Finnish upfumi: indasitiri mamiriro

Finland - BHAIBHERI zvachose muzvinhu zvose uye kushanda zvikuru zvikuru simba iri European Union. Uye ichi pasinei nokuti munyika ino yakadereresa nevanhu arambe achirema muna EU, nehasha kwazvo kutonhora kwekunze, madaro akareba pakati namagariro uye chinokosha kukamurwa zviwanikwa uye pakugadzira zvinhu. Kunyanya nokuti ichi, kuFinnish zvoupfumi kunzwa chinhu chaizvo zvakakomba zvichienderana kururama kwemashoko remunharaunda mutemo, iyo nguva achiongorora panguva nematambudziko chokuita kutsanya zvakakwana, unogona kunyange kutaura kukurumidza kuchembera kwevanhu uye pasi pose.

Huru vectors

Country Suomi vakasarudza nzira yakaoma, zvainanga pazvinangwa yenyika, nokusimbaradza makwikwi yakanaka international munhandare, uye kuvandudzika yacho zvakanaka zvose vomunyika zvakakwana. Kuti izvi zvidaro, upfumi Finnish nhasi nechinangwa kuvandudza kubudirira remunharaunda kukura, ndiko kuti vave nechokwadi kuti nharaunda nerimwe ehurumende akakwanisa zvakazara bongozozo mukana wavo zvakavanzika. Panyaya iyi, nyika anoteerera kuchirongwa kwete chete varombo nzvimbo, asiwo vamwe kumatunhu kuitira kuvandudza upfumi maitiro avo uye nemishonga kushandura panyika mudariro. Ndicho chinhu chinokosha nzvimbo kuitika nzira reFinnish Government.

nhoroondo mashoko

Nhoroondo kukura Finnish upfumi rine simba zvikuru uye akanaka. Kuti chete ndiyo Pasika makore 1960-1970, kana nhamba asvika kunonyanyisa nhamba yevanhu vakanga vaponerwa yepashure pehondo. Panguva ino akanga yokutama chinokosha rwekuita zera vakawanda munzvimbo okurima muna yaiona uye maindasitiri munzvimbo. Anotevera makumi maviri apfuura, Finnish zvoupfumi achiri kugadzikana uye zvakaenzana yakatanga. Hurumende anoda uvhure Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri pakuenzanisa dzakasiyana kuti azobatsira yunivhesiti maguta, mapurovhinzi uye makanzuru. In tsika, izvi zvakaguma pakusikwa dzinonzi kwesayenzi misha, vaiva analogues suschestvuschey zvino US nesilicon Valley - nzvimbo yakaungana akaiti zvido zvavo zvakanaka nyanzvi pasi pose. Uye izvozvo nzira ndiyo Finnish utungamiri zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti makambani akawanda vari nemaune kurapwa mumisha izvi kuitira kuti migumisiro yaidiwa nokuda kwavo kutsvakurudza uye kubudirira. Rimwe remasangano misha kwezvinhu ndiye Oulu, iro akakwanisa kupa kurudziro simba kuti kukura nharaunda.

matambudziko

Finnish upfumi rwakaona mumwe dambudziko muna 1990, yakanga vakabva anoteverwa chehupenyu kupora. Matambudziko ari pakusava kwakakonzerwa kuti paiva kunonoka kukura vanhu mabasa nemakore maindasitiri nzvimbo, izvo zvakazoita kuti chakakura blurring pakati miganhu vanonzi maindasitiri Finland. Izvi zvakapa akurumidze water drainage basa kubva kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva yemo nzvimbo munyika. Panyaya iyi, dzakapoteredza nzvimbo Helsinki akakura nokukurumidza uye Regional kusaenzanirana chete potihnonku kwakawedzera.

Muudzame, muna Uusimaa, Varsinais-Suomi, Pirkanmaa uye Ostrobothnia Pohoys nokuti nguva 1994-2000 kukura kwoupfumi pakati 6,5% apo nhamba emarudzi 5%. Zvisinei, Regional kusiyana chete hwakawedzera kuipa, uye kushaya mabasa akakura. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti muna 1990, ayo mwero aiva 3.2% munyika, uye muna 1995 - kare 15%.

