Ndezvipi miti? Izvo mapoka anorimwa zvirimwa ikoko?

Nature riri siyana zvikuru, pane mamiriyoni mhando dzose zvipenyu dzakasiyana makona Earth. Maererano taxonomy, vari rakakamurwa umambo maviri: non-cellular uye cellular. Aimbova zvinosanganisira chete nemavhairasi, uye boka rechipiri, akavapindurawo, inobatanidza nzvimbo mbiri: prokaryotes (zvinenge vane masero ane nuclei, kureva archaea uye utachiona) uye eukaryotes (musimboti aripo). Familiar kwatiri mhuka uye maruva ndezvaJehovha yechipiri mhando. Eukaryotes vakakamurwa kuva umambo shanu: Chrome, protists, mhuka, notumwe uye zvirimwa. Zviri pamusoro zvekare uye ichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

Basa miti

Pasina pavo hazvibviri kufungidzira upenyu panyika. Plants kuita chinokosha nerevane - kubva photosynthesis umo okisijeni iri vakashanduka. Zviri nokuda zvinenge izvi, pasi muchadenga vakava zvatinoziva nazvo nhasi - rurefu zviri okisijeni uye ozone bhora, achidzivirira kubva zvinokonzerwa ultraviolet mwaranzi.

Ivowo vave inokosha kunobva makemikari nyaya. Plants zvinogona kunzi "zvokudya" nyika yose, nekuti chero cheni zvokudya, ndivo kubatana wokutanga.

nesayenzi kupatsanura

Mumwe vaifarira kuziva chii vari zvinomera, saka ngatigarei tanga chokuti isu funga kupatsanura kwavo kwesayenzi.

Vose vari rakakamurwa mapoka makuru maviri: achikwirira ezasi. Ekupedzisira zvinosanganisira algae (madhipatimendi zvina: tsvuku, mashava, zvitema uye zvitema-rwegirini). Yepamusoro miti dzinosanganisira mapoka matanhatu: lycopsids, Horsetail, vakapararira Moss, Fern, gymnosperms uye angiosperms (maruva zvirimwa). Kupatsanura zvinomera zviri sezvinotevera: Front - kirasi - hurongwa - mhuri - genus - mhuka.

Nhoroondo kudzidza zvinomera

Zvino chii vari zvinomera kubva kare kuziva vanhu vakawanda - zvose vasayendisiti uye unhu kuziva.

Kunzi "baba bhotani" akakodzera rekare musayendisiti wechiGiriki Theophrastus, uyo akararama mumakore 370-285. BC. e. Aiva mumwe wokutanga uyo akatanga kuongorora nyaya iri iyo pane miti. Iye runoparadzanisa vave akasiyana maererano nechitarisiko chavo, maruva nguva uye zvichingodaro. D.

Uyewo, chidzidzo chikuru chokuita miti, yaiitisa nyanzvi Roman Dioscorides. Akararama muzana remakore rokutanga BC. e. Zvaanazvo basa, iyo inorondedzera ehupfumi vanenge vatanhatu miriwo.

The musayendisiti uyo akasika kupatsanura zvose zvipenyu vokutanga, aiva Karl Linney. Upenyu hwake kubvira 1708 kusvika 1778. In basa rake "Systema Naturae" uye chipo zvinhu izvo pane miti. Flowering iye systematized nenhamba Stamens mavari.

Uyewo Vatsvakurudzi hunoshamisa vakazvipira dzavo yemabasa chirimwa kudzidza, aiva Augustin Pyramus of Candolle (1778-1841). Iye ane basa "aizotangira rwokuzvarwa miriwo umambo hurongwa", iyo inorondedzera vanenge 60 zviuru siyana kwemarudzi.

Uyewo mupiro mukuru sayenzi chakaitwa Adolf Gustav Heinrich Engler (1844-1930), uyo zvaibatanidzwa kuvandudzika kuti chirimwa kupatsanura. Aiva mabasa akadai "rwokuzvarwa mamiriro chirimwa mhuri", "miriwo umambo", "Program kuti maruva chirimwa mhuri" zvakasikwa pachiimbwa nemamwe botanists. Vanorondedzerwa zvakadzama izvo mapoka zvirimwa vari. Kuwedzera kupatsanura, Engler vakaaitawo phytogeography. Vaizivikanwa basa rake indasitiri ino ndivo "Land Zvinomera" iri mavhoriyamu gumi, uye "World muEast Africa zvinomera rakapoteredza."

