Gender identity chii?

Unhu hunogona kuonekwa sekubatanidzwa kwemarudzi ose evanhu, maitiro anokosha evanhu anoratidza munhu senhengo yevanhu uye anoratidza unhu hwake. Parizvino, munhu wepakati pekutanga anotanga kuvhiringidzika maererano nekutenda kuti hutano hunhu hunongoratidzira zvepabonde chete, uye kana hwakasiyana nehuwandu hunogamuchirwa, zvirokwazvo huri pasi pekugadziriswa. Ichokwadi, zvinhu zvose zvakanyanya kuoma, uye vanhu vazhinji vanoshamiswa kuwana mukati mavo zvinhu zvepasinei nehutano, vachiziva izvi zvakazara zvachose.

Kusarudza uhu hunhu hwomunhu

Chokutanga pane zvose, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti hutano hahusi hupombwe, asi hutsika hunoenderana nehutano kuzvisarudzira. Nokudaro, hutano huzivikanwa hunonzi murume nemukadzi, uye hutano, maererano, varume nevakadzi. Kusava nechokwadi mune zvepabonde hakupo: zvinoratidzwa nezviratidzo zvepanyama, mararamiro echromosomes uye mararamiro anowirirana nawo, asi huzivi hwehutano hunhu husina kusungirirwa kune zviratidzo zvehupenyu.

Kana kukakavhiringidza zviri nyore, ihwo hutano huri kukonzerwa nekushandiswa kwe "vakadzi chaivo" uye "varume chaivo". Maererano nemafungiro akaenzana akafananidzwa, mumiriri wehutano hwega wega wega anofanirwa kusangana nemafungiro akanaka evanhu pamusoro pega. Mukadzi anosungirwa kuva asina kusimba, akanaka, kuita zvepabonde, kuva nehanya nekurerwa kwevana nekuchengetwa kweimba, uye murume anowanzofananidzirwa somunhu anopa simba, anopa simba, murwi uye kunyange munyoro, kuvapo kwe "kuratidzika" chitarisiko kunotarisirwa. Iko kunzwisisika kupi kwehutano kunobva kune mumwe nomumwe munhu?

Congenital kana kuwanikwa?

Vatsigiri vedzidziso ye "biology sekuguma" vanomiririra pamusoro pekuzvarwa kwezvinhu zvose zvinodiwa zvepabonde mumwana wese. Chero kusvibiswa kubva pamuenzaniso kunoratidzika sekusvibiswa kana chirwere. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukurudzirwa kwehutano hunoenderana nevevanhu, uye kunyange kana mwana akakurira chete mumhuri, anoona mufambiro wakakodzera wevabereki nevamwe vehama.

Kana vabereki vakaodzwa mwoyo kuti mwana wepabonde rakaipa akaberekwa, pangave neine chidimbu chekuda "kubvisa" vana pasi pomufananidzo wakaitwa mukurota. Mhosva dzakadaro hadzizivikanwi chete muzvinyorwa, asiwo muupenyu chaihwo. Kuumbwa kwehutano hunowanikwa pasi pekumanikidzwa, uye kazhinji vasikana vanokurudzirwa sevakomana kupfuura vice versa. Munzvimbo dzakawanda izvi zvinokonzerwa nemafungiro aripo munharaunda yedu kuti murume chaiye anofanira kunge ane mwanakomana. Kushaiwa kwemwana wepabonde rakarurama kunokonzera baba naamai kuti vaite zvishoma, kugadzirisa "vana vakakundikana" kune imwe nzira yekufungidzira.