Period 2000

Sotsorientirovannaya Finnish upfumi mumakore remakore rechi21 mangwanani vakatanga kuona zvishoma musiyano, asi vatungamiri uye laggards tichitarisa kukura nharaunda inoramba zvakafanana. The zvazvingava mwero upfumi kukura kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti zvoupfumi zviratidzi kunge dzichienderana uye akadzikama. Parallel iyi, zvave vamwe kuderera yokutama kwevanhu huru namagariro uye maindasitiri nzvimbo, Finns sezvo vazhinji tatarisana zvinonzi overpopulation: nemauto dzokusimukira mabasa vakatanga kuona kukosha kuzara, dzimba mitengo vave rakawedzera yekudyidzana uye vaiva mukuru chaizvo vazhinji.

izvi zvose zvine musoro zvakatungamirira kuti muitiro vanhu kutamira noruwa uye dzakati nevakabva Municipality kwakawedzera. Uyezve, 2012 kwaiva kuchinja zvimwe zvinhu, sezvo inofanira rutapudzo rwekuita zera vemo makore makore 15-64. Maererano nenyanzvi, kubudikidza 2025 nhamba yevanhu makore 64 kuchawedzera muruwa guru ne 80% zvichienzaniswa kuitika pamwero, uye Eastern Finland vanombova kuperevedza basa, izvo zvaizoitawo yekudyidzana kurambidza kugadzira zvekutepfenyura iri mberi kufambira mberi. Improvement tichitarisa uwandu vanhu kushanda zera chichachengetwa chete zvokutengeserana, tourism, mabhizimisi, uye utano.

zvinhu zvakanaka

Zvakanaka unhu dzekuchamhembe ndedzinotevera:

• The kubudirana pachena reFinnish upfumi.
• Political pakusimba.
• Zvikuru dzakabudirira kwezvivako.
• Rakavimbika foni enyika.
• The akakwana kusakarongeka pakati siyana yaivapo zvebhizimisi, tsvakurudzo, hwokugadzira nzvimbo uye mumayunivhesiti.
• Kumhanya kugadzira mishonga mitsva uye michina.
• A pamwero yakakwana dzidzo vemo.
• Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri okunze zvebhizimisi.

voruzhinji chikamu

emakambani State-anazvo inopa rakakura kukura nyika. Panguva kuma1990, yava zvabviswa emakambani yakadaro inotongwa nehurumende, akadai: Institute of Public Administration, mepu centre, rokubudisa uye vamwe vakawanda. Zvisinei ndavhiyiwa haasaruri privatization pamusoro:

• "Takura" (achinatsa uye nemakemikari).
• "Fortum" (simba zvekutepfenyura).
• "Outokumpu" (mukugadzira).
• "Valmet" (zvokuimba ouinjiniya).
• "Sampo" uye "Sponda" (mabasa zvemari, Real Estate).
• "Stora Enso" (matanda, kuveza uye pulp nebepa indasitiri).

Panguva 1990-2000. Privatization zvakaunzwa kuti hurumende muchivigiro mabhiriyoni 11 US emadhora.

indasitiri chaicho

Finland (munyika upfumi nhasi kunzwa nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva kukura achienzaniswa navamwe European Union) sezvo makuru sectors ane dondo, mashoko, foni, simbi, simba, muchina-building, zvokudya kubudiswa, kuvaka maindasitiri, uye utano hwakanaka, uye urongwa bhizimisi mabasa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti rokurima nemauto munguva 1940-1950 kwakaunza munyika dzinopfuura 25% chakakomba National chigadzirwa, uye mumazuva edu - 3%. Pakutanga nzvimbo akapukunyuka chipika, izvo zvinowanisa vanenge 60% of GNP. Kusvika 1980s, yakura zvishoma nezvishoma uye mugove indasitiri simba, asi nhasi mugove waro ndee pana kumativi 28%.

Recycling matanda

Masango - huru upfumi Finnish wehurumende. Pakati huru namatanda kubudiswa makambani kuoneka: UPM-Kymmene, Stora Enso uye Metsä Group. Nenzira, kambani nyika-anozivikanwa Nokia rave atanga ayo mabasa bhizimisi hwomukova pulp paguyo, uye chete pakutanga 1990 vakasarudza kutamira nokure foni.

Panguva 2007 10% zvachose nyika kunze kwenyika zvose dondo pulp nebepa zvigadzirwa vaiva Finland. Uye ekisipoti kukosha zvokudhinda bepa uye zvose zvakanga mumwe-cheshanu zvachose kunze kwenyika.

Simbi uye zvokuimba ouinjiniya

upfumi Finland ari chidimbu ichi chinomiririrwa zvakadai makambani sezvo:

• Sisu Auto - kugadzirwa mumarori uye motokari chaiwo kworutivi zvinodiwa mupomerwi indasitiri.
• Wärtsilä - unobereka injini zvakasiyana vachikwanisa midziyo, sikuruwa-mhando zvenhengo zvisimbiso, kuzvidzora hurongwa uye zvichingodaro.
• Wekman - Mugadziri simbi usina kukonekita.
• Hevosia - unobereka elevators, zvinofamba walkways, escalators uye mutakurwi anosimudza.
• Abloy - nyika akakurumbira akaigadzira nokukiya hurongwa, Vhudzi, mapurani Hardware, Vhudzi, kusanganisira electromechanical.
• Rautaruukki - akaigadzira simbi zvivako pakuvaka uye anokosha steels.
• Outokumpu - unobereka Stainless simbi.

Kunounzawo nouchapupu mari First Quantum zvicherwa mabasa wekambani, iyo mvumo uye mubasa kukura kupfuura kuFinland muvhu nickel yangu, iri Lapland. Kugadzirwa Mavhoriyamu vari kuwanda miriyoni 10 matani pagore pamusoro.

Pakazopera 2015, 121,000 vanhu vaivapowo ouinjiniya indasitiri. Panyaya kunze kwenyika, 2015 yaiva vaibudirira nokuti indasitiri. Zveminda kubva rokutengesa vakasvika mabhiriyoni 12,6 euros.

The simbi indasitiri iri nyanzvi kugadzirwa simbi. Zvichitevera migumisiro 2015 Finland rakanga riri 31 fung nzvimbo munyika tichitarisa zvachose Vhoriyamu uchanyangadika nesimbi (matani mamiriyoni 3.9). Steel Zvigayo zvachose kufukidza zvinodiwa zvose simbi womukati mamiriro kumusika.

mushonga indasitiri

Rakava rechitatu paumbwe kuFinland GDP. kwemakemikari zvigadzirwa riri panenge chete pamwero munyika kwemakore akawanda, nokuda kuvapo simba chaizvo kudiwa, kwete chete pamisika vatorwa, asiwo mumhuri.

About 60% vose kwemakemikari zvigadzirwa yaitengeswa European Union uye Eastern Europe. Finland kuti upfumi nhasi zvikuru chikwereti chacho budiriro titans akadaro nemakemikari indasitiri, akadai:

• "Kemira" - boka, kushandisa pagadzirwe mishonga, fetiraiza, pendi, lacquers, Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, adhesives. Hazvina Zirume ichi ndicho chete munyika akaigadzira seti yakakwana kumusoro-mugiredhi makemikari kuti bleaching bepa pulp. Ndirwowo mutungamiri nyika iri kugadzirwa formic acid.
• "Kemira Vachikura sei" - sezvo huru vectors boka basa akasarudza kugadzirwa fetiraiza uye mhuka zvokudya.
• "Tikkurila" - makuru muTestamende World akaigadzira maindasitiri, kuvakwa uye neimba pendi. Kuwedzera mabhizimisi iri zvakananga Finland, ari Group ane mafekitari yaro Latvia, Poland, Estonia, Netherlands, Italy, England uye Russia.

Zviya, vanenge 40% vose vashandi indasitiri munyaya kubudiswa mapurasitiki. Kudeuka polymer vaburitsi vari: "Borealis" Polimers Oy "," Dina Chemicals ".

FOOD Industry

upfumi kuFinland, vari muchidimbu munyaya ino, muzvinhu zvakawanda zvinoenderana chikafu indasitiri, izvo, panzira, ndiyo achikurumidza kugumbuka aitambura tide kutsiva zvirango kubudikidza Russian Federation, akatanga August 2014. Zvikurukuru, Valio kambani kushandisa kugadzirwa nomukaka zvigadzirwa, akaita rwoga ayo kugadzirwa mitsetse, izvo nezvezvaiitwawo Implementation ose pamusika wokuRussia.

Imwe vaitungamirira emakambani yaigadzira zvokudya muFinland ndiyo kambani Fazer - akakurumbira chokoreti mugadziri. The guru Vhoriyamu kofi zvinoberekwa Paulig Group.

Mumunda doro Kugadzirwa makambani Mhedziso vatungamiriri Sinebrychoff (uchishanda kubva 1819) uye Hartwall.

Electronic uye magetsi ouinjiniya

bazi iri nyika kunosanganisira kusunungurwa magetsi, foni, zvokurapa zvokushandisa, uye anonzi Wekumusoro yepamusorosoro kwemauto hwenyika yose Finland. Kudeuka zvezvinotaurwa vaburitsi vari: "ABB", "Nokia", "Ensto Finland Oy" uye "Vaisala".

