Chii mwero oxidation reokisijeni? The Valence reokisijeni uye ukuru oxidation

All yatinofema mhepo iri kunyanya senitrogen uye okisijeni mamorekuru zvidiki kuwedzera zvimwe zvinhu. Saka, okisijeni chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinoumba makemikari. Uyezve, mamorekuru ayo mune imwe huru-siyana makemikari zvinoshandiswa muupenyu. Kutsanangura zvose ehupfumi ose chinhu ichi hazvikwani uye rimwe zana mapeji, saka isu kurambidza zvinokosha nyaya, uyewo chinokosha unhu - Valence uye ukuru oxidation reokisijeni, nhamba kushandisa dzinokosha mumuviri ehupfumi.

History of kuwanikwa makemikari Kufananidzira

The pamutemo musi kuwanikwa makemikari chinhu "okisijeni" 1 August 1774. Zuva iroro, kuti kemisiti British John. Priestley akapedzisa kuedza ake pamusoro manyowa kubva nemekiyuri oxide riri mumudziyo chisimbiso. musayendisiti akagamuchira gasi iyo inotsigira combustion Panopera kuedza. Zvisinei, ichi zvakawanikwa akaenda kucherechedzwa kunyange masayendisiti. Mr Priestley akafunga kuti akauya kwete govera itsva Kufananidzira uye chinhu chinokosha dzedenga. Dzhozef Pristli zvawanikwa dzavo aiudza musayendisiti akakurumbira French uye kemisiti Antuanom Lavuaze, uyo aikwanisa kunzwisisa chii vakatadza kuita wokuEngland. Muna 1775, Lavoisier akakwanisa kumisa kuti paiva "chinhu chinokosha mhepo" chaizvoizvo ndiyo yakazvimirira zvemakemikari maatomu akafanana uye akaritumidza okisijeni, rinoshandurwa kubva muchiGiriki rinoreva "asidhi-dzichiumbwa". Lavoisier ipapo aidavira kuti okisijeni ari acids zvose. Zvakanga dzakwidzwa wakasuduruka payakavakirwa acids dzinenge dzisina okisijeni maatomu, asi zita akavanamatira.

Okisijeni - kunyanya samolecular mamiriro

Active makemikari chaikosha chinhu Hauoneki gasi, odorless uye shata. Chemical fomura - O _2. MaKemisiti dana munhuwo diatomic okisijeni kana "mumhepo okisijeni" kana "dioxygen." Morekuru fuma ine mbiri chokuita okisijeni maatomu. Pane morekuru rine zvitatu kwemaatomu - O _3. fuma iyi inonzi ozone, zvakawanda nezvazvo achanyorwa pazasi. A Morekuru pamwe maatomu maviri okisijeni ane mwero oxidation -2, sezvo anokwanisa rokuumba zviviri unpaired Erekitironi covalent chisungo. The simba iro anosunungurwa panguva manyowa (dissociation) okisijeni maatomu ari Morekuru akaenzana 493,57 KJ / mol. Hazvina musiyano rakanaka zvikuru.

The Valence reokisijeni uye ukuru oxidation

Vachitungamirirwa Valence kuti makemikari Kufananidzira aifunga kukwanisa kwayo kutora pamusoro imwe nhamba kwemaatomu nezvimwe zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana. The Valence reokisijeni ndiyo mbiri. The Valence of okisijeni Morekuru uyewo akaenzana maviri, sezvo maatomu maviri chokuita nomumwe nomumwe uye kukwanisa kuisa ayo mamiriro kunyange atomu rimwe neimwe remubatanidzwa, i.e. wezvamatongerwe covalent ukama nayo. Somuenzaniso, morekuru remvura H ₂ O zvichiguma nokuumbwa covalent zvisungo pakati rimwe okisijeni atomu uye vaviri rehydrogen maatomu.

Okisijeni inowanikwa vazhinji anozivikanwa makemikari. Pane kunyange yoga mhando makemikari - oxides. fuma iyi yaunganidzwa tichibatanidza anongoda chero kwemakemikari chinhu pamwe oxygen. The mwero oxidation zviri okisijeni iri oxides akaenzana -2. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe yeimwe mufananidzo uyu angava akasiyana. More pamusoro chichakurukurwa kurondedzerwa pazasi.

ehupfumi zvokunyama okisijeni

Normal diatomic okisijeni iri gasi risina ruvara, kunhuwidza uye kuravira. In inowanzotorwa mamiriro, ayo arambe achirema - 1,42897 makirogiramu / m ^3. Weight 1 fő fuma iri zvishoma asingasviki 1.5 magiramu, i.e. yakaisvonaka okisijeni kunorema kupfuura mhepo. Kana neshungu, asi morekuru iri dissociated kupinda maatomu.

