Chii yokungotaura hwaro?

upenyu Modern ari kuchinja nokukurumidza zvokuti munhu anomanikidzwa kugara kuchinja zvirongwa zvavo, kukura, uye kuti chinangwa ichi kushandisa imwe yokungotaura hwaro ose munda basa.

Design michina musayenzi yemazuva

Nokuda hombe nokuyerera mashoko, iro rikawira pasi murume ano, zvikuru kushanda vawana zvakagadzirwa guru madzidzisiro. Muzana remakore rechi21, mukuru yokungotaura hwaro kudzidza hakuchina zvinogoneka pasina kushandisa pakutsvakurudza nzira. Kunyange kana upenyu hwomunhu haina chokuita mabasa nezvesayenzi, pasina mabasa uye zvidzidzo zvakaoma kuva yemakwikwi munyika yanhasi. Rudzi muduku kudzidza chivimbo muupenyu chaihwo, panguva dzose zvedzidzo kusvika kunonyanyisa kukura uchishandisa hwaro yokungotaura mabasa: design, tsvakurudzo.

Russian dzidzo sezvikonzero zivo yesayenzi

Kana vadzidzisi Soviet chikoro nyore kushandiswa yokungotaura hwaro, achidzidzisa zvidzidzo zvakasiyana, zvino zvatinofarira kunopiwa kune zvibereko nzira yokudzidzisa. Domestic vanachiremba uye rokudzidzisa kukudziridza matsva ruzivo rokudzidzisa, apo yokungotaura hwaro kudzidza, nechimwe zvakazara chiedzwa. Kufarira unoratidzwa migumisiro vakawana nenyanzvi European, uyo emakore vakabudirira kushandiswa mukurovedza kwacho, kwete chete nheyo kudzidza mashoko yokungotaura, asi kuwedzera hunobatsira tsvakurudzo.

yokungotaura zvinhu

Ziva chinangwa utsanzi nguva dzose kunosanganisira yokungotaura hwaro paumbwe sangano. Pasina kushandiswa masayendisiti kukura zvinetso zvemazuva ano uye magadzirirwo nzira, haugoni utarisire mazuvaano okuwana kwendangariro. Chinangwa, vachiziva, hunonzi yakatanga uye nesayenzi kwakavakirwa utsanzi anobva yokungotaura nzvimbo magadzirirwo. Pari, hapana kudzidza matambudziko nzira uye magadzirirwo mitoo kwesayenzi havagoni kudzora kutendeuka rikurumidze. Issues chokuita akagadzira vaionekwa mu mabasa masayendisiti Russian uye vatorwa V. N. Burkova, YV Gromyko, EI Mashbatsa Ve Radionova. Kubva yokungotaura hwaro pakusikwa mienzaniso chitsva kudzidza vakanga chokuita M. M. Potashnik, ea Yamburg.

Features mazwi

Kwenguva refu izwi akadai "chirongwa", rinoshandiswa kunyanya unyanzvi mumunda. Rakanga chokuita kukura kunzwisisa mapepa. Pari magadzirirwo nzira ndiyo yokungotaura hwaro mabhora akawanda basa evanhu: mabhuku, mafirimu, unyanzvi, mimhanzi. Somuenzaniso, muna tichifunga mubvunzo ruchikosha mumagariro kuronga kuti vabereki, vadzidzi, chinangwa pakudzidza ndiko kutsvaka kukosha yakadaro kuedza.

The algorithm kuvaka

Pane zvimwe yokungotaura hwaro kukura upi chirongwa, zvisinei yayo kuenda. Kutanga pfungwa, kureva, pfungwa yokuti zvichaita kuramba kana kusimbisa wavhara pasi. Somuenzaniso, kana uchironga kudzidza mumagariro sezvo mazano unogona kusarudza kupa vadzidzi unyanzvi basa basa iri zvedzidzo uye muzvimwe zvinoitwa.

Next, sarudza mashoko zvakananga vechikamu basa: vamiririri veruzhinji, vabereki, tsvimbo, vadzidzi.

