Complex yeimwe: Nomenclature uye kupatsanura

The Kudeuka uye kupfuura dzakasiyana pakati inorganic zvinhu ndiyo boka kunzwisisa yeimwe. To izvi zvinogona kunzi kune boka organometallic yeimwe, akadai chlorophyll uye hemoglobin. Zviri kubatana Ndivo bhiriji unobatanidza inorganic uye makemikari kemisitiri mune rakabatana nesayenzi. Anokosha basa kukura kunzwisisa zvinhu ruzivo mumunda Analytical kemisitiri uye sekristaro kemisitiri, kudzidzwa inokosha utachiona urongwa: photosynthesis, zvemukati (cellular) afemeruke.

Munyaya ino tichaongorora marongerwo Nomenclature kunzwisisa yeimwe, uyewo mirayiridzo inokosha kupatsanura yavo.

Kufambisa dzidziso A. Werner

Pakupera XX remakore musayendisiti Swiss A. Werner akaratidza kuti Morekuru iri kunzwisisa chero fuma zvivako zvinoverengeka izvo zvave azvaitwa kuchinzi nechepakati Ion, ligands (ligands) uye rokunze Kufambisa bhora. Kuti taiva zvakajeka kupatsanura uye Nomenclature kunzwisisa yeimwe, isu kutsanangura izvi pfungwa zvizere. Saka, A. Werner rave vaudzewo pamberi Ion Morekuru (kazhinji chokwadi mhosva), izvo ane nzvimbo nechepakati chinzvimbo. Akasvika pakuzivikanwa sezvo complexing mumiriri, musimboti Ion kana atomu. Zvinogona riri pedo sezvo vasina kwavakarerekera mamorekuru, akadana ligands, uye okusafarira mhosva anions inoramba kuti vanoumba romukati Kufambisa zvoupenyu mashoko. All nezvimedu dzasara asina kupinda mariri, vanoumba rokunze goko yacho Morekuru.

Saka, muna payakavakirwa cuprite yavaibvisa Na ₂ [Cũ (OH) _4], mumwe musimboti mhangura atomu mu oxidation ezvinhu +2 mana gidroksogrupp vanoumba nzvimbo yomukati, apo yavaibvisa ions dziri dzimwe kure kubva nechepakati atomu kuruvazhe bhora.

Nzira dzekufambisa Pakusarudza musimboti wokuzadzika Masvomhu uye mazita zvinhu

Saka kure, dzidziso A. Werner ndiyo huru yokungotaura hwaro pamusoro izvo inodzidza zvivako dzakaoma. Nomenclature, kureva, mazita aya zvinhu takatsunga mitemo vagamuchirwa neInternational Society yokungotaura ndikarangarira Chemistry.

Tinopa mienzaniso inoverengeka zvokuimba ose zvinhu, iyo ine Platinum complexing atomu - K ₂ [PtCl _6] kana mamorekuru NH ₃ - [AG (NH _{3) 2]} Cl. Somugumisiro, mashoko nzira inogona hwokurara kushandisa nemiitiro inotevera: kaviri Exchange siyana, matadza conductivity kuti magadzirisiro X-ray diffraction nzira. Funga nzira idzi zvizere.

Sezvaratidzwa sechivako kunzwisisa Platinum yeimwe

Zvinhu zviri boka iri dzinoratidzwa nokuvapo iri morekuru zviri nechepakati Platinum atomu. Kana mukomboni PtCl ₄ × 6NH ₃ chiito mhinduro yesirivha nitrate, ipapo zvose kuiisa chlorine varipo vari zvinhu chokuita simbi maatomu uye AgCl akaumba flakes chena. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vose anions vari kuiisa chlorine kuruvazhe kufambisa bhora, nepo amoniya mamorekuru dzaibatanidzwa nezvebasa Platinum atomu uye pamwe pacho yomukati bhora aumba.

Zvinoreva kuva Kufambisa remubatanidzwa wenyika payakavakirwa chakanyorwa chimiro ichi: [Pt (NH _{3) 6]} Cl ₄ uye akadana Platinum hexammine chloride. Nokushandisa X-ray diffraction nzira, iyo mishonga Akaongorora uye dzimwe yeimwe kunzwisisa izvo Nomenclature achange iiswe mune chinotevera.

