Scientific basa. Pokumuka mabasa yesayenzi

Scientific basa - zvakananga mabasa evanhu, ane chikuru chinangwa - kuwana ruzivo rutsva pamusoro chokwadi. ruzivo Ndiko zvayo chikuru chigadzirwa. Zvisinei, akanga asiri oga. Nezvimwewo zvinosanganisira sayenzi kwesayenzi werudzii rationality, hunoreva achiati siyana zvinoitwa nevanhu, uye zvakasiyana-siyana, nzira, mezviruva zvinoshandiswa kunze sayenzi (kunyanya mukugadzira). Mukuwedzera, tsvakurudzo - ndiko kunobva tsika.

Science uye Truth

Pasinei nokuti dzidziso sayenzi - kupa zivo chokwadi yechokwadi, hazvifaniri kuvhiringidzwa chokwadi. Chokwadi ndechokuti zivo yechokwadi haisi hazvo nesayenzi. Inogona kuwanika muminda siyana basa: mu engineering, unyanzvi, zvematongerwo enyika, zvoupfumi uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Zvisinei, mune zviitiko izvi, kuwana hachisi chinangwa chikuru izvi minda. Somuenzaniso, chinangwa chikuru uri - itsva afunge tsika, mune zvoupfumi bhora - kunyatsoshanda mu ouinjiniya - nokugadzirwa kwemichina.

Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti pfungwa "dzisiri sayenzi" haisi nguva dzose zvakaipa kupima. Science ine chaizvo ayo, uyewo mune dzimwe nzvimbo - upenyu hwezuva nezuva, zvematongerwo enyika, zvoupfumi, unyanzvi. vose vane chinangwa chavo, avo basa. Basa revanhukadzi anotora basa sayenzi iri kuwedzera. Zvisinei, nesayenzi hwaro kwakakodzera uye zvichida asina nguva dzose uye kwete kwose kwose.

History inoratidza kuti ruzivo runowanikwa uchibatsirwa yayo, haisi nguva dzose zvechokwadi. The chaizvo yokuti "sayenzi" rinowanzoshandiswa ezvinhu regai pave kururama kwemashoko nezivo. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kana tiri kubata pfungwa. Zvesayenzi, vazhinji vavo vanga akapikisa. Vamwe vanofunga (akadai Karl Popper), vanoti kuti mune ramangwana mugumo uyu kuti Jehovha agara chero yokungotaura mutsara.

The ukama pakati sayenzi parascientific pfungwa

Chimwe chinhu kuti ane basa yezvesayenzi, kuti haina kuziva chero parascientific pfungwa - .. Ufology, parapsychology, nyeredzi, etc. Vanoramba nokuti, sezvataurwa ne Thomas Huxley, achitora kukoshesa chinhu iye "akazviuraya". Pfungwa zvakavakwa nokushandiswa minda izvi zivo, hapana chaiyo yakasimbiswa, yakavimbika mashoko. Kune chete pano zvinongoitika zvoga.

Science somunhu basa

Chinokosha nesayenzi yemazuva ndechokuti ane basa. Munguva ichangopfuura, aiva akasununguka basa musayendisiti. Science haina vaitirei basa, zviri zvakananga haina mari. Masayendisiti vanowanzotevedzera kupa nechouviri tichiregeredza achidzidzisa kumayunivhesiti. Sangano yemabasa kwesayenzi, saka, akanga akaipa chaizvo. The chakakuita ikozvino achinja nani. Today musayendisiti - ndiko kuparadzana basa. Muzana remakore rechi20 paiva chinhu chakadai se "mutsvakurudzi". Munyika nhasi pane vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 5 nenyanzvi mubasa tsvakurudzo. Chokwadi, ichi rinobatanidza kukurumidza kukura kwebasa nesayenzi inoenda itsva matongo uye zvayakawana.

The kurwisana siyana dzesayenzi

Nokuti kukura ruzivo yesayenzi inozivikanwa pavanotaurirana dzakasiyana mirayiridzo. Mune kusununguka kutamburira aifarirwa idzva dzidziso uye pfungwa. Pachiitiko ichi, Max Planck akati kuti chokwadi chitsva zvesayenzi hakuiti Kazhinji kukunda nokuda yokuti vavengi vavo vari nechokwadi mhosho dzedu, uye nemhaka yokuti vavengi pakupedzisira kufa, uye chizvarwa chitsva anodzidza chokwadi kamwe. Research basa - vagare dzinokura mafungiro.