Kana kuisa huru kufungawo nheyo yokungotaura management, chaizvo dzesangano. Zvichienderana pokutungamirira chacho, nokuti basa:

• kudzidza yokungotaura hwaro basa (dzidzo, tourism, kugadzira);
• pachena kukosha Implementation chirongwa;
• kudzidza zvakaitika makambani - vakwikwidzi.

In danho iri pakutsvaga chakakoshera basa, ayo yokungotaura uye rinoshanda kukosha. The chirongwa pacharo inosanganisira munhanganyaya, Masvomhu, musika pachisara mhedziso, Bibliographie, pakatanga maonero, uyewo upfumi mungozi.

Base purojekiti basa

Design - the yokungotaura hwaro basa chero boka. Zvinonzi chokuita kutanga shanduko pakati akavaka zvakatipoteredza. dambudziko Izvi chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda, zviri zvakafanana akakodzera ose mabasa. Kuti magadzirirwo anoonekwa kuva inokosha chezvinonhuwira upenyu murume ano, nokuti mumwe nomumwe wedu anofanira choko vavariro yakananga kushanda kuna Implementation yavo. Sezvo pezvakaitwa ava yakazvimirira mabasa, vari dzetsika uye nhoroondo chaiyo. Basa iri zvinogona kunzi akangwara, nokuti asati "kuedza" kuti zvinhu zvechokwadi, zvinokosha kuti kufungidzira, kuongorora, kuongorora, kufanotaura zvakaipira pfungwa. Nemhaka zvesayenzi hwaro zvakagadzirwa, pane kusikwa zvinhu zvitsva, wokukudza horizons ose subjectivity kwevanhu. Kune zvimwe zvaidiwa chirongwa:

• relatedness yayo yemberi;
• dzidziso kune chaicho mamiriro panguva penguva;
• Nomufananidzo senzira yekuwana ezvinhu ramangwana;
• kuvapo mavambo uye kuguma basa basa.

Kana isu nyatsoongorora yokungotaura hwaro akaitwa kushandisa kukura muzvirongwa, zvakakodzera kutaura chokupika nzira (hunhu).

1. The rakananga chokuita magetsi zvinodiwa uye yakananga chinangwa ezvinhu wegadziriro.
2. Kurukurai kukosha kuitwa kupindirana uye mutoro sarudzo.

Nzira iyi nguva dzose anokanda panguva kuzvicheka-basa, ndiyo tsika vaifarira zvisikwa. Zvinonzi nezvezvandaifanira kugadzirisa dambudziko hunonzi chinokosha. mugumisiro ichi vanofanira kunge zvaioneka, repeatable mune basa chairo.

kushandisa chirongwa anotsanangura zvinodiwa

The yokungotaura framework nokuti kuongorora hazvibviri pasina ruzivo urwu. Zvakakosha kuva dambudziko zvinoda Integrated ruzivo. Somuenzaniso, unoda kuongorora wevanotungamirira dambudziko munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana munyika, kudzidza nemvura inonaya iine acid, nokusika mabhizimisi kufamba kwako. Zvishande inoshanda mabasa anogona kuva mumwe, boka, seboka. Panguva dzose Zvinofungidzirwa Achipfupikisa subtotals. Features chirongwa nzira iri kuti nhengo dzose chikwata vari zvakaenzana ezvinhu. Munhu wose ane zvose zvatinokwanisa kuti kuva mutungamiri, kutora basa kusika mabasa.

Siyana pokushandisa nheyo zvakagadzirwa yokungotaura

Yokungotaura nezvigadziko sangano iri zvebhizimisi mubasa urongwa mabasa regai wakasiyana nevamwe pazvinoitwa. Kunyange kare kwaiva nevamwe vanhu, uye rose sangano, ichipa rubatsiro kwounyanzvi vari zvinodhura uye kunzwisisa, vachikumbira ruzivo kushandiswa yesayenzi uye unyanzvi, uyewo zvimwe zvokushandisa. Muzana remakore rechi20 basa rakanga modernized pamwero mukuru nzvimbo nemabasa evanhu. "Service" rinoshandurwa kubva mutauro Chirungu ari mabasa evanhu chinokosha, zvainanga kuriritira mutengi kuburikidza nourongwa womumwe zvakawanda mabasa.

