CNS - chii ichocho? Central nervous system: madhipatimendi, mabasa

CNS - chii ichocho? Chimiro chehurongwa hwemagetsi evanhu hunotsanangurwa nenzira ye branched electrical network. Zvichida, ichi ndicho chirevo chakanyatsonaka pane zvingaita, sezvo paine micheka yakaonda-firimu ikozvino inomhanya. Masero edu anogadzira microdischarges kuitira kuti nokukurumidze kununura mashoko kubva kune zvakagadziriswa uye nhengo dzemuviri kuenda kuuropi. Asi sangano harisi kushanda kamwe chete, zvinhu zvose zvinotungamirirwa nehutungamiri hwakasimba. Ndicho chikonzero chepakati uye purogiramu yenherera yega inotarisana.

Dhipatimendi remukati yenheyo system

Ngatimboongororai urongwa uhwu zvakadzama. Uye zvakadaro, iyo nheyo yepamusoro yenheyo - chii ichocho? Mishonga inopa mhinduro yakakwana kumubvunzo uyu. Iyi ndiyo chikamu chikuru chegadziriro yekutya kwevhiringidziro nevanhu. Icho chinosanganisira zvivako zvemuumbi - neurons. Muchidimbu, chimiro ichi chose chakafanana neboka rezviputi zvisingagoni kujekesa zvakajeka kune mumwe nemumwe.

Iyo yakagadzirwa nehutachiona hwemunhu inomiririrwa nehomwe yeuropi nemutsipa wesipinha. Muchikamu chechipiri kunotsanangura mutsara, thoracic, lumbar uye sacrococcygeal divisions. Iko iri mune zvikamu zvakanyatsomuviri zvemuviri. Zvinenge zvose zvinokonzerwa nemanzwiro ekutya anoitwa kumutsipa wepelinha.

Uropi hunoparadzaniswawo muzvikamu zvakasiyana, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine basa rakasiyana, asi basa reNeocortex, kana kuti cortex ye-cerebral hemispheres, inogadziriswa. Saka, zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoparadzanisa:

• Brain stem;
• The medulla oblongata;
• Posterior brain (bridge uye cerebellum);
• Uropi hwepakati (tsamba yemakumbo mana nemakumbo eropi);
• Forebrain (huru hemispheres).

Zvimwe nezvezvikamu chimwe nechimwe zvezvikamu izvi zvicharondedzerwa pasi apa. Iyi chimiro chehurongwa hweshungu yakagadzirwa mukugadzirisa kwehupenyu hwevanhu kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvapo kwayo mumamiriro matsva ehupenyu.

Mutsara wesimbi

Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikamu zviviri zvepakati yenheyo system. Maitiro ehutano hwake haasi akasiyana neaya ari muuropi: nekubatsirwa kwezvinhu zvakakomba zvemakemikari (neurotransmitters) nemitemo yefizikiki (kunyanya, magetsi), ruzivo kubva kumatavi maduku emitsipa runosanganiswa mumatombo makuru uye rinoonekwa semafungiro mune chikamu chechikamu chemupinha, Kana kuti anopinda muuropi kuti awedzere kushandiswa.

Mutsipa wepelinha uri mumugero pakati pezvombo uye miviri yakadzika. Inodzivirirwa, kufanana nomusoro mumwe, nematombo matatu: akaoma, arachnoid uye ari nyore. Nzvimbo iri pakati pemashizha aya akazadzwa nemvura inogadzirisa mutsara, uye inoitawo basa rekutyisidzira (kunotinhira kudengenyeka panguva yekutama). Mutsara wepelinha unotanga kubva pamusana mufupa re occipital, pamuganhu ne medulla oblongata, uye unopedzisira paanenge yekutanga-yechipiri lumbar vertebra. Uyezve, chete mabhomba, cerebrospinal fluid uye marefu ane mutsara ("ponytail") aripo. Mamiriro ezvinhu anorongeka anouparadzanisa muzvikamu uye zvikamu.

Pamativi emativi ose (zvinokwana nekukwirira kwe vertebra), zvinonzwisisika uye motokiti yemagetsi, inonzi midzi, ibva. Izvi ndezvenguva refu maitiro emapuroni ayo miviri yakananga mumutsipa wepelinha. Ivo vatori vemashoko kubva kune dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri.

Oblong Brain

Basa rehurumende yenheyo (pakati) rinosanganiswawo mune medulla oblongata. Iye chikamu chemhando yakadai seuropi inosvika, uye zvakananga kuonana neavo. Pane mhirizhonga yepakati pakati pezvinyorwa izvi zvemaitiro - iyi inzira yepiramidhi nzira. Kubva kubhiriji iyo inoparadzanisa fursa inopera uye nzvimbo yemigero yepamusoro, inopinda mu fossa yakaumbwa nemadhaimani.

