Economic Schools vavo kukura

vanhu vava chokuita Implementation kwemashoko uye pakunamata kwevanhu. inoda kugutsikana Nde vavariro vanhu kuita maindasitiri noukama uye nheyo zvoupfumi.

The ukoshi zvinodiwa

Human zvinodiwa kutyaira vanhu kuti chiito. Zvinodiwa kuripo pachiimbwa huchashandiswa kugutsikana kwavo. Izvi "Ezvemutauro" vari akaumba zvakananga Workflow. Labor - chinangwa basa. Kunoratidza pacharo achinyanya ari munhu Kugona zvinhu uye achishandisa zvinhu kugadzirwa. In paumbwe pfuma nechepakati nyasha basa zvebasa mari.

upfumi mubereko

It kunoitika nokuda zvakasiyana siyana zvavanoda. Economic zvido - rinokosha vavariro basa. Kana kugadzirwa kuvandudzika kunowedzera nhamba zvinodiwa. Ivowo, inobatsira kuti pakuzadzisa upfumi. Inotungamirwa inoda, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kunoenderana kuzviitira zvinhu pamusoro. Izvi achinyanya anosanganisira zvadzinofarira uye mafungiro omunhu, zvinodiwa wacho, vasiri uye mupfungwa maitiro pakunamata, uyewo chevarwere tsika uye tsika. Nezvokumutswa fomu iri mamiriro ezvinhu ayo munhu anomanikidzwa kumisa kukosha mabasa kana nhumbi.

kugadzirwa basa

Voitakura kunze tichibatsirwa zvoupfumi. Ekupedzisira chinhu kwesangano mashandiro paruzhinji-chaicho. Nokuda kupfuma iripo, kuriritira nhengo vose munzanga hakungagoni kukwanisika. Zvisinei, budiriro kunounza kuti chinangwa ive yakanaka. Izvi zvinokonzera vanhu kuva zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo raizoita ezvidzidzo basa iri. Somumwe nzira dzakadaro anoita zvoupfumi.

kutanga zvinhu

Zviratidzo mafungiro zvoupfumi rokutanga inowanikwa mabasa nevafungi yeIjipiti yekare uye yekare Indian akadhindwa. mirayiro inokosha pamusoro utariri, muri varipowo muBhaibheri. Sezvo mirayiridzo nesayenzi zvoupfumi dzidziso vakatanga kubuda zvakanyatsojeka nemabasa vazivi vekare vechiGiriki. pfungwa yokutanga akagadzira pedyo Xenophon, Aristotle, Plato. Zvakanga avo akatanga rokuti "mari", rinoratidza kuti dzidziso yokusika uye dzigadziridzwe mhuri iri muranda ezvinhu. mirayiridzo iyi inobva zvinhu zvepanyama basa uye musika.

Pokumuka zvikoro zvoupfumi

Works echiGiriki nevafungi vekare vakava hwaro pakuzadzisa kudzidzisa. Pava paya rwakakamukana akawanda mirayiridzo. Somugumisiro, akaumba kutevera zvikuru zvikoro zvoupfumi:

• Mercantilism.
• Marxism.
• Physiocrats.
• Classical School of Economics.
• Keynesianism.
• Neoclassical chikoro.
• Monetarism.
• Marginalism uye nhoroondo chikoro.
• Institutionalism.
• Neoclassical kwetunhu.
• Kukuru rworuboshwe chikoro.
• Neoliberalism.
• The chikoro inopa dzidziso upfumi.

General zvechadenga chinyakare munzvimbo

Zvikoro huru zveupfumi vaikanganiswa nemafungiro akasiyana maonero enyanzvi siyana. An hunoshamisa muchinangwa kukura dzidziso netsika yakanga reDare nhamba sezvo F. Quesnay, William Petit, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, DS Miles, Jean-Baptiste Say akadaro. Kana kusiyana maonero hwavaiva zvakafanana pfungwa dzinoverengeka, iyo yakaumbwa pachishandiswa wechikoro dzenhoroondo zvoupfumi. Chokutanga, vanyori izvi zvose vaiva vatsigiri upfumi liberalism. Chaizvoizvo Its kunowanzoratidzwa nemashoko okuti laissez Cosa Fare, rinoreva "regai kuita". Pfungwa iri kudiwa enyika akanga akagadzira pedyo Physiocrats. Pfungwa yaiva kugovera yakakwana zvoupfumi rusununguko kubva wacho uye makwikwi, mapfumo hurumende kupindira. zvikoro zviviri izvi zveupfumi asingaremekedzi munhu ave "bhizimisi isangano". Chishuvo munhu kusvika chokuwanziridza upfumi hwayo kunoita kuti yose muvanhu. Automatic kuzviremekedza kuchinja mashandiro ( "chisingaoneki ruoko," sezvo Smith akamudana) wakatungamirira zvakasiyana zviito yevatengi uye vaburitsi kuitira kuti kwenguva refu zvakanyatsoenzana hunogadzwa yose ino. Panyaya iyi, iyo yakaramba kuvapo mairi underproduction, perevyrabotki kugadzirwa uye kushayikwa kwemabasa hazvibviri. Vanyori pfungwa idzi makaita rakakura paumbwe pachikoro dzezvoupfumi. Naizvozvo, havana kushandiswa uye akavandudzika. Zvikoro zvakawanda zveupfumi akaita kuwedzera zvavo pfungwa idzi. Somugumisiro, isu akaumba hurongwa kuti hwaienzanirana imwe pavaipfuura paumbwe kwenzanga. Saka pakanga Somuenzaniso, socio-upfumi chikoro.