Anosvika pakuziva musimboti rokushumira

Uchifunga nheyo yokungotaura akaitwa muna mirayiridzo iyi, takasarudza govera yavo chaizvo. Service kunonzwisiswa sezvo muchimiro basa nevanhu. Basa zvekutepfenyura zvino kwaenzaniswa zvakadai makuru sectors sezvo zvokufambisa, mari, zvokutengeserana, bhizimisi uye varaidzo zvemitambo, utano, vaitarira, dzidzo, sainzi. Asi pane kupatsanura kunobva ina dzinokosha siyana zvinoitwa nevanhu:

1. yokungotaura zvigadziko kubvumira kuitisa zvizere zvinhu uye transformative wezwi mabasa akasiyana, saka zvakakwana akagutsa zvose zvokunyama vemo. Somuenzaniso, pamwe vanodhirowa, unogona kusika zvimwe zvinhu uye michina namano, vachigadzira midziyo.

2. Nokuda zvishande wezwi mabasa, kugutsa kwete chete nezvinhu asiwo zvinodiwa zvomudzimu. Somuenzaniso, mabasa zvedzidzo uye ICT michina vari kubatsira kudzidzisa vechiduku munyika, muitiro ari nyanzvi nenzira mashoko kuitisa Statistical kuongorora migumisiro kushanda kambani kana vachida.

3. Nokuda chimiro ukoshi-dzidziso mabasa akaisa zvinorehwa raivapo munzanga uye zvakatipoteredza migumisiro nokuda vanhu anovapa uwane kupima. Batsirawo uyu kushambadzira, unyanzvi, chirwere, unyanzvi negwara.

4. Taurirana yezviitwa zverudzi inzira pakukurukurirana pakati masangano uye munhu vatengi. Nokuti nzvimbo iyi anosanganisira basa basa sezvo mehurukuro, kuratidzira, Misangano, kutaurirana muna World Wide Web, nhaurirano, kurovedza pfungwa, kukurukurirana mabasa.

Kushandisa yokungotaura hwaro pachisara vamiririri rakasiyana-siyana mabasa kusangana zvakazara vatengi zvinodiwa. Kuti tinzwisise navo, zvakakosha tenzi mashandiro basa iri.

Chii kudiwa

Ndicho mamiriro kwevanhu, izvo achikura somugumisiro yokurwisana pakati raivapo uye zvakakodzera, chakaita kuti utore matanho zvainanga atorwa. Tichibatsirwa basa kunoitika kugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Pane kupesana kupinda nesekondari zvinodiwa. The wokutanga vasiri zvakasikwa, kakawanda vachiberekwa. Somuenzaniso, kudiwa mvura, zvokudya, hope. Ekupedzisira vane mupfungwa hunhu. Pakati pavo tinogona kutaura mienzaniso rudo, ruremekedzo, kubudirira, simba. Vanoonekwa panguva munhu zvishoma nezvishoma. Sezvo munhu wose ane dzavo ruzivo pachavo, dzisiri zvinodiwa kupfuura chikuru.

Modern European budiriro akaumba nemaonero runosunganidza tsika svikiro munzanga, zvinonyatsorehwa kukura unhu, pamwero dzidzo. Hurongwa kwakadaro kunoda tsika nzanga mamiriro ezvinhu umo zvinokwanisika kupedza wakasununguka kukura unhu. Chokutenderwa muEurope vanonakidzwa kwemarudzi aya mabasa, nemhaka iyo pane kukura uye vapfume pamusoro wacho. Modern European inoda imwe akagadzirwa nenhumbi dzinokosha, izvo vasiri zvinodiwa mumongi. Service akapa nhasi, kunoratidzwa kuchinja, nyoro gadziriro socio-tsika zvinodiwa. Izvi zvinobvumira iwe kuchinja ndokuita mirayiridzo kuti anosarudzwa mutengi.

