Hafnium: kushanda uye zvivako

Aiziva nyaya ino chichabatsira muverengi kuti uzive zvinhu hafnium (namakemikari chaikosha), kushandiswa iro zvikuru kushandiswa murume munzvimbo zhinji kwayakaita. Uyewo kuonekwa ehupfumi pamusoro zvemakemikari omuviri hunhu zvinhu, nzira kugadzirwa uye kuvapo panyika, ichakurukurwa nezvenhoroondo pfupi iri kuwanikwa maatomu akafanana izvi.

Chii hafnium

Hafnium - makemikari chinhu periodic table. Mudura boka rechina, yechitanhatu nguva, maatomu nhamba iri-manomwe navaviri. Zvinoreva mhando nyore zvinhu, aine arambe achirema uye yakakwirira utsotso pfungwa, ruvara, silvery-chena simbi. Hafnium anogona kuvapo ari okunatsiridza maviri. Achifuridzirwa tembiricha vanenge 2016 Kelvin mhando hexagonal yekamuri, wakati ndavhiyiwa allotropic kuchinja ive nehurumende muviri zvakatinakira cubic yekamuri chimiro, panguva nzvimbo tembiricha, ine sekristaro rekamuri reimba hexagonal hurongwa.

Kubva munhoroondo chinhu hwomukova

Yawanikwa chinhu chakaitika muna 1923, akaita Derd ake De Heshevi uye Dirk Coster. Vakakwanisa kufanotaura Valence, uye siyana Qualitative maitiro hafnium yakavakirwa Bohr akataura, izvo zvaizoitawo kuti waongorora basa wokuFrance Jean Urbena, uyo aidavira kuti akanga vakawana vaCelt - chimwe chinhu chitsva. Zvisinei, gare gare Zvakazoitika kuti vaCelt vaiva musanganiswa shoma hafnium pamwe lutetium uye ytterbium.

Niels Bohr, kudzidza basa uye kushandisa kwavo mabasa quantum zvemaziso Masvomhu akaratidza kuti hafnium chiri analogue ari chinhu panguva nhamba 71 muna PTHE, kureva zirconium. Derd De Heshevi uye Dirk Koster akati nezvokuwana itsva Kufananidzira hafnium, mazita guta iro zvakawanikwa yakaitwa, pashure kushandisa X-ray nzira, kakawanda waongorora kuti Zircons Norway uye Greenland. Kuwanikwa X-ray diffraction akarongwa akafanana akabvumira masayendisiti kuzivisa kuwanikwa itsva x-denga maatomu akafanana.

Nzira dzekufambisa kugadzirira uye nyika reserves

Hafnium panyika nechepasi, asi asingaiti varidzi chicherwa, asi nokuti "shamwari" kuti zirconium. Nhamba Zvakanaka hf mu ores anenge 2,5%, uye pagore kugadzirwa ari matani anenge makumi manomwe. Hafnium - pfuma asi chinodhura, chikuru nzvimbo yaro iri kusimbiswa Australia, South Africa, USA, India uye Brazil. Nzvimbo kunyora nyika iri rakakodzera nzvimbo dziri kuwanda Zvakanaka hf kuvapo munyika. Uyewo zviripo ataura kuti Russia neUkraine zvine zvakarurama guru matura simbi ichi, chikuru uwandu uko kusimbiswa tsirkonome, anowira uye baddeleyite.

tsananguro chaiko

Chikamu zvivako zviri hafnium panyama radudzwa pamusoro. Izvi zvinogona akawedzera, kuti simbi iyi, iyo iri kufamba dzakarukwa zvakanaka hwakapesana chimiro, zviri anenge dema. Unodzora pa 2233 Celsius, Kubika rinotanga 4603 ^C. muchinjikwa chikamu kuti kubatwa zviri chafariz neutrons zvakakwirira chaizvo mhando. Zirconium, hafnium, kusafanana, ndiyo padanho muchikamu zvirevo zvitatu zvikuru simba. Nepo anokunda Zvakanaka hf akaenzana 115 mbariro, panguva zirconium iye chete anenge 0.2 nomuzariro. Hafnium ane zvakafanana azvipire kupisa inokwana negermanium (Ge) ndiro mwero. dzakananga kupisa yepamusoro iri 60-80 Kelvin. Hazvibviri kutsanangura chero dzidziso ukama Hooke simba, iyo anokonzerwa kutadza kwakaita Einstein superposition mitambo kupa munyonga chete vaifanira.

mushonga ehupfumi

Hafnium ane x-ical nemishonga akasimba zvikuru kupfuura zvineringanidzo zirconium. simbi pachayo ane inertia nani guru, iyo chokuita kungotarisa mhando oxide firimu iyo achiumbwa pasi hafnium. Best Zvakanaka hf mudutu hydrofluoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, musanganiswa nitric asidhi uye aqua regia. Panguva dzakakwirira tembiricha zvinonzi combusted oxygen uye panze inotanga oxidize. Anogona kubatana x-parameter vakaita pamwe halogens. Rine ehupfumi ane hydrophobic hunhu.

Compounds va- tri- uye tetravalent Zvakanaka hf

In ichi chinhu Valence mutengo uri shanduka uye, maererano siyana tsika uwandu zvichibvira x-dzichiitirana Links, pane rinokosha hafnium yeimwe nevamwe zvinhu.