Ucheche kuburikidza ne lens yevakadzi

Mukuvamba, vana vacheche havazivi kana zvepabonde kana zvepabonde vanozivikanwa, asi vanongopedza kusiyana kwevarume nevasikana kwemakore maviri chete. Kuwanikwa kamwe kamwe ndiko kuvepo kana kusavapo kwepenisi. Zvadaro zvinotevera tsanangudzo yemubereki, nei sketi nemiseve zvinogona kupfekedzwa chete, kana chirume chisina kudaro, asi kutamba nemichina yekudhinda uye pisitori, kana pane imwe. Hazvina mubvunzo, kuzivikanwa kwehutano hwemwana nguva dzose kunobva pane zviratidzo zvekubvumirwa kana kugadziriswa kwakagamuchirwa kubva kunze, yakagadzirirwa pazinga risingazivikanwi. Iko kunocherechedza kuti ikozvino muchechi yevana vana vanoparadzanisa kusungirirwa kwevamwe vezera uye kunyange matoyi dzimwe nguva vasarudzwa maererano nezvinodiwa zvavo, asi maererano nehutano hwekururamisa kune zvepabonde.

Sei, saka, chimiro chevechidiki chevechiri kuyaruka chinotanga ku "kutadza"? Age pubertal inoratidzirwa kwete chete nekushandurwa kwakajeka mumuviri. Anoshingaira kuzvitsvakira, kuumbwa kwomumwe munhu kunotanga, uye izvi zvinoda kumubvunza mibvunzo yepamutemo. Mashoko anonyadzisa "iwe uri musikana" kana "iwe uri mukomana", iyo inoda humwe hutano hwevakadzi, inokonzera kushorwa kwepamutemo. Nokuda kwekururamisira, zvakakosha kuziva kuti vabereki mune chido chavo chokukura mwana "akakodzera" chero ipi zvayo, vanoratidzira kunyanyisa. Semuenzaniso, vanorambidza mwanakomana wavo kutamba kana kutamba mimhanzi, vachifunga izvi kuti zvisizvo zvisingaiti mural.

Mhando dzehutano huzivi

Maererano nemaitiro ehupenyu, vanhu vakakamurwa zvakakwana mumadzimai maviri - varume nevakadzi. Kwose kukanganisa munharaunda iyi kunokonzerwa nekusava nemuviri. Kune imwe nzvimbo, izvi zvinogona kugadziriswa nemazuva ano ekurapa. Zvakare, maitiro evanhu uye tsika chete anotanga izvo zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nenyika uye tsika dzomunharaunda. Iyo inonzi "yechitatu yepabonde" - inonzi hermaphrodites (nehupo hwehutano hwehupombwe hunhu hwemurume nomukadzi) uye vanhu vane unhu hwemhando dzisiri dzomunhu mumwe chete, zvinotenderwa zviri pamutemo munyika gumi: Canada, Australia, Great Britain, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekudzivirira Germany, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, India, Nepal uye Bangladesh. Kune dzimwe nyika shomanana dzinocherechedza kuvapo kwepabonde rechitatu semutsika, asi kubva pamutemo wekuona iyi ihumwe mararamiro ehusiku hwehupenyu, pavanosarudza kusaisa pfungwa.

Pakutanga, kwaive nemhando mbiri dzechikadzi: varume, vanhukadzi, uye vakadzi, maererano nevakadzikadzi. Inotaridzika munguva ichangopfuura ichangopfuura, rudzi rwemagariro ehurumende nderumwe rudzi rwe "arithmetic average" pakati pezvinyorwa zviviri zvevakadzi. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu uye vezvemagariro evanhu vanosiyanisawo biegender, transgender, gender-queer uye mumiriri mune mamwe mapoka. Zvichida chiri chido chekusimudzira chigadzirwa chechigarire pakupera kwavo zvachose uye kunounza kuvhiringidza kwepabonde kune mhedziso isingagoneki. Muhupenyu hwakafanana, pane mazita mashomanana asingatauri.

Masculinity

Mumiriri wehutano uhu hunosanganiswa nemamiriro ehudziro evanhu uye kuzadzikiswa kwechimiro chechimiro chevanhu, uyewo mararamiro akafanana emunhu, tsika, zvinodhaka uye mufambiro. Mukuwedzera kune zvakanakira maitiro, chimiro chemasimba kune urombo, chido chekudya. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana mukomana ari kuchema kuti ave "murume", zvinoreva chidimbu chekufananidza nemuenzaniso maererano nevarume vasingachemi, nokuti iyi ndeye ropafadzo yevakadzi.

Femininity

Vakadzi vechikadzi chimiro chakasiyana nemurume, kusanganiswa kwechikadzi chechikadzi uye chechikadzi chinzvimbo chevanhu, kusanganisira zvimwe zvakanaka "zvevakadzi" maitiro, tsika uye mafungiro. Zvinonakidza, munzanga, kuburikidza nehutachiona hwechikadzi, zvinhu zvose zvinonzwisisika, kutanga nemuvara wevana.

Kana mukomana akapfeka mazhenje emicheka, chikamu chinokosha chevakuru chinogona kumupikisa nemusikana, kana kuti kana vabereki vachida kumutsa musikana kubva kwaari. Chiratidzo chekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi chikafu kana mavara anofanana nevakadzikadzi. Kodzero yekupfekedza shati yakajeka mumurume wemaruva murume achafanirwa kuratidza fist. Nenzira yakanaka, fashoni nguva nenguva inomirira kushivirira zvakakwana uye kuparadzwa kwezvipingamupinyi zvepabonde mukusarudzwa kwezvokupfeka.

Androgyny

Zvinonakidza kuti mukati mazvo uyerogyny yaivepo nguva dzose, asi yaifungidzirwa sechinhu chinokanganisa, sekunge ichi chiitiko chehutano chiziviso chinangwa chakaipa che androgyne kunyengera avo vakavapoteredza. Nenzira yakawanda, androgyny inotsigira zviratidzo zvinoratidzika - kana munhu asina chirevo chechimiro kana chikadzi, zvakaoma kuziva pakutanga pakutanga, musikana ari mberi kwako kana jaya. Iyo yakafukidzika inowedzera nezvipfeko mumutauro we "unisex" uye maitiro akafanana.

Muenzaniso wakazonaka ndiBraun, heroine kubva munyaya yehama dzeStrugatsky, "The Hotel of the Dead Mountaineer", iyo yakaratidzwa se "mwana wekupedzisira hama de Barnstockra". Maitiro uye maitiro Akaitwa Brun haana kubvumira kuti aone kuti rudzi rwechirwere ichi chisikwa chii, saka vakanyora pamusoro paro nenzira yepakati, kusvikira zvava pachena kuti uyu ndiye musikana.

Gender uye zvepabonde

Kusiyana nekusaziva kwakapararira, pfungwa yehutano chizivo haina kukwana zvachose nekuita zvepabonde. Mune mamwe mazwi, murume wechikadzi haasati aine hutsinye hunenge huri hupombwe, uye mupfuri wemuviri mutsvuku mushure mekukanganiswa hakuratidzi maitiro emabonde.

Pfungwa yehutano inobatanidza kunyanya nemafambiro uye maitiro evanhu uye zvinongonyatsoenderana nehutano. Nokudaro, kuedza kurega "kusaita zvepabonde zvisina kunaka" nekushandisa kushungurudza pane zvinoonekwa zvehutano chikonzero hakuuyise chero mhinduro. Panguva imwecheteyo, hatifaniri kukanganisa kubvira kwemaitiro akaoma ekunze kwezvinhu pamusoro pekukurudzirwa kwepabonde. Vanoona nezvekuita zvepabonde vanopikisa kuti maitiro anokonzera zvishoma nezvishoma, munhu mumwe nomumwe anoenda nenzira yakasiyana yekuva munhu, kusanganisira zvido zvekuda.

Ndivanaani vanonzi biganders uye transgender vanhu

Kubatana kunogona kuonekwa seimwe yemhando dzakasiyana dzekukunda kushivirira kwevakadzi mune mutungamiriri wega wega. Kana munhu achitora mamwe maitiro evanhu, asingatongorasipo kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwezvakaitika, tinowana unhu hwakakwana uye hunogutsikana. Mumakakatanwa ehutano unozivikanwa / hutano hwemagariro mumagagers, kushanda uye unyanzvi yekushandiswa kwematarenda uye zvido zvido. Murume anogona kutora chikamu chevanhukadzi, kwete kuzviverenga semunhu akabatwa nemamiriro ezvinhu, mukadzi anoshandawo zvakanaka nechinzvimbo chemurume. Munyika yemazuva ano, hutachiona hwemadzimai hwakangodaro huripo, bhuku re "mammoth hunt" riri kuwedzera kuchinja kubva mubasa remuviri kuenda kumabasa ekufunga, uye muwani ane unyanzvi haasi iye muridzi wemasumbu uye testosterone yakawandisa, asi munhu ane uwandu hwehuchenjeri. Kuita zvepabonde kwekutora munyaya iyi hazvina basa.

