Dissociation of munyu, acids uye alkalis. Dzidziso uye kushanda

For Physical Chemistry uye kudzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu chairwo kunopindirana mutoo umo particulate nyaya - mamorekuru, ions (chokwadi mhosva nezvimedu akadana cations uye okusafarira mhosva nezvimedu, akadana anions) radicals dziparare kupinda nezvimedu zvidiki. muitiro uyu unonzi dissociation, ndiro rechiLatin "dissociation" rinoreva "kuparadzana." It kunoratidzwa zviratidzi dzakadai "mwero dissociation", achiratidza nhamba dissociated inoramba kuti uwandu nezvimedu pamberi kuparara, kureva, kubva chikamu inoramba kuti Zvaparara. Pfungwa disintegration pakati nezvimedu zvingaitika somugumisiro zvimwe zviito pamusoro fuma, hunhu migumisiro izvi anosarudza mhando dissociation. Kusiyanisa chafariz dissociation, photodissociation, dissociation achifuridzirwa ionizing mwaranzi, electrolytic dissociation. Dissociation ndicho kushamwaridzana uye recombination. Izvi zvinowanzooneka kuvhiringidzwa ionization.

Electrolytic dissociation rudzi dissociation, kunoitika pasi pokudzora solvent mamorekuru uye polar unobereka nemakemikari hunhu. Zvinhu zvinogona dissociate mune solvent kupinda ions uye kuitisa magetsi ano, anonzi electrolyte (acid, munyu, nechigadziko). Zvinhu izvo kana ichiputswa asina dissociate kupinda ions (alcohols, esters, makabhohaidhiretsi, etc.) havasi electrolytes. Chinonyanya kukosha electrolytes solvent - mvura. Water pacharwo kunoratidzwa kuva simba electrolyte. Polar zvokufembedzwa (semuenzaniso, panyaya iyi, amoniya uye acetic acid) vari kugonawo Kuparadzwa ari electrolytes. Dissociation pamusoro acids, alkalis, kufanana dissociation kuti munyu kuitika aqueous mhinduro. The munyu wenyika - mukirasi iyi makemikari ane mamorekuru akaumbwa chokwadi mhosva nezvimedu (simbi cations), uye okusafarira mhosva nezvimedu (iine acid anion vakasara). Acid Kuwedzera munyu, kusafanana kwakajairika munyu ine mhando mbiri cations (simbi uye rehydrogen) uye iine acid anion vakasara. Kana zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura mamorekuru anoora pamusoro munyu ions. The munyu inogona akapora sasana mvura.

Kusiyanisa pakati simba uye simba electrolytes. Munguva dzekare dzidziso electrolytic dissociation kwacho vakaziva vaiona reversible, asi mashoko aya anoshandawo chete simba electrolytes mu sanganisa mhinduro. An electrolytic dissociation pamusoro acids, nezvigadziko, munyu, chinhu kusingarapiki muitiro, sezvo munyu (anenge zvose kunze vamwe kunzwisisa), acids nezvigadziko (avo akaumbwa pasi alkali uye alkaline simbi) vane electrolytes simba uye mamorekuru mune simba rokugadzirisa zvakakwana (100 %) dissociated kupinda ions. electrolytes Strong: NaCl (sodium chloride), HNO3 (nitric acid), HClO3 (chloric acid), CaCl2 (karusiyamu chloride), NaOH (sodium hydroxide). Simba electrolytes: NH4OH (Ammonium hydroxide), H2CO3 (carbonic acid), CH3COOH (acetic acid) uye dzakawanda Organic acids uye zvigadziko. Ivo kana zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura inogona dissociate zvishomanana (yemanyorero, ukoshi ichi anoda kubva 1 kusvika 10%).

Saka, kutaura kuti mhinduro ine simba electrolyte rine chete ions, uye mune mhinduro ine simba electrolytes, kunyanya nondecomposed mamorekuru nyaya. Dissociation of munyu kunotungamirira chokuti iri mhinduro ine chete simbi Ion uye iine acid vakasara (semuenzaniso, yavaibvisa Na + nokuo- nga uye kuiisa chlorine anion Cl-) uye nondecomposed mamorekuru (NaCl) vane munyu. Dissociation asidhi munyu kunotungamirira kuti paumbwe mune mhinduro resimbi nokuo- nga, rehydrogen nokuo- nga uye iine acid anion vakasara. Somuenzaniso, iine acid munyu NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) dissociates kupinda yavaibvisa nokuo- nga (Na +), rehydrogen nokuo- nga (H) uye anion pamusoro carbonic iine acid iine acid vakasara (SO3-).

Kana mhinduro (uchanyangadika) muNzvimbo electrolytic muchitokisi electrolyte (mudziyo pamwe anode uye cathode), kana voltage rinoshandisirwa kutanga achitaura kufamba mhosva inoramba kuti electrodes pamusoro pakatarisana vebasa: akanaka cations - kune isakarurama mhosva cathode, apo kunaka anions - kune chokwadi kuremedzwa anode. pfuma iyi electrolytes, zvikurukuru, dissociation munyu yaiwanzoshandiswa unyanzvi. electrolysis rinoitwa maindasitiri kugadzirwa aruminiyamu, mhangura (by electrolytic yokucheneswa). Electrolysis unobereka chaiyoiyo zvinhu kuchena kwakadaro hazvigoni kuwanwa nedzimwe nzira (DISTILLATION, crystallization, uye vamwe). With electrolysis nesimbi zvikaramba kubva ores, kucheneswa, sezvo cathode iri rakachengetedzwa chete pamusoro simbi nokuo- nga uye netsvina kuramba mhinduro kana zvichanyauka. Chiitiko pamusoro dissociation kuti munyu irimo kugadzira wakachena rehydrogen uye akachena kuiisa chlorine. In mvura, yavaibvisa chloride iri yaora kupinda ions: yavaibvisa nokuo- nga uye kuiisa chlorine anion. Panguva anode achapiwa dzinounzwa yakaisvonaka kuiisa chlorine panguva cathode - the byproduct sehydrogen, uye kugadzirisa kuchaita kuumba imwe byproduct inokosha - yavaibvisa hydroxide.