuwana kabhoni kubva zvakatipoteredza sezvinoita zvinomera dzinonzi autotrophs Living, uye zvipenyu zviri kabhoni kuburikidza ingesting zvimwe zvinenge, zvakadai mhuka, vanonzi heterotrophs. Zvisinei, mhuka havasi chete heterotrophs munyika. notumwe All, mabhakitiriya akawanda uye kunyange vamwe zvinomera dzinenge aoma heterotrophic. Kushandiswa nechitarisiko manyuko simba muchimiro zvokudya, chiedza, uye zvichingodaro, chinhu chinokosha zvipenyu.

Advance tsinga

Uyu ndiwo umwe zviratidzo zvipenyu. Utachiona, zvikurukuru, mhuka kunge mberi tsinga. On the njere sandara, zvinomera uye hunokuvadza kuti mutongi kwakaoma. Of zvinenge zvose Pasi chete mhuka dziri saka dzakabudirira kuti vane zvakawanda kana zvishoma chakasimba pfungwa nokuona, kunzwa, kuravidza uye nokubata (tisingatauri echolocation zviremwaremwa uye Dolphins kana mano dzimwe hove uye Sharks kuona rinobva vibrations mumvura).

Chokwadi, manzwiro aya kunotoreva nokuvapo dzinenge wokugaya tsinga, dzakadai tumbuyu uye nyeredzi gungwa, uye pakati zvemberi mhuka. kwakakwana uropi - pamwe ichi ndiyo imwe anokosha zvinhu chaizvoizvo chinosiyanisa mhuka kubva zororo hwezvisikwa.

Kukura

Pakati akadzidza mugiredhi 3 zviratidzo sentient venyama zvenyika pane zvakadai chinhu sezvo kukura. pfuma iyi, izvo zvinoreva kuwedzera kukura uye uremu, apo kuramba zvinonyatsorehwa nemamiriro wadhiabhori, uye achiperekedzwa akadaro muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa sezvo kukura.

A chete makemikari anoumba

Zvipenyu akaumbwa chete zvine maatomu akafanana, izvo zvinosanganisira vanovengwa zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa. Musiyano uri Proportional kuti reshiyo dzisakarurama. Zvose zvipenyu zviri panyika 98 muzana ine zvinhu zvakadai sekabhoni, okisijeni, senitrogen uye rehydrogen.

kugumbuka

An zvinokosha aizoonekawo tinoberekwa zvose zvipenyu, zviri kukwanisa sei kurudziro. Nyaya iyi inoratidzwa nenzira zvisikwa vakaitei zvimwewo zvinyorwa dzokuteerera.

discreteness

A zvakafanana chinoratidza nyaya mhenyu iri kwayo discontinuity. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero vokubereka hurongwa zvinosanganisira kuparadzana pamwe zvinhu izvo pamwe chete vanoumba STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka sangano chete.

Panyika, pane upenyu anenge mabhiriyoni mana kwemakore. venyama kuti vanogara redu mupenyu, muri kusimba dzakasiyana: kubva chete-celled uye usingaonekwi chinoabatsira zviduku zvinenge kuti hofori miti, kusvikira 90 metres, uye mhuka hombe vane uremu matani 150. Pasinei yose kusiyana zvipenyu, pane vakafara zviratidzo kuti anobatsira kusiyanisa kubva mitumbi zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa.