Folk culture. Russian tsika tsika. Folk tsika netsika

Zvese marudzi ose ane nhaka yake. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinyorwa zvekutsvaga kwayo ndedze tsika dzevanhu (folklore). Uyezve munyaya iyo tichakurukura pfungwa iyi muchidimbu, kuenzanisa nayo nemazuva ano maitiro.

General information

Munhoroondo yerudzi rumwe norumwe kune vanhu vose uye tsika tsika. Izvozvo ndezvimwe zvemazuva ano. Chimiro chetsika dzakakurumbira: kambani yevechidiki inoimba nziyo dzomumwe mutambi akakurumbira, achifamba mumigwagwa. Imwe mhuka ine misiyano yakakura. Rudzi rwemitauro inosanganisira kudzidza zvinyorwa pamusoro pevanhu vemhemberero kana mifananidzo, nhoroondo uye mamwe mabasa. Kana tikaramba tichibva pane izvi, zvinova pachena kuti munyaya yekutanga isu tiri kutarisana nemanhasi anhasi. A folklore - Mhando yevanhu - inotsanangura hupenyu hwezana remakore rapfuura. Mhando dzose dzemitambo dzakasikwa kare kare uye nhasi dzinofananidzwa sezvakaitika kare. Chikamu chiduku chemabasa emazana emakore adarika chave chikamu chinokosha chemazuva ano.

Degrees of development

Pane mazinga maviri evanhu tsika - yakakwirira uye yakadzika. Yokutanga inosanganisira nhau, nhoroondo, dhani yekare, epic, nezvimwe. Kuderedzwa kunoonekwa sekuratidzwa kwepik tsika. Chaizvoizvo, mabasa ayo akatiwana kwatiri kubva pakadzika kwemazana emakore, vane mazita asina kufanira. Nhau, epikisi, mitambo, nziyo, nhema uye nhoroondo ndezvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru mabasa. Havana chinhu chekuita nehukuru hwekuona. Zvinowanzogamuchirwa izvo Mhando yevanhu yakasvika kunyika yanhasi kubva pamazuva ekare. Nyaya yaro ndeye nyika yose. Hapana vakasika vakasiyana uye vadzidzisi vezvidzidzo, avo vanokoshesa zvakasiyana. Tsika dzakadaro chikamu chevanhu nzira yehupenyu uye basa. Izvo zvose mabasa aive nhaka nhaka mumuromo uye aive nemaitiro akawanda. Kuberekwa kwevanhu tsika kunogona kuva munhu (iyi inyaya, nhoroondo), mashoma (chivako), boka (kutamba danho kana kuimba rwiyo).

Vateereri

Nzanga yakagara ichiratidza kufarira kune tsika dzevanhu, naizvozvo inowanzoitika mumabhizimisi nemaitiro evanhu. Zvisinei, mune imwe nzvimbo inoshandiswa-mafashoni, mamiriro acho akasiyana zvakasiyana. Kana tikataura nezvekusiyana pakati pevanhu uye tsika dzakakwirira, dzinofanana nedzinza uye dzenyika dzakasiyana. Chii chakasiyana? Nyika uye yakakwirira tsika inoparadzirwa chete nekunyora. Panguva imwecheteyo, nyika uye madzinza - mune zvakasiyana (muromo, zvakanyorwa nevamwe). Elite tsika inosimbiswa nehuwandu hwevanhu, uye dzinza - nevasati vadzidza. Munguva ichangopfuura, vateereri vemazuva ano vaifarira tsika dzevanhu netsika.

Aesthetic chikamu

Chii ichocho? Rudzi rwemhando yehutano hunosanganisira pakuti munhu ane tenzi, nekuda kwekukwanisa kwake kuisa pfungwa pane chimwe chinhu, uyewo kuti aite zvose zviri muchidimbu chinoreva, anogona kuratidza zvose izvi sechimbo, dhani kana ndima. Pamusana peizvi, kufungidzira kwemashoko emunhu mumwechete uye sangano rose. Tsika tsika inogona kukwezva vazhinji vevanhu. Izvo zvose mabasa anosimbiswa zvose nevanyanzvi uye nevanonyanya kufarira. Zvose zvinoshandiswa, nziyo, nhetembo dzinofanirwa kutarisirwa, dzinotora nhaka uye dzinova unyanzvi. Munhu anoziva kubudisa pfungwa dzake muvhesi, rwiyo kana dhani akapfuma mumweya, ane mwoyo wakazaruka uye anonyatsotaura zvaanoona. Kutenda kuvanyori vakadaro, vanhu vegore negore vaine mukana wekugadzirisa nyika yavo yepakati, kuzadza kusakwana kwemweya.

