Izwi remutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Nyaya yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Nheyo, maitiro nemabasa emutemo wenyika dzakawanda

Nhasi pfungwa yemutemo wepasi rose, nyaya yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda nezvimwe zviitiko zvechiitiko ichi zvinodzidzwa zvakadzama nemagweta munyika yose. Iyi nheyo yemitemo nemitemo inobatsira zvikuru muupenyu uye hukama hwenyika dzose dzemazuva ano.

Zvinonyanya kukosha zveMitemo Yenyika Yose

Chinonyanya kukosha mutemo wenyika dzakawanda ndeye hukama hwemunharaunda yenyika isingagoni kutongwa nemutemo wepamba. Sei zvakaonekwa? Nokuti zvimwe zvinhu zvemurairo hazvisi pasi pezviremera zveimwe nyika. Ndicho chikonzero chirevo chemutemo wenyika dzakawanda, nyaya yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda nezvimwe zviitiko zvinonyanya kukanganisa ukama hwepasi rose.

Chimwe chinhu ichocho masangano, miviri uye masangano anobatanidza nyika dzakasiyana. Zvose mutemo wenyika dzakawanda zvinodiwa kwavari, sezvo pasina simba rinogona kutonga mabasa avo. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo inoti ivo pachavo vanoramba vachizvimiririra kune mumwe nemumwe. Pfungwa yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda, nyaya yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda haibatsiri mitemo yavo yepamba.

Private International Law

Ndeipi pfungwa uye nyaya yemutemo wepasi rose? Izwi rinotanga kuonekwa muzana remakore re XIX. Iyi ndiyo yakagadzirwa nemitemo inobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa hukama hwepachivande-hwepamutemo pane imwe nguva iyo inomuka munzvimbo yepasi rose. Ichi chiitiko chinopfupiswa se IPP.

Icho chirevo uye nyaya inobva mumutemo wepamutemo wepasi pose inopedzisira yava yakasununguka yakaoma mitemo yemutemo inobatanidza mitemo yemitemo yakasiyana. Nyaya yaro inogona kunge iri munhu wekune dzimwe nyika kana munhu wemutemo, yekambani yekwenyika, sangano renyika, nezvimwewo. Chinhu cheukama hwepamutemo hwakadaro chinofanira kunge chiri kunze kwenyika. Muchiitiko ichi, mutemo wenyika weimwe nyika haugone kuchinja simba romumwe munhu. Kuti kugadzirise kupesana uku, pfungwa, nyaya uye hurongwa hwemutemo wepamutemo wepasi pose hwakabvumirana.

Nzira yemutemo wepasi rose

Pasinei nokuti chii chakadaro, sechirevo chemutemo wenyika yose, nyaya yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda nezvimwe zvinhu zvayo, nzira yacho inoramba ichikosha. Nzira yakaoma sei yemitemo inoshandiswa munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, dzine mitemo dzimwe nguva inopesana zvakanyanya? Kuti zvive nehutano hwakadaro zvokuti nyika dzose dzakagutsikana nemitemo yepamutemo inobvumirana pane kuoma. Nokudaro, nzira chete yemitemo yepamutemo mumamiriro ekudyidzana kwenyika yose isungano.

Icho chiri pakati pezvidzidzo zvisinganzwisisi. Chibvumirano chinodikanwa kuwirirana nemitemo yehutano hwemumwe, iyo inopiwa mvumo yemutemo inosunga. Mitemo yakadaro ichinyatsoratidza mutemo unowanikwa wezvematongerwo enyika - nyaya dzepamutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Zvechokwadi, nyika imwe neimwe iri mumunhu wehutungamiri hwayo inotarisira zvinangwa zvayo, mumwe nomumwe wavo ane zvido zvake uye zvaanoda. Asi iyo inoratidzirwa inowanzodiwa inokubvumira kuti iwe nokukurumidza uye kunonzwisisika kugadzirisa zvinetso zvepamutemo zvine chokuita nekusiyana mumutemo.

Nyaya yemutemo

Mutemo wepasi rose wakabuda sechimbo chinodiwa kuti utungamirire ukama hwakasiyana-siyana. Zvinogona kugoverwa mumapoka maviri - pakati uye kwete-hurumende. Chikamu chokutanga chehukama chinoreva kune dzimwe nyika zvibvumirano uye nhaurirano pakati penyika dzakasiyana.

Icho chimiro chemurairo uyu chakaonekwa zvakanyatsogadzirisa kutarisana pakati pehurumende. Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, yakagadzirirwa chete mune izvi. Sezvidzidzo, vanhu vanogona kuita zvakakwana. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha munyaya dzeve nyika dzisati dzave dzichireva uye mitemo yavo pachayo inozivikanwa nevanhu vemunyika yose. Asi nyaya iyi haisi yekupedzisira.

