Extraction mafuta munyika. Oil Kugadzirwa munyika (ona tafura)

Kufanana nevamwe Tourism, mafuta - amai riri vanoremekedzwa chaizvo zera. Tanga mafuta deposits groundnut, maererano masayendisiti, kwaiva kuchine 600 miriyoni apfuura. Ipapo nyanza vakanga zvikuru ano uye zvimwe zvitsuwa akaputirwa nemvura, kusanganisira nharaunda kunyika mafuta anogadzirwa nguva yedu.

mafuta akaita kupi?

In munyanza, kamwe Vachiita upenyu Zvirimwa zvakawanda nemhuka, zvisaririra mazana emamiriyoni kwemakore, vakanyura pasi. Pamwe akaturikidzana enyika vakanga akasika gungwa, iyo iri kuramba ichiva. Under Zvakaitwa kukuru kumanikidzwa paiva rakadzikama muitiro metamorphosis kuti makemikari residues ari mumate mafuta. The kumanikidzwa yakanga yakasimba zvokuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvikurukuru porous maumbirwo rokumusoro ivhu akaturikidzana, mumate izvi yakatanga uye zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga oilfield. Kuburikidza akaturikidzana jecha uye mafuta madota ikamuka, asi akaturikidzana nematombo kazhinji vasangana parwendo yake, iye akawira nomusungo, umo vose in uye pakadzika azara mura. Zvino kugadzirwa zvendarama dema munyika iri kuedza vanochera dawo kupinda izvi in makuru akazadzwa.

Sei minda mafuta?

minda Huge mafuta, dzakadai kuMiddle East, vavete pasi guru ibwe pemvura, apo mafuta inochengeterwa. Deposits pamusoro kondinendi European vanu munyu domes, izvo bvikinyidza hombe ibwe Slabs kumusoro pakupedzisira kuumbwa mafuta anozadza mhango.

mafuta kunwa

Nyika sezvo tinozviziva, zvingava zvakasiyana chaizvo kana kwaisava nokuda mafuta. Zvakaoma kufungidzira zvinhu vangani ose akasikwa kubva pairi. Chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers anoumba mbatya, zvose mapurasitiki inoshandiswa mumhuri uye maindasitiri, mushonga, zvizoro - izvi zvose zvakasikwa kubva peturu.

Chinenge hafu simba kuti inodyiwa vanhu, akaita kubva mafuta groundnut. It unopisa michini ndege, uyewo zvinenge zvose motokari munyika. Mafuta Akapisa kubudisa Magetsi. The dzikabereka Magetsi zvinofamba maindasitiri michina uye ndiyo hwaro muupenyu munyika dzakabudirira.

Deposits dzendarama dema

The Middle East, kunyanya reArab Iran asangana inenge hafu zvinodiwa mafuta munyika dzose uye. deposits Large mafuta kuvapowo mune Russia, United States, African nyika, somuenzaniso, kuNigeria, uyewo North America. Akawana munda hombe uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo, asi kukura kwavo inodhura uye achabatsirwa rwokugadzira matambudziko.

Oil Kugadzirwa munyika vakatanga muUnited States. Panobva chokutanga mafuta sezvayakawanikwa muna US muna 1859. Mafuta chipatapata kubva kudzika 21 mamita. Drilling nzira panguva iyoyo aiva nyore: remuti kuchera shongwe yaiva vaisungirira rinorema mbezo, iyo kunoramba yakadonha noisily pasi uye akaputsa matombo. pemvura Drilling rig yokutanga yakavakwa muna 1900 pamhenderekedzo California.

New oiri munyika anogona kuvanza pasi murenje kana marshes, pasi pasi pegungwa kana namatombo Antarctic chando, nokuti Nzvimbo zvakaoma kunzwisisa zviri kutsi pasi norudo enyika. Naizvozvo, kutsvaka minda mafuta itsva zvikuru kunzwisisa uye kunoda hombe mari.

A urongwa uye kugadzirwa chendarama dema

Extraction mafuta munyika - kwacho hakusi haaperi. Kubva pane dziripo nokufungidzira, magetsi nenhanho kugadzirwa kwayo nyika Geological reserves kuchapedza kwemakore anenge 46, kusanganisira Saudi Arabia - makore 72 okuberekwa, Iran - 88, Iraq - 128, Venezuela - 234, Libya - 77 Kuwait - 111, United Arab Emirates - 94, Russia - 21, China - 10, USA - makore 11 okuberekwa.