Nzira zivo yesayenzi: systematization

Iva nechokwadi kusimbisa nzira zivo yesayenzi, kuona kwayo noruzhinji zvinhu. Chokutanga, systematization ichi. Uyu ndiwo mumwe chikuru nzira nesayenzi. Zvisinei, kwete chete mumunda ichi inogona systematized ruzivo vakawana. Mienzaniso zvakawanzwa; bhuku dzenhare, cookbook Navi, mugwagwa atirasi, etc. Asi systematization masayendisiti ane pachake chaizvo ayo ... Sezvo mamiriro ezvinhu kuti ruzivo chinhu chaicho marongerwo, chikamu inova mufananidzo wenyika, pfungwa, mitemo, chokwadi. Mune dzimwe anoranga uye pasina uye zvinodyidzana nesayenzi.

umboo

Chimwe chokuratidza kukosha, iro rine kutsvakurudza uye kukura mabasa, ndiyo pakutsvaka uchapupu, kururama kwemashoko neruzivo. Kuunza naye aiita kuti sayenzi nguva dzose. chiitiko Its chaizvo dzimwe nguva chokuita kutsvaka iyi uchapupu. Pane dzakasiyana kuti aone. Kuzosimbisa kururama kwemashoko empirical ruzivo Somuenzaniso, kushandisa vakawanda cheki kushandisa nhamba uye zvichingodaro. D. Kana uchida kukururamisirai mumwe kana mumwe yokungotaura pfungwa, kuteerera kusachinja-chinja, kufanotaura uye kutsanangura mananara akakodzera empirical mashoko.

pfungwa Original zvesayenzi

In sainzi, kukosha zvikuru pfungwa yepakutanga. Zvisinei, naicho pfungwa utsanzi kunosanganisira kuitika kure zvabuda zvose kuzviitira, izvo chokuita chaizvo ari mutsvakurudzi. Uyu ndiwo mumwe akasiyana unyanzvi kwayo. To pakusikwa yokudhirowa zviripo, kusika munhu. Zvisinei, kana vamwe musayendisiti yakatanga dzidziso, Chichasimbiswa hazvo hwakasimbiswa ramangwana sezvazviri rinofanirawo Danho kukura pakutsvakurudza mabasa, izvo zvinogona kunzi intersubjective.

Zvinoreva uye nzira zivo yesayenzi

The mabasa kwesayenzi vaishandisa mari kufunga kuti vanhu vanoshandisa mune siyana zvokuita, kusanganisira muupenyu. Nzira pfungwa kushandiswa zvesayenzi, yo mumwe bhora. yaanobhadhara ichi uye induction, kwetunhu uye pachisara kwetunhu uye abstraction, idealization rondedzero Ringanidzo nokufanotaurirwa tsananguro nokusimbisa pfungwa yokururamisa and said.

Chiedzwa uye rucherechedzo

Kuedza uye zvakawanika vari kiyi kutora nzira mune zvesayenzi empirical ruzivo. Muchidimbu udza pamusoro zviri specificity yavo. Observation - nzira, iyo huru hachisi kuchinja ari kudzidza ukoshi pakuongorora kwacho pacharo. Sezvo chikamu kuedza, kutanga kuti anofanira kudzidzwa anoiswa mune zvimwe zvinhu. Bacon akaona kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anoratidza pacharo zvakanakisisa nokuva "artificially wakamanikidza" pane aripo mu "rwokuzvarwa rusununguko".

Empirical uye yokungotaura ruzivo

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti pasina zvimwe yokungotaura kugadzwa haagoni kutanga chinhu empirical kudzidza. Kunyange zvinozivikanwa kuti chokwadi - ichi zvakakosha kuti musayendisiti, asi kunzwisisa chokwadi pasina theorizing hazviiti. Pachiitiko ichi, IP Pavlov akacherechedza kuti munoshaiwa nzwisiso pamusoro akadzidza pasi zvinogona kunamatira chokwadi.

Scientific dzidziso hadzisi zvavo pamusoro empirical mashoko. Einstein akanyora kuti zvine musoro hazvigoni kusvika pa mirayiridzo inokosha dzidziso. Ivo vasimuke ari kukurukurirana pamusoro empirical uye yokungotaura mafungiro, mukufamba matambudziko yokungotaura ari kudyidzana nesayenzi uye tsika.

Masayendisiti ari weboka rokuvaka pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana dzokudzidzisa yokungotaura kunzwisisa. Somuenzaniso, zvakawanda basa esayenzi Galileo Galilei kwakaratidzwa zvikuru kushandiswa kuvaka pfungwa kufunga kuedza. Theoretician uyo anodzishandisa, sezvo anotamba maitiro siyana idealized zvinhu yakatanga naye. Kwemasvomhu kuedza iri mhando ano chepfungwa. Kana kurishandisa pamakombiyuta ngaaverenge pezvingazoitika vamwe zvinhu.