States uye masangano enyika

Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, pfungwa uye nyaya yenyaya yekutonga kwemutemo wenyika dzakawanda yakaonekwa nenguva apo sangano raiziva kuti zvitsva zvese zvehukama hwehukama hwepasi pose zvaidiwa. Zvisinei, mumakore achangobva kupfuura, mamwe masangano akabuda, hukama hunogona kutongwa chete kuburikidza nemitemo yakawanda. Aya ndiwo masangano epasi rose, pamwe chete nevamwe vanhu uye masangano epamutemo.

Makambani makuru kana kufamba kune zvirevo munyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Muchiitiko ichi, vanoita pakarepo munharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinokonzera kuvhiringidzika uye kuvhiringidzika. Mutemo wepasi rose (iyo pfungwa, nheyo, mazano ayo anotaridzwa munyaya yedu) yakasikwa nekuda kwezviitiko zvakadaro zvisinganzwisisiki.

Mabasa

Mutemo wenyika yose une mitatu yakasiyana-siyana yemitemo - kugadzirisa, kutonga uye kudzivirira. Pamwe chete vanopa mitemo yakasiyana-siyana muhupenyu hwevanhu vose, nekuda kwekuti ivo vanokosha zvikuru uye vanokosha munzanga yanhasi.

Kusimudzira basa ndeyekuti zvibvumirano zvepamutemo zvenyika dzakawanda zvakakosha pakugadzwa kwenyika yepamutemo yepamutemo. Kutenda kwazviri mamiriro ezvinhu munyika anowedzera kugadzikana. Apo mhirizhonga inotevera inomuka munyika, nyaya mbiri dzemutemo dzinoda mutongi wekugadzirisa avo vanogona kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu iye zvino.

Kudzora basa kunopedzisira kuitika kuti mutemo wenyika dzakawanda unofanirwa kupa simba vatori vechikamu mune zvekudyidzana kwenyika dzose nemabasa akasiyana-siyana uye kodzero. Kana kutaura kutaura nyore, zvibvumirano zvinotsanangura, kuti zvinogoneka, uye hazvigoneki.

Idziviriro ndeyekuti mutemo wenyika dzakawanda unodzivirira mutemo wemitemo nekuisa mitemo pamusoro penzvimbo yepasi rose iyo yakakanganisa mitemo yakati.

Kugadzirirwa kwemazuva ano mutemo wenyika dzakawanda

Mutemo wenyika yose muhuwandu hwemazuva ano wakabuda shure kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Hondo yeHitler yeGermany yakamanikidza nyika kuti ifunge nezvesarudzo itsva yenyika umo nyika dzose dzichagamuchira mavimbiso ekuzvidzivirira kwavo pachavo. Nechinangwa ichi, United Nations yakasimbiswa. Zvinyorwa zvaro zvakashandura mitemo yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda, inokurukurwa pasi apa.

Nokufamba kwenguva, Charter yakashandurwa maererano nekuchinja kwehupenyu hwehupenyu hwepasi rose. Iyi pfungwa, nyaya, sangano remutemo wenyika dzakawanda - izvi zvose zvakavandudzwa zvakare. MuChristian Charter, tsika dzakabuda dzakachinja upenyu hwemamiriyoni evanhu. Semuenzaniso, yakarongedza kodzero yorudzi urwo kuzvitonga. Yakashanda sechikonzero chekurwa kwekusununguka kubva kuEuropean metropolises yezvikamu zvakawanda (kunyanya muAfrica). Mukuwedzera, UN inoshandisa zvigadziriswa zvinotungamirirwa nehurumende zvinoputsa rugare nemamwe mitemo yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda.

Icho chirevo chehurumende uchangamire

Chikamu chinokosha chezvibvumirano zvorugare haisi chete chirevo uye nyaya yepamutemo wepasi pose, asiwo mazano ehutano ehurongwa huno. Kune dzakawanda dzazvo. Imwe yezvinonyanya kukosha ndeyekuita kwehutongi hwekutonga kwehurumende. Yakava nheyo yemazuva ano ehurumende yemitemo yepasi rose yakabuda shure kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Izwi rinopa humwe humwe zviratidzo zviratidzo zviviri - uchangamire uye kuenzana nedzimwe nyika.

Ndeupi musiyano pakati pezvirevo zviviri izvi? Uchangamire ndiko kuzvimiririra kwehurumende mumamiriro ayo ekunze uye mukati. Kunyanya kunyanya, uku ndiko kukudzwa kwesimba renyika. Ikozvino, hurumende yega yega ine nyika ine kodzero yekufambira munyika yayo mutemo inofunga kuti inokosha. Asi panguva imwe chete, zviremera hazvifaniri kupindira pane imwechete yeimwe nyika.