Divalent dibromide hafnium ane rima munyoro ruvara. Pamusangano tembiricha rworwendo 400 Celsius rinotanga manyowa rikurumidze kuumba Zvakanaka hf uye HfBr4. In indasitiri abudisa disproportionation HfBr3 mu vacuüm it pasi chafariz simba.

Trivalent Zvakanaka hf raimiririra tribromide (HfBr3) - nefuma rasviba uye zvitema, rakanaka hwakasimba. Achifuridzirwa tembiricha rworwendo 400 Celsius anotanga disproportionate kupinda zvinoriumba maviri tetrabrombity dibrombidy uye hafnium. Nzira ine kuwana kupora HfBr4 kuburikidza muchidziisa muna rehydrogen, optionally pamwe kuwedzera aruminiyamu.

Compounds ose tetravalent hafnium anorondedzera kumbonyanya vakawanda yeimwe, kureva HfO2 - nayo yakasviba uye hydroxide X xyz payakavakirwa Zvakanaka hf (OH) 4. Pakarepo vari tretrahlorid (HfCl4), tetrafluoride (HfF4), tetraiodide (HfI4) uye munhoroondo tetrabomid hafnium (HfBr), pane achiri hydrogenphosphates hafnium (Zvakanaka hf (HPO4) 2).

Used muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye kutaurirana navo nemishonga

Hafnium inowanikwa kushandiswa kwayo dzakawanda nzvimbo nebasa rwevanhu. Izvi imhaka dzakasiyana-siyana uhwu unhu, ehupfumi kuti ive hunokosha zvinhu zvokunyama nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana sectors wokuvhima kwevanhu, zvechiuto uye kunyange indasitiri yenyukireya.

Saka sei imi vanoshandisa hafnium? The kushandiswa mushonga - mumwe zvokusarudza zhinji, apo unogona kushandisa zvivako zviri simbi. Sezvo Zvakanaka hf carbides weheavy-basa, kushanda kwete pasi ngura, vanogona kushandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi Forogo, Banga Nechipunu anoshandiswa kuvarapi vavo kushandisa iri kugadzirwa ane X-ray girazi.

Chinhu yakanaka ehupfumi zvose makemikari uye panyama - ndiko hafnium. Kushandiswa mumba ndiko kuva zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa redhiyo, redhiyo uye terevhizheni sepombi. Vakawanda kushandiswa metallurgia indasitiri kuti kupa nedzimwe simbi nani physico-hwokugadzira uye nomuviri zvivako. Hafnium kushanda zvakare iri x-denga engineering, asi ari kashoma kushandiswa nokuda kwayo chishoma uye kukosha tizvishandise.

Kushandiswa hafnium muchiuto ndege

Sei munhu anogona here kushandisa hafnium? Kushandiswa kunorwa - ndiyo imwe nzvimbo dzevanhu basa, izvo zvisiri kwakakwana pasina maatomu akafanana izvi. Oxides, silicides, borides uye carbides ose hafnium zviri zvikuru refractory yeimwe, nechikonzero ichi, muuto webasa rinogona kushandiswa rwokudzivirira unhani. Uyewo zvikuru sverhzharoprochnym unobvumira Zvakanaka hf uye yeimwe kuti pagadzirwe zvikamu nechinangwa ultrafast ndege uye zvombo, uye chitundumusere-musere.

Kubvira 1998, vakaedza kuti pave "hafnium bhomba", inobva isomer 187m2Hf. Asi sezvo zvokutsvakurudza uye kuedza pfungwa yakanga untenable, akafanirwa nokusava mikana uno ruzivo kuti vabudirire kusunungurwa zvakawandisa simba kubva chinoumba chimiro isomer.

Other anoshandisa nyore fuma Zvakanaka hf

In simba renyukireya, pamwe chete munzvimbo dzataurwa pamusoro apa, asi yakakura nhamba vari kushandisa hafnium. Apo simbi iri kushandiswa? Nokuti anokwanisa kwayo Nyuturoni kubatwa pamusoro Zvakanaka hf tsvimbo dzinoitwa kuti mitemo yacho unyanzvi girazi uye Ceramics.

In hafnium vade basa basa (3,53eV) uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichi chinogona kushandiswa pakugadzira cathodes uye Erekitironi pfuti. The jeti negasi-danho yenyukireya injini anogona kuwanikwa borides uye carbides ose hafnium, uye kutaura zvazviri mune dzimwe STRUCTURAL zvinhu.

Hafnium kunyange anowana chikumbiro ari zvaAtemisi magetsi emagetsi thermionic mhando uye kazhinji kuwanikwa Ion injini. Pahwaro HfO2 muri dielectrics kuva dielectric kugara LEVEL. Mune ramangwana riri aronga kutsiva dzose zvatinosiita nesilicon oxide mu microelectronics musi HfO2 oxide. yokutsiva ichi achawedzera indekisi kuti arambe achirema zvinhu pamusoro chip.

In mhedziso tinogona kutaura kuti hafnium, kushandiswa zvinotora nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana sectors mabasa evanhu, kutanga uye anopera nemauto hwezuva nezuva uye zvenyukireya, ndiye chaizvo chinokosha. Iyi refu chaizvo kudiwa, uye simbi zvakasikwa anogara akaperekedza zirconium. The husiri nyore kuwana uye ayo unhu kuona unhu zvinoitwa nekaupenyu kudhura.