Extraction mafuta munyika (Table kunoratidza zvakajeka) kunoratidzwa pamusoro-10 Champions kunyika.

Oil Kugadzirwa nenyika panguva dzakasiyana siyana chaizvo. Funga nezvenhoroondo yacho, akazova mufumi pamusoro dema goridhe.

Saudi Arabia

The Mutungamiri Saudi Arabia, kugadzirwa kwayo mafuta munyika, tafura inosimbisa izvi, iye akaita naye zvikuru akapfuma mamiriro. 1938 asati, muduku umambo pasi zita Saudi Arabia aiva mumwe varombo nyika munyika. Muna 1938, guru Vhoriyamu zvinhu mafuta dzakafukunurwa Saudi Arabia. magadzirirwo yavo kwavatadzisa Hondo Yenyika II uye basa rakatanga chete muna 1946, uye muna 1949 vakasuwa mafuta indasitiri munyika akaguma refu pamwero. Mafuta rava kwainyanya chinhanho uye kubudirira youmambo. Mafuta kunze kwenyika kwakavandudza ushe bhiriyoni 310 emadhora muna 2008. The yose indasitiri anobva Saudi mafuta indasitiri. Itariro reserves mafuta kuitika zuva munyika mari kuti anenge mabhiriyoni 260 emiti uye akaenzana 24% kubva nekusimba reserves munyika. Nhamba iyi yakawanikwa minda mafuta rave kuramba ichiwedzera. Pari, Saudi Arabia runoonekwa kuva nyika yakapfuma munyika.

Iran

The dzokubudisa endarama dema munyika wechipiri Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran - nyika kuti anogara kure kunze kwenyika mafuta. Pamwechete neminda zvakawanikwa itsva, nyika mberi kunosimbisa mamiriro mafuta vaRafa. Most ichangopfuura mu Iran zvakanzi yakawanikwa guru kuchengeterwa mafuta matura mabhiriyoni 15 emiti.

Kuwait

nzvimbo Third anoenda Kuwait. Pamusana mafuta, hurumende akashatirwa kwazvo kupfuma mune 70-80s kunze kwenyika akaita nyika vakapfuma munyika. Asi makore 90 yakaoma mamiriro enyika kwakaita nokuvhiringidzirwa kupinzwa. Iraqi kubvuta anenge bankrupted nyika, vakaparadza vaimbova upfumi hwayo. Asi mumakore achangopfuura, hurumende nokukurumidza anodzoka ekare chechetere kwayo. Panguva iyoyo pakati Kuwait akawana rakasimba mafuta munda, anenge mabhiriyoni 102 emiti, nekurangarira kuti 9% zvachose reserves nyika. Home mugove, anenge 95% zveminda kubva aina mafuta uye mafuta zvigadzirwa.

Ngatitarisei kune ramangwana

Mazuvano, mafuta anotonga kwose kwose. Hapana mumwe chimiro haagoni asi kutsiva ive simba rine. Annual oiri munyika anenge mabhiriyoni 4.4 matani. It anofungidzira kuti pane mamiriro nenhanho kudyiwa reserves ayo kuchapedza (ari anozivikanwa deposits) kusvika 2025. Kana bhuku oiri munyika uchaderedzwa uye angazarura zvinyorwa zvitsva, mafuta groundnut makadzika enyika kunogona ruchatambanudzirwa kuti 150 - 1000 makore. Zviri duku pasi pose. Nature inoda makore anenge mamiriyoni 200 chokusika chicherwa ichi, uye rudzi chipo anorasha nokuda millionth nguva nguva, ndiko kuti, achiita sokuti pashure vanhu budiriro kuchapera.

Nokufamba kwenguva, vanhu vanofanira kuchinja mararamiro, dzichengete zvinyorwa mafuta musoro kana kutsvaka zvimwe nzira zvinopa simba. Sezvo vanachiremba vakawanda vanofunga, mufananidzo ramangwana kuva vakadaro: kwakachengetwa mafuta ichashandiswa kunyanya makemikari indasitiri mbishi zvinhu nokuda mapurasitiki indasitiri, mushonga uye zvimwe yepamusoro zvigadzirwa. Vehicles, motokari, marori kana ndege kuchaita nokuda rehydrogen. Electric uye chafariz simba zvichabviswa yakabereka kubva nzira, renewable mabhuku akadai mhepo, zuva uye mvura. Tinogona chete kutarisira chii tine uye kumirira ramangwana.