The crystalline yeimwe pamusoro chromium

Sechivako boka iri zvinhu rakazivikanwa nokuda kwomuviri gadziriro X-ray diffraction pakati dambudziko X-ray diffraction kuongorora. Nomunyika sekristaro yekamuri, ari remagetsi chinozunguzirwa vakapararira Zvakaitwa maerekitironi rebvunzo fuma. Izvi zvinoita zvakarurama kwazvo kuona izvo mapoka kwemaatomu vari zvakachinjikwa nzvimbo. runoenzanirana Nomenclature kunzwisisa yeimwe akasikwa kuti chromium tubhokisi crystals. Mienzaniso mazita isomeric hydrates ose trivalent chromium munyu, nokubuda kuburikidza X-ray diffraction nzira, ndeinotevera: tetraakvadihlorohroma chloride (III), pentaakvahlorohroma chloride (III).

It Vakawana kuti mu izvi zvinhu chromium atomu vakasungwa zvakasiyana ligands matanhatu. Sei kuziva mwero uye chero chinhu rinokanganisa Kufambisa nhamba?

Sezvo nechepakati atomu rwakabatana ligands

Kuti tipindure mibvunzo yakamutswa pamusoro, tikayeuka kuti munguva pfupi kunharaunda complexing mumiririri zvivako zvinoverengeka, akadana ligands, kana ligands. nhamba yavo yose, uye anosarudza kuti Kufambisa nhamba. Maererano dzidziso A. Werner, kugamuchirwa, kupatsanura uye Nomenclature kunzwisisa yeimwe vari zvakananga novimba chakarurama ichi. Zvinonzi correlatively chokuita oxidation zvomusoro atomu. Munguva yeimwe ose Platinum, chromium, simbi Kufambisa nhamba zvikuru wakaenzana nhanhatu; kana complexing mumiririri chinomiririrwa maatomu emhangura kana zingi - mana kana nechepakati atomu iri sirivha kana mhangura - maviri.

Mhando kunzwisisa yeimwe

In wekemisitiri, akasiyanisa sezvo huru zvidzidzo uye panhengo Transitional zvinhu pakati pavo. Muhurukuro yapfuura nokupeta dzakaoma yeimwe iyo Nomenclature kunoratidza kuvapo kwavo maumbirwo mvura mamorekuru aquacomplexes. By ammine zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvine amoniya kwazvakarerekera nezvimedu, akadai triiodo triamminrody. Chairwo samolecular maumbirwo vekirasi chelating yeimwe. zita ravo rinobva chaivo rokuti chelicera - atumidzwa nzwara decapod. Izvi zvinhu zvine ligand, munhu spatial configuration rinosanganisira complexing mumiriri, kufanana nenzara. yeimwe kwakadaro zvinosanganisira ferric oxalate yakaoma, etilendiamminovy Platinum kunzwisisa pamwe oxidation mamiriro +4, aminoacetic asidhi munyu, ane ions pamusoro rhodium, Platinum kana mhangura.

Mitemo rokunyora mazita kunzwisisa yeimwe

The inonyanya bvunzo mubvunzo mukutsvaga kemisitiri mukufamba chesekondari ndiko: dana zvakaoma mukomboni of IUPAC-Nomenclature. In muenzaniso chaiwo, isu kuongorora algorithm rokunyora zita fuma rine mutoo: (NH _{4) 2} [Pt (OH) ₂ Cl _4].

1. Name kunotanga Pakusarudza Zvinoumba yomukati Kufambisa bhora. Rine mapoka hydroxyl uye anions ose kuiisa chlorine. Mazita aya kuwedzera kuzviuraya -o. Tinowana digidrokso-, tetrahloro-.
2. Zvino tinoona kuti complexing mumiririri uchishandisa Latin zita rake notation, uye kuwedzera kwachiri suffix -AT muzvikomberedzo anofanira kuratidza kwayo mwero oxidation: platinate (IV).
3. Vapedzerana yomukati bhora chiratidzo, vachienda kunze. We vanouti nokuo- nga: mune muenzaniso uyu ndiyo Ammonium ions.

Somugumisiro, nefuma achava rokuremekedza umo zvose pamusoro apa dziri marongerwo.

Kushandiswa kunzwisisa yeimwe

Pakutanga ino isu akadana inokosha vamiririri organometallic zvinhu zvakadai Chizenga, chlorophyll, mavhitaminzi. Ivo basa rinokosha mune muviri. Zvinowanzoshandiswa kunzwisisa yeimwe mu kwesayenzi Zvinonzi kubvunda ferrous uye non-ferrous simbi. An rinokosha iri muchinangwa simbi carbonyls - dzakananga kunzwisisa yeimwe iyo Nomenclature kunoratidza kuvapo muna mamorekuru dzavo carbon monoxide CO somunhu ligand. yeimwe aya yaora pasi kudziyisa uye kuderedzwa nesimbi zvakadai nickel, simbi, cobalt kubva ores dzavo. zvivako Most anoshandiswawo sezvo catalysts ari kuita kubudisa varnishes, pendi uye mapurasitiki.