Muhupamhi hwe medulla oblongata nuclei ye 9th, 10, 11 uye 12th makumbo emakumbo anowanikwa, iyo fikisi yekukwira nekudzika kwenzira dzinotyisa uye iyo inogadzirwa. Nzvimbo iyi inofanirwa kuita zvidziviriro zvekudzivirira, zvakadai sokunyunyutira, kukohwa, kurutsa uye vamwe. Uyewo inotsigira upenyu matiri kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kufema uye kutarisa. Mukuwedzera, iyo medulla oblongata inosanganisira nzvimbo dzekutonga mutsara wekutema uye kuchengetedza maitiro.

Bridge

Pamwe chete ne cerebellum ndiyo mushure megadziriro yenheyo yepamusoro. Chii ichi? Kuunganidzwa kweeuroni nemagadzirirwo avo, aripo pakati pemvura inopenya uye yakabuda kunze kwechikamu chechina chemitsipa yakaoma. Icho chizere-kufanana kuwedzera nekudzvinyirira mukati (kune midziyo mairi). Uturu hwehutatu hunobuda kubva pakati pebhiriji. Mukuwedzera, makumbo ekumusoro uye aripakati e-cerebellum anowedzera kubva kubhiriji, asi chikamu chepamusoro cheVaroliev bhulogi chinoshandisa nuclei ye 8, 7, 6, uye yechipiri yezvikamu zviviri zvemitsipa yakaoma, nzvimbo yechipupuriro chekuongorora uye zvinyorwa.

Basa guru rebhiriji nderokuendeswa kwemashoko kune zvikamu zvepamusoro uye zvakadzika zvepakati penheyo system. Kuburikidza nayo kune vazhinji vanokwira uye vanoburuka migwagwa inoguma kana kutanga rwendo rwavo mumativi akasiyana e-cortex ye-cerebral hemispheres.

Cerebellum

Iyi ndiyo dhipatimendi rekati yenheyo system (CNS), iyo inotarisirwa kugadzirisa kufamba, kuchengetedza kuenzanisa uye kuchengetedza mutsindo. Inowanikwa pakati pebhiriji nehupakati hwepfungwa. Kuti uwane ruzivo pamusoro pemamiriro ehupenyu, pane matatu maviri emakumbo umo nerve ye fibre inopfuura.

Iti cerebellum ndiyo mutori wepakati pezvenhau yose. Inogamuchira zviratidzo kubva kune fisiti dzemawere emutsipa wepelinha, uyewo kubva kumagetsi emotokari anotanga mu cortex. Mushure mokuongorora tsanangudzo yakagadziriswa, cerebellum inotumira mafungiro kumotokari uye inogadzirisa nzvimbo yemuviri munzvimbo. Zvose izvi zvinoitika nekukurumidza zvokuti hationi basa rake. Zvose zvemasimba edu anonyanya kushandiswa (kutamba, kutamba zviridzwa zvemimhanzi, kunyora) ndiwo mutoro wecherebellum.

Middle Brain

Mune CNS yevanhu kune dhipatimendi rinotarisirwa kuona maonero. Ndiwo huro hwepakati. Inosanganisira zvikamu zviviri:

• Iyo yakaderera inomiririra makumbo eropi iyo iyo pyramidal nzira dzinopfuura.
• Iyo yepamusoro iplate ye quadruple, iyo, chaizvoizvo, nzvimbo dzinoona uye dzinoongorora dziripo.

Maitiro ari kumucheto anowirirana nehupfungwa hwepakati, naizvozvo hapana kunyange kunyange muganhu wematau pakati pavo. Mamiriro ezvinhu, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti iyi inonzi spark posterior ye-cerebral hemispheres. Pakati pehupi hwepakati pane hutano hwemutsara wechitatu - ye oculomotor, uye kuwedzera iyo tsvuku tsvuku (iyo inotarisirwa kudzora kufamba), chinhu chinopisa (chinotanga kufamba) uye zvinyorwa zvinogadzirwa.

Nzvimbo huru dzebasa iri remutambo wenheyo huru:

• Kuchengetedza mafungiro (kutarisana nechisimba chakasimba: chiedza, inzwi, kurwadziwa, nezvimwewo);
• Sight;
• Kuitwa kwevadzidzi kune chiedza nekugara;
• Shamwari inotendeuka musoro nemaziso;
• Kuchengeta manzwiro emakumbo emakumbo.