Kana svikiro tembiricha iri akatura kuna -189,2 ^C. okisijeni nayo anoshandura nechivako wayo kubva gaseous kusvika mushonga. Saka pane mota. Apo tembiricha zvinoderedza kusvika -218,35 ^{° C} pane kuchinja nemamiriro pamwe nemvura sekristaro. At ichi tembiricha okisijeni iri muchimiro rinokwanisa kucheneruka crystals.

At kamuri tembiricha, okisijeni iri zvishoma soluble mvura - yacho imwe fő kuti 31 milliliter okisijeni. Solubility nevamwe zvinhu: 220 Rine mamiririta kuti 1 fő panyaya iyi, 231 Rine mamiririta kuti 1 fő kuti acetone.

Chemical ehupfumi reokisijeni

About makemikari ehupfumi okisijeni anogona kunyora Talmud. Anokosha pfuma reokisijeni - izvi oxidation. Izvi zvinhu hwakasimba chaizvo oxidant. Okisijeni anogona sei pamwe anenge ose anozivikanwa zvinhu periodic table. Somugumisiro nekuita ichi oxides vari kuumbwa, sezvo inokurukurwa kwokutanga. An okisijeni oxidation mune yeimwe nevamwe zvinhu zviri substantially vakaenzana 2. Muenzaniso yeimwe kwakadaro mvura (H ₂ O), carbon dioxide (CO _2), karusiyamu oxide, lithium oxide, uye vamwe. Zvisinei, pane chikamu oxides, akadana peroxides kana peroxides. peculiarity ravo kuti pane peroxide boka "-O-O-" iri yeimwe izvi. boka iri kunoderedza oxidative ehupfumi kuti O _2, saka kuti ukuru oxidation oxygen peroxide ndiyo -1.

Pamwe chete alkali simbi vanoshingaira okisijeni siyana superoxides kana superoxide. Mienzaniso zvivako yakadaro:

• potassium superoxide (KO _2);
• rubidium superoxide (RbO _2).

peculiarity kwavo ndiko kuti ukuru oxidation zviri okisijeni iri superoxide ndiyo -1/2.

Pavanoparidza zvikuru basa zvemakemikari chaikosha - fluorine, fluorides vakawana. Pavari ichakurukurwa pazasi.

Higher mwero oxidation oxygen yeimwe

Zvichienderana chii fuma iri vakaita pamwe okisijeni, okisijeni ane madhigirii manomwe oxidation:

1. -2 - mune oxides uye Organic yeimwe.
2. -1 - mu peroxides.
3. -1/2 - mu superoxide.
4. -1/3 - mu inorganic ozonide (true triatomic okisijeni - ozone).
5. +1/2 - ari munyu okisijeni nokuo- nga.
6. 1 - mune monofluoride okisijeni.
7. 2 - oxygen difluoride.

Sezvinogona kuoneka, dzakanga ukuru oxidation reokisijeni kubudirira mune oxides uye Organic yeimwe, uye fluorides ine simba kunyange zvakanaka. Havasi mhando dzose mukukurukurirana zvinogona kuitwa takasununguka. Nokuti paumbwe dzimwe yeimwe kunoda chaiwo ezvinhu akadai mukuru kumanikidzwa, mukuru tembiricha, dzokupisa chisingawanzowaniki yeimwe vari zvinenge kumbobvira kuwanikwa zvakasikwa. Funga zvinhu okisijeni mukomboni nevamwe zvine maatomu akafanana ndizvo: oxides, fluorides uye peroxides.

Kupatsanura oxides pamusoro asidhi-vakaisvoipa ehupfumi

Kune mhando ina oxides:

• zvinhu;
• asidhi;
• kwazvakarerekera;
• amphoteric.

An okisijeni oxidation mune mhando idzi yeimwe vari -2.

• Basic oxides - remubatanidzwa pamwe simbi kuva pasi oxidation inoti. Kazhinji, kana vakaita pamwe acids vari tatora runoenzanirana munyu, uye mvura.
• Acidic oxides - nonmetal oxides rurefu mwero oxidation. Kana akawedzera kuti mvura anoumba acid.
• Ndisina oxides - yeimwe izvo musapinda chero maitiro pamwe acids kana nezvigadziko.
• Amphoteric oxides - yeimwe vane simbi kuva pasi electronegativity ukoshi. Vari, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, zviratidzwa zvivako uye asidhi uye zvinokosha oxides.