Izwi re "simba rokutonga" rinoratidzwa mune zvinyorwa zvakawanda. Kutanga, zvose zvinyorwa zviri pamutemo zvakafanana - kuzvimiririra kwavo kwezvematongerwo enyika uye nzvimbo dzakasununguka dzinofanira kuremekedzwa nevose vese vemunyika yose. Chechipiri, hurumende imwe neimwe ine zvido zvayo kune dzimwe nyika. Inofanirwa kutevedzera urongwa uhwu.

Kwete-kushandiswa kwesimba

Sangano reUnited Nations rinopawo mutemo wekusashandiswa kwesimba. Yakatanga kuumbwa panguva ye League of Nations, yakagadzwa mushure mokukunda Kaiser Germany. Nhasi, apo pfungwa, nyaya uye nzira yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda zvashanduka, iyi nheyo yakawanawo zvitsva.

Maererano nemurairo uyu, nyika dzose dzinofanirwa kudzivisa kuputsa nzvimbo yakakwana yevakidzani vavo. Icho chirevo chinozivisa kuti kuzvimiririra kwezvematongerwo enyika yenyika chero ipi zvayo kunomira pamusoro pemakakatanwa pakati pehurumende. Kana nyika inoshandisa simba, inobudisa hondo ine utsinye. Izvi zvinowira pasi peshoko remhosva kune rugare. Vashanduri vemitemo iyi vanotarisirwa kutongesa nharaunda yenyika. Chero chinzvimbo chinowanikwa chinowanikwa nemauto ehurumende hachibvumirwi nemutemo muUnited States. Kuti zvirongedze zviri nani hukama huri pakati pehurumende, pfungwa uye nyaya yemitemo yenyika yose yakagadzirwa muHurumende .

Nhungamiro yekusapindira

Sangano reUnited Nations rinosimbisa hurumende iyo inofanirwa kuti haifaniri kupindira munyaya dzomukati dzeimwe hurumende. Hapana kodzero ine kodzero yekushandisa kana kukurudzira kushandiswa kwematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hunotarisirwa kutonga imwe nyika kana kuwana chero hupi zvingabatsiri pamusoro pechinhu ichocho mutemo.

Nheyo yekusapindira inopinda zvakananga kubva pamutemo wehuchangamire uye kusashandiswa kwesimba. Iyi pfungwa, nyaya uye mabasa emitemo yenyika dzakaumbwa kwemakore akawanda, uye muna 1970 chete zvese zvakataurwa pamusoro apa zvakagadzirirwa muCharter yeUnited States semvumo kune vose vese venharaunda yenyika.

Kuzvidzora kwevanhu

Nokuda kwekukurukurirana uye mapeji ezvematongerwo enyika enyika, mutemo wekuzvitsvaga kwevanhu kunokosha. IU inoona nyika imwe neimwe sevanhu vose, vane kodzero yekutsanangurira ramangwana ravo. Panyaya iyi, mhirizhonga yenyika yose inoreva kune dzimwe nyika, kupindira uye kupesana kwekodzero dzemadzinza maduku sechivi chinopesana nevanhu.

Kuendeswa kune imwe nzvimbo yenharaunda, kugovana kwenyika, kutumirwa kwenharaunda kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe - izvi zvose zvinogona kuitika chete maererano nekusunungurwa kunoratidzwa kwevanhu vemuzvikamu izvi. Nokuda kweizvi, pane zvigadzirwa zvezvematongerwe enyika zvakasarudzwa - sarudzo uye referendums.

Kubatana pakati peNyika

IU uye yose yenyika yepamutemo yakasikwa kuitira kuti zviremera zvenyika dzose zvigone kuwana mutauro wakafanana. Izvi zvinotaurwa munheyo yehurumende kubatanidzwa, iyo iyo iyo nyika, pasinei nekusiyana kwavo kwezvematongerwe ezvematongerwe enyika, mune zvehupfumi uye zvemagariro, inofanira kushandira pamwe chete kuti ichengetedze kuchengeteka munyika yose.

Kune dzimwe "node" umo kubatana kwepasi pose kunodiwa. Zvose zvese zvinofanirwa kubatana kuti zvive nekuremekedza kwese kwese kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko rwehutano. Dambudziko rekuvaka hurumende munyika dzakawanda dzenyika, ine sangano risina kukwana rezvematongerwo enyika, hurumende dzehurumende, nezvimwewo, dzakabatana nemashoko aya.

Nhasi, kubatana pakati pezvematongerwo enyika kunokosha zvakare mundima yemitambo, sayenzi uye unyanzvi. Kusimbisa hukama kunotungamirira pakufambira mberi uye kubudirira. Kazhinji, nzvimbo yeUnited Nations inoshandiswa pakubatana kwakadaro. Somuenzaniso, International Atomic Energy Agency yakagadzwa muUnited Nations.