Uropi hwepakati

Izvo zvakagadzirirwa zviri pamusoro pekatikati yebhiribhu, pakarepo pasi pe corpus callosum. Inosanganisira chikamu chethalamic, hypothalamus uye yechitatu ventricle. Chikamu chethalamic chinosanganisira chaiwo thalamus (kana kuona hillock), epithalamus, uye metatagamus.

• Iyo thalamus ndiyo inonyanya kune marudzi ose ekunzwisisika, inounganidza zvese zvinokanganisa uye inoiisa zvakare mumigwagwa yakakodzera yemotokari.
• Epithalamus (epiphysis, kana pineal body) ndiyo gland endocrine. Basa rayo guru ndiro mutemo wevanhu biorhythms.
• Iyo metatalamus inoumbwa nehutano uye hunozotevera hutumbi hwemhuka. Miti miviri inofanirwa ndiyo inyanzvi yekunzwa, uye inotevera - maonero.

Iyo hypothalamus inotungamirirwa nehuputi hwepituitary nezvimwe zvipembenene zve endocrine. Mukuwedzera, iyo inotungamirira, muchikamu, yehutongi hwehutachiona hwehurongwa. Nokuda kwekukurumidza kwemetabolism nekuchengetedza kwekushisa kwemuviri, tinofanira kumutenda chaizvoizvo. Chetatu chinokonzera mhepo inzvimbo yakamanikana umo kune mvura inoshandiswa pakudyisa iyo nheyo yepamusoro yenheyo.

Cortex ye hemispheres

CNS neocortex - chii ichocho? Iri ndiro dhipatimendi ruduku kune imwe yenheyo, phylo - uye ingenetically inoumbwa imwe yekupedzisira uye inomiririra mutsara wemasero, zvakanyatsoputirana. Nzvimbo iyi inotora hafu yeiyo nzvimbo yese yehutachiona humispheres. Mariri mune gyruses nemigero.

Iko kune zvikamu zvishanu zvei cortex: mberi, parietal, temporal, occipital uye chiwi. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane basa rekushanda kwake. Semuenzaniso, munharaunda yakatarisa pane pane nzvimbo dzekufamba uye manzwiro. Parietal uye temporal - nzvimbo dzekunyora, kutaura, zviduku uye zvakaoma kufamba, mune occipital - kuona uye kuongorora, uye chikamu chiyero chinopindirana nekuenzana nekubatana.

Zvose zvakanyatsozivikanwa nekugumira kwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona, kana huri kunhuhwira, kuravira, kutonhorera, kunanikidzwa kana chimwe chinhu, kunopinda muchirwere checerex uye kunonyatsogadziriswa. Izvi zvinogadzirisa zvokuti kana murwere achimira kana kuti achishungurudzwa nekuda kwekuchinja kwehutano, munhu anove akaremara.

Mabasa ehutano hwemagetsi

Nokuda kwekugadzirisa kwakadaro kwakadai senheyo yenheyo yepamusoro, mabasa anowirirana nawo anewo unhu. Yokutanga yeiyi inobatanidza-kubatana. Inoreva basa rinoenderana nhengo dzakasiyana-siyana uye zvirongwa zvemuviri kuitira kuti zvirambe zvichiri kuitika mukati memamiriro ekunze. Basa rinotevera nderekubatana pakati pemunhu nemamiriro ake ezvinhu, mhinduro dzakakwana dzomuviri kusvika mumuviri, chemakemikari kana maitiro ehupenyu. Mukuwedzera, izvi zvinosanganisira mabasa evanhu.

Mabasa ehutachiona hwemagetsi anovhara zvirongwa zviviri zvemagetsi, kasi yavo, huwandu uye huwandu. Nokuda kweizvi, pane zvivako zvakasiyana, zvakadai se hypothalamus uye pituitary gland. Basa repamusoro repfungwa rinogonawo kuburikidza chete kuburikidza nenheyo yenheyo. Nekufa kwe cortex, iyo inonzi "hupenyu hwevanhu" inoonekwa, kana muviri wemunhu uchiri kushandiswa, asi sechikamu chevanhu iyo haisisipo (haagoni kutaura, kuverenga, kunyora nekuona rumwe ruzivo, uye kuritora).

Izvo zvakaoma kufungidzira munhu nemamwe mhuka kunze kwenheyo yenheyo. Maitiro ayo ehutano akaoma uye haana kunyatsonzwisiswa. Masayendisiti ari kuedza kunzwisisa kuti iyo yakawanda yakaoma yakawanda yekombiyuta yakambovapo yakavapo sei. Asi izvi zvakafanana nekuti "boka reatomu rinodzidza sei mamwe maatomu," saka kufambira mberi munzvimbo ino hakukwani.