Russian tsika tsika

Ichi chiitiko chinodzidzwa nevakawanda sciences. Chirango chimwe nechimwe chine maonero azvo panyaya uye nzira dzayo dzekutsvakurudza. Izwi rekuvandudzwa kwemashoko rakakura chaizvo zvokuti masayendisiti haaine nguva yekuitevera uye anoiziva iyo yekugadzira zvesayenzi uye ruzivo rwemunhu oga. Nhaka yevanhu tsika tsika iri kukura zuva rimwe nerimwe. Muchiitiko ichi, chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinoreva nzvimbo yepamusoro, umo zvinoreva nyika yose zvakachengetwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chirango chimwe nechimwe chinomiririra ruzivo rwavo sehuwandu hwakanyanya mumunda wekukosha kwemweya: folkloristics, kutsoropodza, kunyorwa kwezvakaitika - kubvira pane zvinyorwa kusvika kumhanzi uye zvivakwa. Munhu wose anofarira vanhu vechiRussia tsika vanoziva nezvekubudirira kwemadzitateguru akanyorwa, sezvo ose anonzwika, anoverengwa uye anoenzanisirwa pakuona vanhu. Nhamba yavo uye kusina maturo zvinotaura nezvekuberekwa kwezvinhu zvevanhu. Uye muzviratidzo pamusoro pekushanda kwavo vasingatyi kuti vakava nyanzvi yemutauro weRussia, chimiro chechimiro chevanhu veRussia chakaratidzwa.

Kunzwisisa

Kune maonero akasiyana pamusoro peshoko rokuti "tsika dzevanhu". Pasi pane maonero makuru ekuona:

• Chiedza chezvikamu zvepasi zvevanhu;
• Chiedza che "vanhu vasina kudzidza" sangano;
• Tsika, iyo yakasikwa nevakuru, asi "yakaderedzwa" pasi.

Tsanangudzo dzakadaro dzinoita chinangwa chekuziva kana painoonekwa mune imwe ndima yezvakaitika kare.

Tsika dzevanhu vemazuva ano

Yakaumbwa pamusoro pekunzwisisa kwechitendero. Yakanga isiri nheyo yezvokunamata zvakanyanya sezvinokosha muupenyu hwemweya. Vagari vomunharaunda vakanga vane zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakabvumirwa kunzwisisa uye nekuona nyika, vakabatsira kunzwisisa maonero ehupenyu uye asingakwanisi. Maererano nemafungiro evanyori vakawanda, munhu anogona kuisa pfungwa dze "chitendero" uye "tsika dzevanhu" pane imwe nhanho. Kubudirira kwehupenyu hwekunamata kune chinhu chinokosha chekufambira mberi kwevanhu munzanga munguva dzeMiddle Ages. Panguva imwe chete muEurope, nhamba yemaguta irikukura nokukurumidza. Vanhu vakazvigadziriswa vakagadziriswa: vashandi, madzishe emapfumo, avo vaida kuchinja hupenyu hwavo. Pakanga pane marudzi matsva emabasa: chikwata, kutengeserana.

Annals

Nechikoro chekudzidzira muRussia munguva yekare zvakanga zvisina kunaka kwazvo. Zvadaro pakanga pasina kuvimba kwesaiti "yechihedheni" yesayenzi. Panguva imwecheteyo, paiva nenhamba dzezvinyanya kuzivikanwa. Pakati pavo kunokosha kuongorora iconography, masangano echechi, kuimba mutsara uye chinyorwa. Mutori wenhau weRussia aigona kuudza vanhu vepanguva yake zvese zvinoreva nhoroondo, iye aiva nhoroondo yezvakaitika kare, nyanzvi uye munyori wenhau. "Dzidziso" dzakadai, "mazwi" dzaive dzakakurumbira. Panguva iyoyo yekutanga mitsara yakanyorwa yakanyorwa yakasikwa. Vanhu vechiRussia tsika vaiva nezvinhu zvose zveEurope. Uye gare gare zvakanga zvisingambovi nemusiyano kubva munhoroondo yevaKristu.