Dzidza pamusoro zvakasiyana makirasi miti

Mumwe chirimwa dhipatimendi rakakamurwa makirasi. Lycopsids chete chete chete zita. By Horsetail rinoreva boka equisetopsida. Kupararira Moss rakakamurwa sphagnum, vachiwaridza, Andreeva, politrihovye, tetrafisovye, takakievye mosses. The Fern dhipatimendi kunosanganisira eponymous kirasi uye salvinievye uye psilotovidnye. Gymnosperms zvabatanidzwa ginkgovidnye, sagovnikovye, gnetophyta uye nemifiri kana Conifer.

Makirasi ose maruva zvinomera: dicotyledons uye monocotyledons. Izvi zvinosanganisira vakawanda vedu dzose kasvisto. Kirasi yokutanga zvinosanganisira bhinzi, Rosaceae, Birch, walnuts, nhanga, the willow, amburera, uyewo dzimwe mhuri zhinji. Wechipiri - Seruva, Orchid, bota, mabhanana, hanyanisi, Iris, nemichindwe uye nevamwe.

Kupatsanura zvinomera maererano nemamiriro avo vegetative zvikamu

Kwamboita musimboti ichi pane mapoka matatu: rekushongedzesa, makwenzi uye nemiti. Zvino chirimwa chinogona kukamurwa nomwe upenyu-siyana. uswa ichi, Succulents (chaizvo dzine madzinde, ane yakawanda mvura, izvi zvinosanganisira mukonde, Aloe, kalanchoe, agave, etc.), mizambiringa, makwenzi, nemiti, miti.

Dzimwe nzira chirimwa kupatsanura

Vanogona kuva rakakamurwa tsika, mhuka uye masora. First - avo zvirimwa ayo akura nomunhu nokuda zvimwe zvinangwa, vanogona kunzi systematized. Anozivikanwa mutsvakurudzi ARMENIA Vavilov akanyora pamusoro chii boka anorimwa zvirimwa ikoko. nyaya Izvi zvinofadza uye vazhinji nevamwe. Anorimwa zvirimwa inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata gumi. Pavari ichakurukurwa pazasi.

Saka iyo boka anorimwa zvirimwa ikoko?

• Inulinonosnye. Plants izvo ane polysaccharide inonzi "inulin". fuma iyi inoshandiswa mukurapa, uye rinoshandiswa senzira shuga kutsiva chirwere cheshuga. boka iri rinosanganisira Dahlia, chicory, Jerusarema artichoke.
• Zhirnomaslichnye. Ndivo zvirimwa inoshandiswa mafuta siyana. Izvi zvinosanganisira sunflower, sesame, rapeseed, safflower, uye zvichingodaro. D.
• Zvokudya: sochnoplodnye, huni tverdoplodnye uye manune mbeu. boka iri rinosanganisira Pears, maapuro, plums, apricots, mazambiringa, currants, Hazel, Cherry, muti womuchindwi, uye zvichingodaro. D.
• Protein. Plants rurefu mapuroteni tigutsikane michero. Sou ichi, pizi, bhinzi, lupins, dzimwe bhinzi.
• Krahmalonosnye. Izvi anonyanya nembatatisi, chibage, oats, gorosi, Buckwheat, mupunga, mapfunde, rye, mhunga, yams, zvinozipa mbatatisi.
• Fiber. Plants inoshandiswa pagadzirwe filaments. Izvi donje, hemp, neshinda, jute.
• The shuga. boka iri zvinosanganisira chete sengere uye beets.
• Muriwo. Izvi tomato wemagaka, Squash, eggplant, pepper, makabheji, makarotsi, radishes, celery, parsley, gariki, hanyanisi, eggplant uye zvakawanda.
• Kumutsa uye marwadzo. Izvi tii, kofi, but, fodya, Poppy uye nevamwe.
• Feed. Izvi zvinosanganisira Clover, turnips, tabapi, rutabaga, chemombe.
• Of rabha. boka iri rinosanganisira Hevea, gavakava, voikukka, milkweed.
• Wood engineering Pharmaceuticals. Izvi zvinosanganisira Eucalyptus, cinchona, sengere.
• Decorative. boka iri zvinosanganisira rabha miti, Roses, maples, mamwe marudzi ferns nemichindwe, uyewo chinogona rakava pano uye kuchengeta maruva anosimwa mumba.

On chii vari kurimwa zvinomera, vanogona kudzidza kubva mubhuku Zhukovskogo P. M. "kukudziridzwa zvinomera uye nehama dzavo," rakanyorwa muna 1964.