Peroxides, ukuru okisijeni iri oxidation rehydrogen peroxide nezvimwe yeimwe

Peroxides anonzi okisijeni yeimwe pamwe alkali simbi. Vari yaunganidzwa combustion chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi izvi oxygen. Peroxides Organic yeimwe vari chaizvo putika. Vanogonawo kurikumbira Absorção de Água pamusoro oxides okisijeni. Mienzaniso peroxides:

• rehydrogen peroxide (H ₂ O _2);
• barium peroxide (Báo _2);
• yavaibvisa peroxide (Na ₂ O _2).

Vose vane zvakafanana ndechokuti ane yakachena boka -OO-. Somugumisiro, okisijeni iri oxidation dhigirii ndiyo -1 peroxides. Chimwe chezvinhu anozivikanwa yeimwe -OO- boka iri rehydrogen peroxide. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, remubatanidzwa ichi imvura mutema rakachenuruka. Maererano zvavo makemikari ehupfumi rehydrogen peroxide iri pedyo ine simba acid. Sezvo -OO- linkage mu mukomboni ane murombo pakusimba, kunyange nzvimbo tembiricha, mhinduro rehydrogen peroxide zvinogona yaora kuti mvura uye oxygen. Iye simba oxidant Zvisinei, kana kuwadzana yakasimba oxidizing ehupfumi ari kuderedza mumiririri achangobva rehydrogen peroxide. The mwero okisijeni iri oxidation kuti hydrogen peroxide, sezvo dzimwe peroxides ndiyo -1.

Mamwe peroxides ndiwo:

• superoxides (superoxides, umo okisijeni ane oxidation -1/2);
• inorganic ozonides (aiminama remubatanidzwa ane ayo anion mamiriro ozone);
• molozonide (remubatanidzwa ane ayo maumbirwo chisungo -OOO-).

Fluorides, ukuru oxidation oxygen OF2

Fluoro - kupfuura nhengo inoshingaira zvose parizvino anozivikanwa. Naizvozvo, maitiro pakati okisijeni uye fluorine kuva asina oxides, uye fluorides. Vari ainzi nokuti remubatanidzwa ichi hachisi okisijeni, uye fluorine chiri oxidant. Fluoride hazvigoni kuwanwa takasununguka. Avo chete synthesized ndeyokuwana kusonganirana fluorine aqueous Koh. okisijeni fluorides akakamurwa:

• okisijeni difluoride (OF _2);
• monofluoride okisijeni (O ₂ F _2).

Funga muudzame hukuru zvikuru nerimwe yeimwe. okisijeni difluoride ayo Dendere iri Hauoneki gasi ane simba hachifadzi zvakanaka. Pamusoro kutonhora yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mune yellowish zvokunwa. The mvura havaratidzi miscible nemvura, asi mhepo yakanaka, fluorine uye ozone. Chemical ehupfumi okisijeni difluoride - mumwe oxidant simba kwazvo. The mwero oxidation oxygen OF2 1, i.e. mu remubatanidzwa ichi fluoro oxidant uye okisijeni - achidzikisa pomutumwa. OF ₂ chepfu chaizvo, kupfuura yakaisvonaka fluorine uye anosvika toxicity kuti phosgene. Kushandiswa chikuru pamusoro remubatanidzwa mhando iyi - sezvo oxidizer nokuda propellant, sezvo okisijeni difluoride hakusi putika.

monofluoride okisijeni iri chakaipa hurumende ndiyo yakasimba yellowish. Pamusoro utsotso, anoumba dzvuku zvokunwa. Iri simba oxidizing mumiriri, zvikuru putika uchikurukura Organic yeimwe. Izvi remubatanidzwa Exhibits okisijeni oxidation wehurumende akaenzana +2, i.e. iyi Fluoride okisijeni remubatanidzwa mabasa ari kuderedza mumiriri, uye fluorine - oxidant.

Ozone chacho yeimwe

Ozone - morekuru rine zvitatu okisijeni maatomu waakaita kune mumwe. In inowanzotorwa mamiriro riri rebhuruu gasi. Pamusoro kutonhora, nemvura siyana yebhuruu rakadzika ruvara pedyo indigo. Yakasimba iri sekristaro rima mutema ruvara. Ozone ane kunzwa zvakanaka, anogona sezvingatarisirwa kunzwa mumhepo pashure dutu.