The Religion

Chitendero chakakurumbira muRussia chaiva nemazita maviri muchechi uye masayendisiti akanyorwa muzana remakore rechi19. Vakatsanangura maitiro avo sechinhu chekutanga chedziso yevaKristu uye zvitendero "zvechihedheni". Zita rokutanga raiva rakadai - "unhu", wechipiri - "Orthodoxy yezuva nezuva." Yokutanga inoshandiswa mukushandiswa kwesayenzi uye munyika yemazuva ano, inonzwisiswa neasayendisiti zvakafanana. Nenzira chaiyo, izwi iri rinofanira kunzwisiswa sekusanganiswa kwezvitendero zviviri muchitendero chakakurumbira. Mune zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvekutenda kwevaSlav veEast (uyewo veRussia), chido chikuru chevanhu vanoona nezvemazuva ano chinotarirwa kune "zviitiko zvechihedheni," kuvakwa kwemaarchaic mararamiro nekududzira. MuMiddle Ages muRussia uye kumavirazuva, pakanga paine kupesana pakati pechechi yekuziva kwevakawanda uye bhuku remitauro yevanhu vashomanana. Unyanzvi hweRussia uyo aida kuva nemutauro wechiGiriki, akaidzidza kunyange pasi pePrince Yaroslav Wuchenjeri: muKiev kwaiva nevashanduri vavo. Ikoko kwaiva nekubatana pakati peMiddle East nzvimbo dzevaKristu neRussia, uye nekufamba kwenguva, pasinei nezviitiko zvose, zvakanga zvisingachagadziriswi.

Meaning

Kuumbwa kwetsika dzakanaka kwakaitika sei? Misa tsika ndeye chigadzirwa chemweya cheunyanzvi, iyo inoshandiswa mukuparadzirwa kukuru. Yakagadzirirwa vateereri vazhinji, kune vakawanda vatarisi. Iyo yakakosha zvikuru ndeyokuti yakagadzirirwa kwete kungofadza vanhu vazhinji, asiwo kuwedzera mafungiro avo. Mhando yevanhu , mienzaniso yeiyo inopiwa pamusoro, inonyanya kukosha munzanga yanhasi. Kusvika iye zvino, kune vanhu vashomanana vasina kufarira nhaka yemweya yemadzitateguru avo. Vanhu vemaitiro vanogona kuzivikanwa zvakakwana nemunhu wese wezera chero ripi zvaro uye chero ruzivo rwedzidzo. Chinonyanya kukosha chacho chiri nyore (magwaro, kufamba, inzwi rinonzwisisika nevanhu). Tsika ndeyevanhu vane manzwiro emuviri.

Kukura kwemweya

Chero tsika ipi inotaridzirwa nenzira yakasimba uye yakasimba. Zvechokwadi, kubudirira mune zvemweya hazvisi izvo. Kuumbwa kwetsika chinhu chinotowedzera zvakaoma. Statics inotarisira kukurudzira munzvimbo. Chirango chinotsvaga chimiro chetsika, morphology uye chimiro. Ichi ndicho chidzidzo chechinyorwa chekuita. Tsika inosarudzwawo seyomweya, yepanyama, yehupenzi uye yekugadzira. Ngatitorei zvakanyatsoona zvemweya. Inobva pane basa rokusika iro rinoratidzwa muchimiro chechimiro uye rinogutsa zvido zvechipiri zvevanhu. Chimiro chemuitiro wemweya chinosanganisira: zvitendero (zvitendero, machechi emazuva ano), tsika, mutemo (mutemo, sarudzo), zvematongerwo enyika (maonero), dzidziso (zvinoda kurera vana), nyanzvi (nhoroondo, filosofi, sayenzi). Zvakakosha kuziva kuti zvinhu zvemashoko aya ndezvenyuziyamu, masayenzi, mabhuku, makamera, masangano ezvidzidzo, dzimba dzekambani, matare.