History of Chemistry zvishoma: tsananguro, chitarisiko uye kubudirira. A Short History of Chemistry

Nezvekwakabva nesayenzi nezvinhu zvinogona kunzi nguva kare. VaGiriki vekare vaiziva nomwe nesimbi uye nedzimwe alloys dzinoverengeka. Gold, sirivha, mhangura, tini, kutungamirira, simbi uye nemekiyuri - ndivo zvinhu zvaizivikanwa panguva. History wekemisitiri akatanga rinoshanda ruzivo. kunzwisisa kwavo yokungotaura yakatanga ashandiswe nemasayendisiti siyana uye vazivi - Aristotle, Plato, uye Empedocles. Wokutanga vavo vaidavira kuti chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi zvinhu zvinogona dzikwanise mumwe. Iye anonzi izvi kuvapo primordial nyaya, waiva pakutanga rezvinhu zvose.

uzivi yekare

Uyewo nevakawanda kwaiva kudavira kuti moyo mumwe fuma munyika ndiyo wemishonga okunze zvina - mvura, moto, nyika uye mhepo. Zviri mauto izvi zvakasikwa zviri mhosva transmutation chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi. Panguva imwe chete, kuti V iri. BC. e. paiva dzidziso atomism, ane havaoni vaiva Leucippus uye mudzidzi wake Democritus. Dzidziso iyi inoti kuti zvinhu zvose akaumbwa miniti inoramba. Vakadaidzwa maatomu. Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso iyi haana kuwana uchapupu sayenzi kare, yaiva dzidziso rubatsiro wekemisitiri ano ari ano.

Egyptian alchemy

Inenge iri II remakore BC. e. Sayenzi yava muzinda itsva muEgipita Alexandria. Pane rakaonekwawo alchemy. Chirango ichi amuka somunhu kwetunhu pfungwa yokungotaura dzaPlato uye anobatsira zivo nevaGiriki. Nhoroondo iyi iri ichazivikanwa noku kufarirwa kemisitiri kuti simbi. Kwavari, zvakanga rakatangwa nokuda chaiwo chiratidzo pakati iyoyo mapuraneti uye miviri yokudenga. Somuenzaniso, sirivha ifananidzwe mwedzi, uye simbi - sezvo Mars. Sezvo akanga vasingasiyani nechitendero, uye alchemy sayenzi panguva iyoyo, sezvo zvimwe chirango chero zvesayenzi, aiva mwari waro anorichengeta (Thoth).

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha nyanzvi iyoyo yaiva Bolus pakati Mendes, uyo akanyora bhuku "Physics uye zvitendwa." Mairi, akarondedzera nesimbi uye mabwe anokosha (uye kukosha zvivako zvavo). Chimwe alchemist Zosimus Panopolit mumabasa ake Akaongorora hazvizivi nzira kubudisa ndarama. Kazhinji, nhoroondo chidzoke kemisitiri yakatanga kunotsvaka inokosha simbi. Masayendisiti akaedza kuti goridhe kuburikidza kwacho kana mashiripiti.

masayendisiti muIjipita akadzidza kwete chete zvacho pachavo, asiwo ores vakanga zvikaramba kubva izvo. Saka yakavhurwa amalgam. Izvi mhando nesimbi chiwanikwa pamwe mekuri, izvo atora nzvimbo unokosha Maonero ari masayendisiti. Vamwe vakafunga kuti aiva fuma chikuru. To iyi dzinosanganisira kuwanikwa nzira vachishandisa ndarama yokunatswa uye vatungamirire nitrate.

Arab Open

Kana nyika iri Hellenistic munhoroondo kemisitiri rakatanga, ipapo akaramba izvozvo emakore akazotevera panguva Arab yendarama zera kana majaya nyanzvi Islam vaiva nechemberi nesayenzi kwevanhu. Vanotsvakurudza izvi akaona zvinhu zvitsva zvakawanda, zvakadai namavara akanaka kana phosphorus. Vazhinji nedzimwe ruzivo inoshandiswa mukurapa uye mishonga kuti pave mishonga. Outline nezvenhoroondo kemisitiri, pasina kutaurwa muzivi wacho ibwe - a ngano nenhumbi inogonesa kutsausa chero fuma kupinda ndarama, hazvibviri.

Around mugore 815 vechiArabhu alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan akagadzira nemekiyuri-sulfuric dzidziso. Akatsanangura nezvekwakabva simbi itsva. Nhungamiro idzi vava chinokosha alchemy hakusi chete Arabic, asiwo pamusoro chikoro European.

masayendisiti kuMiddle Ages European

Nokuda muHondo uye anonyanya Eastern uye Western nyanzvi vechiKristu pakupedzisira vakadzidza pamusoro Zvakawanikwa vaMuslim. Kubvira XIII remakore ndiro vokuEurope vakatora chivimbo hutungamiri chinzvimbo mune zvinhu tsvakurudzo. History of Chemistry the Ages chikwereti zvikuru kuna Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Raymond Lully, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Kusiyana zvidzidzo nesayenzi Arabic European akazadzwa nomudzimu chitendero chechiKristu uye mungano. The chikuru nzvimbo pakudzidza vakatanga dzemamongi. Imwe guru rokutanga nebudiriro mamongi yakanga yawanikwa amoniya. Yaiva akakurumbira yezvechitendero Bonaventura. Okutanga masayendisiti shoma kukanganisa vanhu chero Roger Bacon akarondedzera upfu muna 1249. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvi ratanga revolutionized ari Battlefields uye zvombo hondo.

