Chii voluntarism. Nhoroondo chidzoke nokuda dzidziso

Chii hwaro ariko? Imhandoi simba risingaoneki rinoita kuti munhu aite zvimwe zvisarudzo? Mibvunzo iyi edza kupindura chizvarwa kupfuura rimwe vazivi uye masayendisiti, kusundwa siyana maonero. Munyaya ino chete ichakurukurwa kubva pfungwa, akadana voluntarism. Izvi izwi yakatanga sezvaari nomumwe reGermany nyanzvi F.Tonnisom muna 1883, asi pfungwa yambokurukurwa ipapa.

Chii voluntarism? Izvi pfungwa nouzivi kuitika kuzivikanwa somunhu chinokosha munyika yose kuda (kubva muchiLatin. Voluntas). The mhaka nyika, maererano voluntaryists, chaiva kuda kwaMwari, mhaka maitiro zvose dzevanhu iri midzi mukuda nomunhu. Vamwe vamiririri mirayiridzo ino vachikwidziridza kuti chikamu mhedziso chokwadi, yepasi pose nechisimba uko chinomera zvose mupfungwa dzinotsanagura munhu. Mind zvino anova yechipiri chinzvimbo, ndokusaka voluntarism - pakona ari musoro uzivi remakore rechi19.

First akagadzira pfungwa voluntarism Roman anofunga Augustine, uyo aidavira kuti kuda - ndiyo kufambisa simba mweya, iyo inokurudzira vanhu kuzvinzwira ruzivo, anodzora zvose masangano edu, pfungwa atakatora kwakadzika edu kuziva. Pfungwa iyi emakore akawanda gare gare, akanga ava mabasa Schopenhauer uye Nietzsche, uyewo vazivi vakawanda uye vanachiremba kuti mukupera rechi19 - mangwanani kwerechi20.

Chii voluntarism kuna Schopenhauer?

Maererano naye, kuda - ndiwo mumwe zvinoumba nyika, pamwe nyaya, zviri nhokwe upenyu. Shopengauėr akataura matanho vachatitaka inotungamirwa:

1. Ngozi.
2. Remagineti.
3. The kemesitiri pamusoro - the inorganic nyika.
4. Vachikurudzirwa nokuda (kupa chete muvanhu).

Mhedziso chepakutanga rwokusarudza nehasha, asi kunoratidzwa muna inorganic nyika. Zvadaro iye Anoparadza munyika mupenyu, hworatidza pacharo dzichitsvaka zvokudya. The achaita kugutsa itsva uye zvichiitika zvinodiwa, uyewo pave navo. Pakupedzisira, rinoti muzivi, mugumo achava akasuwa, nokuti zvinhu havabvumirwi uye hazvibviri kugoverana zvose zvakafanana. Kuzviuraya - ndiko chete chiito kutsutsumwa pamusoro kusagutsikana.

Chii voluntarism Nietzsche?

Mumwe muzivi wokuGermany, uyo akabatsira kuti kukura kuda dzidziso, aiva Friedrich Nietzsche. Mukutanga mabasa ake, zvakamubaya Runonzwika Schopenhauer, asi gare gare akawana pachangu Hue. Nietzsche aidavira kuti kuda hauna vakabatana, uye vakatora, riri chipenyu chose zviri zvayo, uye zvose zvenyika pezvakaitwa kuitika chete nokuda kurwisana pakati zvido - "regai kuva kuda, paisazova mafambiro; Yaizova reshiyo uwandu zvimwe zvinhu maringe vamwe. " Nietzsche unotsiva Schopenhauer "kurarama" "Kuda simba", raakanga anoona chikuru uchityaira simba roupenyu, maererano izvo uye vanofanira kurarama - ". Kuvaparadzanisa chiitiko"

Zvisinei, voluntarism - tsanangudzo kwete evasingatombonamati kwouzivi mananara, kazhinji rinogona kunzwika, uye kunyatsoongorora hupfumi basa yacho. Zvikoro Domestic kupa zvinotevera kududzira:

Economic voluntarism - ndiko kuitwa safunga sarudzo, vasingateereri zvakatipoteredza uye zvoupfumi kuitika nokuda kwenguva duku chero paangodira.

Uye chii voluntarism iri kumiririrwa vagari masimba Western? Pano, shoko rokuti ane zvakanaka ruvara, vanogona kuva akasarudzwa maererano chisarudzo kuda vanhu, pasina kumanikidza chero zvekunze.