Imwe nyaya, kana kune kudarika, ndiko kukanganisa pakati pezvakagadzirwa nehupenyu uye zvepabonde. Kana kukakavadzana nenzira yakareruka, ipapo transgender inogona kunzi murume anofarira hupenyu hwevakadzi, kusanganisira zvimwe zvinhu zvinoonekwa. Kana iye achinzwa semukadzi "kumapfupa", uye muviri wenyama haufananidzi kuzvitonga, saka ndezvekuita zvepabonde. Muchirevo chepabonde, uyu haasi munhu. Munhu anofunga semukadzi, anonzwa uye anonzwisisa nyika uye iye oga kubva munzvimbo yevakadzi. Kusapindirana kwepabonde rehupenyu kunokurudzirwa kuti iruramiswe nekuchinja kwe transgender. Zvisinei, havasi vanhu vose vakatsiva zvepabonde rehupenyu vanofunga kuti ivo vanoita zvepabonde. Iyi ndiyo mamiriro ezvinhu anovhiringidzika, umo mune zvakawanda zvinogadziriswa.

Kuita zvepabonde sechinhu chinokonzera kugadzirisa dysphoria

Kana kuumbwa kwehutano huzivikanwe kwakaitika nekusaziva mune zvigadzirwa zvepanyama, izvi zvinonzi gender dysphoria. Izwi iri rinosanganisira matambudziko ose ekuzivikanwa kwepabonde, ayo akanyorwa muInternational Classification of Diseases, inenge kubva muna 2018 (ICD 11), anodzingwa kubva kune chikamu chekurwara kwepfungwa kusvika kune chikamu chepabonde. Ichi chiitiko chinogona kunge chisingafungi uye chakadzika, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekurambwa kwehupenyu hwepabonde.

Nyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika uye vanoona nezvepabonde vanoti hutano hwepabonde hunogona kukonesa hutachiona hwechirwere chepabonde, kunyanya kana huri kuitirwa mwana kana mwana wechidiki. Semuenzaniso, machismo, sechimiro chakasimba uye chinorwadza chemufananidzi wevarume, inogona kuratidzira frank misogyny - pfungwa yokuti zvinhu zvose zvinoitwa nevakadzi zvinokuvadza zvinoparidzirwa munzvimbo inopoteredza. Kuve mukadzi inonyadzisa, uye kuva mukadzi zvakatoipisisa. Zvekuita zvepabonde zvinotaura zvinogona kutungamirira mwana kune chinyorwa chinokosha: "Handidi kuva chinhu chinozvidzwa, kuva munhu akakwana, kunyara pamusoro pemudzimai". Izvozvi zvinoshanda kune zvakasiyana-siyana: kana nzvimbo yemukomana inotungamirirwa nehuwandu hwemhando dzevanhu, anonyatsoziva kuti anotanga kuva we "ropafadzo" yevanhu. Kuita zvepabonde kwepanyama kunopesana neizvi, kukurudzirwa kwepabonde chirwere chekuziva chiri kukura.

Kusiyana nekusagadzikana kwevateveri vemasikirwo emadzitateguru evanhu, kushivirira kwepabonde hakurevi kumhirizhonga uye kurasikirwa kwemagariro evanhu uye tsika. Kusiyana neizvi, kusavapo kwekuita zvepabonde zvepabonde nekudzvinyirira kunoderedza kukanganisa munharaunda, kunoderedza mukana wekuita dysphoria nekusimudzira kukura kwemunhu mumwe nomumwe.