Muzana XVI remakore alchemy vakawana riwedzere sezvo kurangwa zvokurapa. Most kuvazivisa anoshanda Paraltsesa akawana mishonga yakawanda.

nguva itsva

The Reformation uye veMubatanidzwa dzazvino vasingagoni asi kukanganisa uye kemisitiri. Iye ndikabvisa zvakawanda pasi zvechitendero, achiva empirical uye experimental nesayenzi. Piyona uyu muitiro vakava Robert Boyle, uyo akaisa pamberi kemisitiri ane chinangwa yakananga - kuwana makemikari vakawanda sezvinobvira, uyewo kudzidza rwiyo dzavo uye zvivako.

Muna 1777, Antuan Lavuaze akagadzira yakachena dzidziso combustion. Rakava hwaro nokuumba Nomenclature idzva nesayenzi. History of Chemistry, muchidimbu zvinorondedzerwa mubhuku rake "Elementary Nzira Chemistry", akaita budiriro. Lavoisier aiva tafura itsva nyore zvinhu, kunobva mumutemo kuchengetedza vakawanda. Vakachinja pfungwa pfungwa nezvokuva nezvinhu. Zvino, kemisitiri akava yakazvimirira pfungwa sainzi, iyo yakavakirwa chete kuedza uye uchapupu chaihwo.

XIX remakore

Pakutanga mashoko XIX remakore Dzhon Dalton akagadzira maatomu dzidziso yacho mamiriro. Kutaura zvazviri, iye akadzokorora uye kwakawedzera dzidziso muzivi yekare Democritus. Kushandiswa pane yakadaro izwi sezvo mabhomba guru.

Panovhurwa mitemo mitsva yakapiwa kurudziro itsva munhoroondo kemisitiri. Muchidimbu, pakupera kwezana XVIII uye XIX emakore. paiva akarongeka uye mumuviri dzidziso, dziri nyore uye zvine musoro akatsanangura ne-siyana zvinhu panyika. Opening Dalton hwakasimbiswa apo musayendisiti Swedish Jens Jakob Berzelius akasungwa maatomu pamwe magetsi namatanda. Iyewo akaumba mashoko okuti ikozvino akajairwa zvinhu vanotaura sezvo tsamba Latin.

mabhomba uremu

Muna 1860, mishonga munyika panguva Congress Krlsrue akaziva dzinokosha mabhomba-samolecular dzidziso, wakatangwa na Stanislao Cannizzaro. Tichibatsirwa mwero kurema okisijeni yakanga dzaona. Saka nhoroondo kemisitiri (zvishoma kutsanangura zvakaoma chaizvo) nokuti emakore kwasvika yakareba nzira.

The hama mabhomba guru vabvumirwe systematize ose okunze. Muzana XIX remakore zvakanzi aronga akasiyana-siyana zvaramba sei kuzviita kupfuura mukana uye inoshanda. Asi zvakanakisisa zvose izvozvo vakabudirira musayendisiti wokuRussia Dmitri Mendeleev. Ake nenguva dzirikure nyika nezvinhu, wakatangwa muna 1869, akava hwaro kemisitiri ano.

ano kemesitiri

A emakore mashoma zvakanzi vakawana Erekitironi uye chinonakidza kuti radioactivity. Izvi achisimbisa refu-imire zvekungofungira pamusoro divisibility yacho atomu. Uyezve, Zvakawanikwa izvi kupa zvakasimbisa kukura chirango muganhu pakati kemisitiri uye wefizikisi. Paiva yokutevedzera mabhomba mamiriro.

A pfupi gadzira nezvenhoroondo kemisitiri kuita pasina panotaurwa kuti quantum makanika. Chirango ichi huchachinja mharidzo yacho Links mukati acho. Nzira Itsva nokuti kuongorora ruzivo yesayenzi uye zvokufungidzira. Ndivo zvakasiyana siyana kuti X-ray Spectroscopy uye kushandiswa.

Mumakore achangopfuura, nhoroondo kemisitiri, zvishoma pamusoro apa, aizivikanwa nemigumisiro makuru pachiimbwa zvipenyu uye mishonga. New yomuchipatara vari zvinowanzoshandiswa mishonga ano uye zvichingodaro. G. mapurotini yakarongeka akanga adzidza, DNA uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha mukati zvipenyu. A pfupi gadzira nezvenhoroondo kemisitiri kungaguma rechitsauko itsva zvinhu zviri periodic table kuti experimentally kuwana.