Kwidza nyaya uzivi

Mukutsanangura yesayenzi basa zvarwo, zvinokoshawo kuziva kuti masayendisiti racho kosi kazhinji kuna uzivi. Sezvo nesayenzi Russian uye nyika kazhinji rinoshandisa nayo. Kunyanya theorists zvinokosha kunzwisisa zvishande tsika tichitarisa uzivi, nokuongorora pakudzidza chokwadi muna akapoteredza imwe mufananidzo wenyika. Zvakakosha zvikuru muna inokosha matanho kuti nguva yapera munhu nesayenzi racho kukura. Zvikuru kubudirira kwagara chokuita kunanga kwouzivi. Kwidza nyaya uzivi kunoita inobudirira tsananguro, tsananguro uye kunzwisisa sayenzi nokudzidza chokwadi. Saka zvabuda Scientific Nenyaya Iyi pamwe kubudirira kwayo.

Manyorero mafungiro nesayenzi

Pane kudaro chinhu se "nzira mafungiro nesayenzi." Zvinoratidza kukosha zviri mubereko kwatiri kukura kwebasa ruzivo. Max Akaberekwa akaona kuti pane zvimwe dzinoitwa pfungwa dziri zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja uye dzinoumba nguva ouzivi nepfungwa kuri muminda yose mabasa evanhu, kusanganisira sainzi.

mutauro sayenzi

Kutaura zvokushandisa zvinoshandiswa zivo yesayenzi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mutauro sayenzi kukosha vavo. Galileo akati mutauro wemasvomhu riri bhuku hunhu rakanyorwa. Kukura wefizikisi Akasimbisa mashoko ake. mathematization kwacho dzimwe sayenzi zvikuru kushingaira. In vose samhu chinhu chinokosha pamusoro yokungotaura constructs.

Kukura ruzivo

Zvesayenzi, kufambira mberi ruzivo kunonyanya novimba kukura michina nzira. Research basa Galileo Somuenzaniso, akaita kushandisa teresikopu. Zvadaro materesikopu dzakasikwa, uyewo redhiyo materesikopu, izvo akatsunga pamwero mukuru kukura nyeredzi. Kushandisa nemaikorosikopu, kunyanya yemagetsi, yekudyidzana uchiumba mberi zvipenyu. Pasina nzira inokosha zivo sezvo synchrotrons, hazvibviri kufungidzira chitange chepuraimari PARTICIPLE wefizikisi. The ano nyika uye Russian sayenzi pari kusangana chimurenga nokuda chidzoke yacho pakombiyuta.

Interpenetration nzira uye nzira nesayenzi

Cherechedza kuti nzira uye nzira iyo zvinoshandiswa sayenzi siyana anosiyana. Izvi pakutsvaga specificity inyaya, uyewo padanho kukura zvesayenzi. Kazhinji, pane kuramba interpenetration zvinoreva uye nzira. Kuwedzera kushandiswa muchina masvomhu. Zvinoshamisa kubudirira kwayo, sezvataurwa naJ Viner, kunoita kuti sayenzi iyi nzira inokosha nezivo dzose vamwe. Zvisinei, zvichida ramangwana richange zvizere universalized nzira uye nzira mapazi yesayenzi zvakasiyana.

The specificity uzivi

Achitaura pamusoro chaizvo of Sciences, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa rinokosha mamiriro ezvinhu ruzivo ouzivi. Uzivi sayenzi rose haisi. Munguva dzekare tsika, zvakanzi sevanhu rinokosha sayenzi mhando, asi vanofunga kuti nguva yedu kazhinji kuva nayo zvakagadzirwa izvo zvikuru kusiyaniswa kubva pairi. Somuenzaniso, rinoreva neopositivists, existentialists. Sezvo chikamu uzivi agara aripo uye ruchavapo tsvakurudza uye kuvaka, izvo ave mamiriro nesayenzi.

Scientific uye yakarongeka basa

Ndiro basa chikuru chokudzidza - chine zvinhu zviri kuitwa nechinangwa mukudzidzira ruzivo, unyanzvi uye nzira basa rokudzidzisa. It ndehwokuti kutsvaga nzira itsva uye nzira sangano, ichipa uye kuitisa rokudzidzisa muitiro.

Scientific uye michina mabasa

Uyu zvekushandisa basa, iri pamukova mharadzano engineering nesayenzi. Nderake kusango michina anoranga. tsvakurudzo wake chinhu kuiswa hunhu. Pfungwa iyi zvikuru broadly unosanganisira utsanzi, engineering mabasa yesayenzi.