Muna 2015, indasitiri kwakaunza kuna Finnish bhajeti mabhiriyoni 6.6 euros, inova 3% isingasviki mufananidzo 2014. Panguva iyoyo vari mabhizimisi zvose bhora ichi 40 500 vanhu vanoshanda. Kana bhuku kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa uye magetsi zvinhu, zvino ari Finland ipfupi. Izvi imhaka yokuti nyika ine yakakwirira chaizvo pamwero kugadzirwa mari, uye saka ruzhinji Finnish kambani akabudisa vamwe vavo inogadzirwa mitsetse kunze hurumende kuitira kudzikamisa profitability uye makwikwi okuwana.

shipbuilding

Kugadzirwa ngarava uye zvomumvura midziyo - ndiye anongoda hwaro munzvimbo dzakadai upfumi Finland. Muchidimbu, indasitiri iyi anonzi Wekumusoro yepamusorosoro mabhora ose indasitiri. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti Finnish pamusika munyika 1% of kugadzirwa nyika zvachose ngarava, liners, ferries, ice-vaputsi. Bazi akapa zviuru 20 mabasa. Nhasi muFinland shipyards nomwe akavaka, remasangano riri muna Turku, uye unyanzvi pakuvaka mutakurwi rwendo ngarava.

supervisory maitiro

Munyaya reFinnish neHurumende kwakavakirwa mamiriro mitemo hwenyika. Finland, wenguva nhengo European Union, chaizvo akanyatsokopwa sezvarayirwa zvose zviripo mitemo uye mirayiro yacho European Commission, iyo, zvisinei, haugari kukanganisa zvakanaka pamusoro Finnish bhizimisi. Somuenzaniso, Directive pamusoro zvinoderedza kabhoni gasi choutsi kwakaita kuti zvinokosha reductions ari dzakabudirira nokuda kuwedzera mari uchishandisa emakambani ari Implementation dzaro zvaanoda.

Economy muFinland (mitero izvo, sezvinei, zvakakwirira zvikuru uye kunogona kusvika makumi mana kubva muzana vanhu voga vanhu) achabatsirwa basa zvakajeka mutemo pamusoro mutengi dziviriro, iyo rakachinjwa muna 2013. Uyezve, mabasa zvinobudirira mutemo antitrust, izvo zvinozoita iri nokudzorwa vakawanda pfungwa pamutemo mabasa.

logistics mutungamiri

«Posti Finland Economy» (Posti Finland Economy) - chikuru Finnish kambani kushandisa kubudiswa uye kutumira munhu-siyana zvinhu zvakakosha. kambani iyi unoshanda pavanoparidza mutakuri Yanwen. Kutanga kubva March 25, 2015 «Posti Finland Economy" zvirimo mazita varumbidzwa nzira yokununura rimwe inonyanya kufarirwa kunotenga munzvimbo Aliexpress. Panzvimbo anokurudzira kukurukura nzira kuti kutumira netsapo zvishoma pane $ 7. Achibatsirwa «Posti Finland Economy" akatenga zvinhu Tracking rinopfuura zvikuru nokukurumidza uye zvakajeka. Mutekenyi ane zvikuru ramified richikurukura zvinhu zvavo pachavo, izvo vatengi achaiswa vakashumira anenge pakarepo uye panguva iyoyo yepamusoro. Uyewo, "upfumi romukova kuFinland" anopa vatengi ayo (zvose private ezvokutengeserana) vazhinji mabasa online, tinyatsoziva kuti muudzame pamusoro pamutemo Website wekambani.

Banking uye inishuwarenzi

Muna January 1, 2015, 291 sangano zvemari rave vakanyorwa muFinland. 279 - ndivo mabhanga, 11 - mari mari, vaviri vari yemagetsi (muna 2014 nokuda kuchinja mitemo yavo voga ari oga yakatetepa bhendi).

Kudeuka bhengi Finland - OP-Pohjola Group, iyo ine mapazi 450 uye anoshandisa 12.3 zviuru vanhu. Munzvimbo yechipiri mubhengi inonzi Nordea Pankki Finland Plc nokuwanda vashandi 7.4 zviuru vanhu.

The chikuru Chikamu yose mamiriro mari ichaita vari kushandiswa uye zvokutengeserana mabhanga. Sezvineiwo, Finland - unequivocal mutungamiri Northern Europe iri nhamba vagari por rimwe sangano zvemari. Nhamba iyi yakaenzana zviuru 15 vanhu pamusoro rwezvemabhengi chikwata.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti zvakakwana kunaka kuitika mune zvoupfumi nemauto zvakakonzera vasanyanye kukosha yesangano rose rwezvemabhengi zvekutepfenyura. The zvachose Vhoriyamu kuFinland zvemari masangano January 1, 2016 semutongo zvishoma kupfuura mabhiriyoni 684 euros, riri anenge 3% shoma pane muna 2015. kuderera Izvi zvakaitika nekuti bhuku anomukweretesa yakaderera nezvikamu anokwereta dzakawanda dzeEurope.

mhedziso

To musi, Finland, Russia (upfumi hwavo zvino kuona haisi yakanakisisa nguva) - nyika, achitsvaka zvakanaka uye nokukurumidza restart ukama hwavo tikafunga kuramba zvirango zvavo. Vatungamiriri vaviri marudzi anonyatsoziva kuti upenyu hazvirevi mira uye vanofanira kukurumidza zvinoenderana matambudziko edu chava chinorwadza.