Smith pfungwa

Pahwaro pachikoro dzezvoupfumi, waiva mutsigiri mufananidzo uyu, pfungwa basa mutengo yambokurukurwa. Smith uye vateveri vake vakatenda kuti guta inotungamirwa rinoitwa kwete chete kuburikidza kurima. In iyi, kunyanya kukosha ndechokuti basa nezvimwe sectors vokuparidzira, rudzi rwacho rwose. Vanotsigira chikoro ichi upfumi dzidziso angadaro aifunga kuti nokuita pakuburitswa kwacho, vanoita zvose siyana kupinda co-kushanda, co-ishande, izvo zvinozoita anobvisa chero musiyano pakati zvibereko uye mabasa "asingabereki". kudyidzana Izvi zvinonyanya kubudirira kana kuitwa muchimiro chinokosha musika.

Economic School: Mercantilism uye Physiocrats

Dzidziso idzi, sezvinorondedzerwa pamusoro, yavapo muna 18-19 emakore. zvikoro izvi zveupfumi maonero akasiyana pamusoro pagadzirwe mumagariro upfumi. Saka, mercantilism akabata pfungwa kuti hwaro wezvokutengeserana inomira. Kuwedzera uwandu mumagariro upfumi nemitoo yose hurumende inofanira kutsigira mudzimba vanogadzira vanowatengesa, zvomutadzisa dzimwe mabasa. Physiocrats vaidavira kuti hupfumi hwaro iri kurima. Society, vakakamurwa kupinda makirasi zvitatu: varidzi, vaburitsi zvibereko. Sezvo chikamu tafura ichi kunge akagadzira dzidziso, izvo, vavawo hwaro paumbwe muenzaniso interbranch nemwero.

Nedzimwe dzakasiyana 18-19 emakore

Marginalism - ane yeAustria School, vanobatisisa pfungwa shoma utility. A aitungamirira ndeuke munda uyu Carl Menger. Vamiririri chikoro ichi akatsanangura pfungwa "rinokosha" nemaonero mutengi zvepfungwa. Vakaedza chawo Exchange haisi pamusoro kugadzirwa mari, asi musi kuzviitira tinyatsonzwisisa kukosha nenhumbi kutengeswa uye kutengwa. Neoclassical chikoro, mumiririri raiva Alfred Marshall, akakurukura pfungwa dzichipfekeka ukama. Masvomhu aiva mutsigiri Leon Valras. Iye chakaitika pamusika upfumi sezvo chivakwa kuti anokwanisa kuita pakati nepakati maererano nesungano pakati pomugove uye kudiwa. Ivo yokufudza vakawanda musika pfungwa yakazokudziridzwa.

Keynesians uye institutionalists

Keynes kwakavakirwa pfungwa dzake pamusoro kunyatsoongorora yose zvoupfumi yose. Maererano naye, pamusika mamiriro iri pakutanga kwete zvakanyatsoenzana. Panyaya iyi, iye waitsigira kunyatsoomerera hurumende murau wezvokutengeserana. Supporters institutionalism, Earhart uye Galbraith, vaiona kuti kuongorora mari sangano hazvibviri pasina kufungisisa paumbwe kwezvakatipoteredza. Vakandipa zano misoro kudzidza zvoupfumi munyika simba-shanduka.

Marxism

mirayiridzo iyi uchifungidzira kuti yemuraudzo kukosha uye nheyo vakaronga paumbwe National upfumi. A aitungamirira ndeuke dzidziso waitsigira Karl Marks. mabasa ake akazotevera akanga ava mabasa Plekhanov, Shona, Lenin, uye vamwe vateveri. Vamwe zvokudya Arayirwa Marx, vakanga yakadzokororwa "shanduka". Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya vari nhamba sezvo Bernstein, Sombart, Tugan-Baranovsky, uye vamwe vakadai. Munguva Soviet, Marxism akashanda sehwaro yedzidzo zvoupfumi uye chete chepamutemo mirayiridzo nesayenzi.

Modern Russia: asi Hse

School of Economics ari Research Institute anoita basa, dzidzo, socio-tsika uye nyanzvi-Analytical mabasa. Kwakavakirwa dzakawanda mitemo. Higher School of Economics, kuita sezvo chikamu zvedzidzo munzanga, munhu chinhu chinokosha zvavo tsika vaiona kuti kubatanidzwa yose yunivhesiti pamwe, tikabatana nezvavatorwa masangano. Kuva yunivhesiti Russian, nesangano achishanda zvakanaka munyika uye vagari vemo. The chikuru nhungamiro Hse - empirical uye yokungotaura tsvakurudzo uyewo kufambiswa ruzivo. Kudzidzisa kuYunivhesiti hakungoitwi chinokosha anoranga.