Kotler akati kuti basa iri zvinobatsira chiitiko naro mumwe bato inopa zvimwe zvikomborero wechipiri. Kusiyanisa dzakasiyana siyana pamusoro kupatsanura kwazvakaita uye mhando. Mujinga nesayenzi rinobvumira kuti pave yunifomu zvinodiwa uye zvirongwa kuti tumisoro kwavo wokurera munyika dzakasiyana-siyana uye nzvimbo.

Interstate tsika dzimwe nyika inoratidza kupatsanura yavo nemhaka dyidzana nzira: zvezvinotaurwa, mhando yebasa. Yakakamurwa typologically zvakafanana mabasa:

• kugadzirwa (Nokuraramisa, anoreva nhema, engineering, midziyo kugadzirisa);
• nyanzvi (inishuwarenzi, rwezvemabhengi, kushambadza, Consultancy);
• mutengi (uremu);
• voruzhinji (redhiyo dzidzo, tsika, terevhizheni).

Kufungisisa nhoroondo tsika zvoupfumi mabasa anogona basa Unit nokuda munhu sectoral nzira. Somuenzaniso, pane muRussia ano, zvinobudirira kushanda chaiyo classifier mabasa waipa yevagari.

mhedziso

sangano dzidzo mumamiriro ezvinhu ano kunodiwa kuti kusika optimum ezvinhu kuti chakaipa kukura wacho, kuva zvitsva uye kutsoropodza mafungiro, yekuzviriritira unyanzvi. Pasina yokungotaura ruzivo kubata mabasa masangano akadaro haagoni. Pakati nzira dzakawanda kuti pave rusununguko, kukwanisa kuchinja changing zvinoitika evanhu vemazuva ano, nzvimbo chaiyo ndorwevaya magadzirirwo kwemichina. No nzvimbo yebasa, dzichiri zvebhizimisi haagoni kuita pasina pachavo kutsvakurudza uye zvirongwa. Startup nzira dziri akakodzera vaya vakasarudza kuedza rwake mubhizimisi. Havadi chete kubatsira kuwana zivo yesayenzi, asiwo kuti pave chikumbiro chavo uchidzidzira. Current zvirongwa kubatsira kusarudza imwe basa, kuti conceptualize mashoko yokungotaura zvinhu, shandisa mashoko ari matsva ezvinhu.

Kutanga Chirongwa - ndiko kutanga nzira pokumuka vadzidzi (yakavakirwa zvido zvavo uye mubereko) nyaya zvokunyama uye basa kuronga chimwe maonero. Saka, mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe anopiwa kodzero chaiye kusarudza nzira yako mberi kukura rakapihwa chirongwa zvinhu.

Purani nguva dzose kubatsira nzira kunoguma zvimwe anoranga zviri boka iri vakaongorora munguva. Zvichienderana zvirimo, govera monopredmetnye, interdisciplinary tsvakurudzo. The Bhizimisi ushanyi zvinofanirwa dzidzira musangano yakawanda yokufaranuka vatengi. Asi kunyange asiri kugadzira kwemauto , pasina wenguva musayenzi hwaro hunokosha. Vasati kupa vamwe zvakaudzwa vatengi, vashandi kambani kudzidza kwemashoko akazara pamusoro zvose nezvehukorokodzwa ari revashanyi kupindura mibvunzo nechokwadi kuwanika vatengi vavo. Modern mabasa inopiwa kune vatengi, wakabatanawo yokungotaura ruzivo. Chero zvoupenyu hwavo hwevanhu uye basa iri panzvimbo yokutanga pane kukwanisa kushandisa mashoko nesayenzi, achichinja zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, nokuti mumamiriro ezvinhu.