Ozone, senguva dzose okisijeni, ane simba chaizvo oxidant. Chemical ehupfumi pedyo simba acids. Kana kutarisana ozone oxides anowedzera dhigirii yavo oxidation pamwe okisijeni shanduka. Asi panguva imwecheteyo mwero ashaye okisijeni oxidation. The ozone kwemakemikari zvisungo hazvina simba sezvaakaita O _2, saka _kuti pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu pasina nesimba rinogona kuiparadza kupinda okisijeni pakabudiswa nokupisa simba. With kuwedzera tembiricha zvainoita ozone Morekuru uye kudzikira kuvafurira kuora kwacho diatomic okisijeni exothermically nokukurumidza. Uyezve, kana munhu nzvimbo guru iri ozone, izvi zvinogona kuguma kuputika.

Sezvo ozone ane simba chaizvo oxidant uye zvinenge zvose pezvakaitwa chokuita yayo yakawanda O _2, zvino ozone munhu zvikuru muchetura fuma. Zvisinei, muna rokumusoro mhepo ozone rukoko kuridza basa rimwe reflector ose ultraviolet chezuva.

Nekuti ozone kushandisa rabhoritari zviridzwa kusika Organic uye inorganic ozonides. Uyu chaizvo kusagadzikana pamusoro maumbirwo yacho, saka zvisikwa zvavo dzinongoitika ezvinhu hazvibviri. Ozonides zvinochengeterwa chete panguva yakaderera tembiricha sezvo panguva vanhuwo tembiricha, vane chepfu chaizvo uye putika.

Kushandiswa okisijeni aro yeimwe mu indasitiri

Nokuti pane imwe nguva, masayendisiti akadzidza, chii mwero oxidation kubva okisijeni iri kudyidzana nedzimwe okunze, uye ayo yeimwe vari zvinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri. Kunyanya pashure pezana-ramakumi remakore vakanga yagadzirwa Turbo expanders - zviumbu anokwanisa rokutendeutsa okisijeni kupinda zvemaziso zvinogona simba. Sezvo okisijeni - zvikuru zvinobata moto nenhumbi, ipapo rinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri zvose apo zvakakodzera kushandisa moto uye nokupisa. Kana kucheka nomoto chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi anoshandiswawo canisters pamwe pressurized okisijeni kunatsiridza nomurazvo nomoto mudziyo. Okisijeni zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa mune simbi indasitiri, apo nokuda compressed O ₂ anodzokororwa dzakakwirira tembiricha kwebhosvo hwechoto. The kunonyanyisa mwero oxidation reokisijeni ndiyo -2. Zvinoita yayo zvikuru kushandiswa pakugadzira oxides vaine maonero mamwe combustion uye kusunungura nekupisa. Liquid okisijeni, ozone, uye dzimwe yeimwe ine yakawanda O _{2 Anoshanda} sezvo oxidants propellant. Oxidized okisijeni zvimwe yeimwe Organic zvinoshandiswa sezvo zvinoputika.

In makemikari indasitiri, okisijeni iri kushandiswa oxidizing mumiririri mu asidhi-yeHydrocarbon yeimwe, zvakadai alcohols, acids uye zvichingodaro .. In mushonga unoshandiswa pane imwe kuderedzwa kumanikidzwa kuti pakurapa varwere nezvinetso zvemapapu, kuramba upenyu muviri. Mune zvokurima, mishonga duku yakaisvonaka okisijeni rinoshandiswa kuti ruminant hove mumadziva, nokuti kuwedzera nhamba mombe nezvimwewo. D.

Okisijeni - zvakasimba oxidizing mumiriri, izvo zvinokosha kuti kuvapo

Pamusoro zvakanyorwa pamusoro chii okisijeni ane oxidation mamiriro kana achipinda maitiro pamwe siyana yeimwe uye zvinhu, chii mhando okisijeni yeimwe zviripo, chii mhando chinouraya uye dzisiri. One asare kujeka - sezvo yose zvayo toxicity uye yakakwirira azvipire oxidation reokisijeni ndeimwe zvinhu zvinokosha muupenyu Panyika? Chokwadi kuti pasi redu riri pakati nepakati chaizvo muviri, izvo dzakashandisa zvakananga kuti zvinhu zviri mumhepo rukoko. Iye rinobatanidzwa kutenderera, riri sezvinotevera: mumwe murume uye nedzimwe mhuka dzose ukuparadze okisijeni uye zvibereko carbon dioxide, uye zvirimwa mune ruzhinji ukuparadze carbon dioxide inobvisa uye kubudisa okisijeni. Zvose nyika interconnected, uye kurasikirwa imwe kubatana zviri cheni anogona kuputsa cheni yose. Hatifaniri kukanganwa nezvazvo uye kutarisira upenyu panyika yose, kwete chete vamiririri vayo nomumwe.