Ko chess machine muzana remakore rechi18 yakakwanisa kunyengedza sei nyika?

Kwemazana emakore ekupedzisira ekuma18 nekutanga kwema1900, chess machine inozivikanwa seTurk yakanga ichikwezva mapoka evanhu vari muEurope uye United States of America. Chaizvoizvo, iyo yainzi robot, kurova vaenzi pazviratidzwa, yaiva unyengeri hwakakura. Asi mishonga yakanga yakanyatsogadzirwa zvokuti yakakwanisa kunyengera vanhu kwemakore makumi masere. Asati azarura chirahwe chake, akakwanisa kurova vakadaro vane simba chess cheNapoleon Bonaparte naBenner Franklin.

Kutanga kweAmerica nhoroondo

Mukutanga kwa1826, inozivikanwa zvikuru yeEuropean "chess master" yakasvika muNew York ine kutanga. Mharidzo yemuchina yakange ichiparadzirwa zvikuru. Zviuru zvevanhu zvakadzidza nezvekuuya kwechizivo chakangwara kubva mumapepanhau nyaya uye kushambadzira. Hazvishamisi kuti chiratidziro chekutanga, chakabatwa pa Broadway mu National Hotel, chaisagona kugaramo vose vanoenda. Paiva nevashanyi 200 chete. Kufara kwavo kukuru muimba yacho vaiva vatungamiriri vaviri vakanaka. Vateereri vakanzwa nezvekusakwanisa kwemakina, ayo akanga atofamba nyika dzose dzakakura muEurope. Zvisinei, vakuru veAmerica havana kurarama maererano nezvinodiwa zvevanhu vazhinji. Vakanyanyisa kuzvipira kune tsitsi dzavakakunda.

Peak of popularity

MuAmerica, kufara kwevanhu vose kwakatsigirwa nemabhuku makuru enyika. Vakanyora ruzivo pamusoro pemukuru wemu unbeaten pamapeji epamberi. Uye nguva dzose mumatumba akawanda uye vanhu vakawanda vaive vaine jamming mutariro kuti munhu mumwe chete achava nerombo rakakwana kukunda. Pfungwa dzepamusoro dzenguva iyoyo dzaiva nemubvunzo unonzwisisika: robot yemagetsi inokwanisa sei kuramba isingakundiki nguva dzose? Zvaiita sokuti vose vaTurk vaigona kufunga. Uye ndedzipi imwe nzira yokutsanangurira mano ake ekuchenjera muhondo pamwe nevatongi vakuru vane simba munguva yake? Hapana munhu acharamba kuti chess ndiyo mhando yakaoma kunzwisisa.

IAustria Baron yaida kufadza kufunga kwaMmress

Iyi mishonga inyanzvi inogona kupona mauto akawanda. Kwekutanga nguva iyo Turk yakaiswa kudare reAustro-Hungarian Empress Maria-Theresa muna 1769. Muumbi wechishamiso ichi ndiAustria Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. Uyu murume akanga asiri charlatan, akafanirwa nemazita akatendeseka kumatare ezvakaitwa. Asi aigara achirota kufadza kufunga kwaMmress uye akapika kwaari kuti aumbe automaton yaizopfuura zvose izvo zvakagadzirwa nevanhu kusvikira zvino. Kuti basa iri purojekiti rirege kukanganiswa nemamwe matambudziko, Maria Teresa akapa mutevedzeri nguva yezororo.

Chii chakaitwa neTurk?

Vana vake vakanga vasina chimwe chinhu kunze kwekufananidzira mumasikirwo evanhu chaiwo. Irobhoti raigara nguva dzose mushure mekambani huru yemapuranga. Iko mukati meikwangwani yakafanana nekati mukati meawa, ine mazhenje akawanda nemaputi. Mannequin akanga akapfekedzwa nemicheka yakaisvonaka yeTurkey, pamusoro wake waiva tambo yepanyama, uye muruoko rwake pombi. Icho chikonzero nekuda kwechifananidzo ichi chepakutanga kuti mishoni yainzi iyo Turk.

Motokari yakabuda mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare

Wolfgang von Kepelen akadzokera kumatare mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare. Kutanga kwekutanga kweTurk kwakaitwa muna 1770 pamberi paMaria Theresa neboka revarindi. Vose varipo vakatarisa sezvo muumbi wacho akabudisa dummy, akaiswa pamusana wekatebhenti wemamita 1.2. Uye zvino yakatanga chiito, icho chicharamba chichidzokororwa kazhinji kacho: Kempelen akazarura mikova yekambani, kuitira kuti avo vose vakaungana vave nechokwadi chokuti munhu uyu akanga asina kugara mukati. Vateereri vakaona mukati mechigadzirwa zvakakwana. Vakanga vakanyarara. Zvose zvakachena, hapana unyengeri. Mushure mekunge mupiro wekutanga akadanwa kumushini, muumbi wacho akaswedera kumagetsi ndokushungurudza mubati. The Turk yakadzoka uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakashandura musoro wake wemagetsi kubva kune rumwe rutivi. Akabva atambanudza ruoko rwake, akatora pawn uye akatanga kufamba mumutambo.

Vateereri vakavhiringidzika

Nenguva isipi vaTurk vakanyatsogunzwa, uye kwete chete muruvanze rwemambokadzi. Vateereri vakavhiringidzika. Vanhu vakanga vasingazivi nzira yekuita nayo. Vamwe vakakurumidza kushanya kuti vaise zvinyorwa zvavo. Pakati pezvinyorwa, kazhinji kadzo kaviri: yekugadzirisa maitiro nekubatsira kwemasimba uye kubatanidzwa kwechidiki chechidiki chakavanzwa mukati memvura. Zvisinei, iyo inogona kuva yakawanda. Vanhu vakanzwisisa zvakakwana kuti zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuvanza mukati memumhanzi kune munhuwo zvake. Zvinoda kuziva kuti kune umwe neumwe ane chokwadi kune mumwe munhu aifunga nezveTurk chishamiso chekugadzira. Mumwe wevatariri vakatsanangura kusikwa kwaBaron von Kempelen sezvinotevera: "Hazvibviri kuwana ruzivo rwakakwana rwemagetsi kunze kweiyi tenzi".

Kuratidzwa kweEurope

Munguva pfupi Maria-Teresa akadyiswa nekutamba kusingambofi. Zvisinei, muna 1783 mutungamiri wake, Emperor Joseph II, zvakare akadzorera kufarira muTurk. Akamanikidza kutumira slot machine pakurwisa muEurope. MuParis, mhizha yakarwisana naBenjamin Franklin, mumiriri weAmerica panguva iyoyo muFrance. Zvadaro vaTurkey vakashanyira England, Germany neNetherlands. Pane dzimwe nguva akashanyira dare reCatherine II. Pachigarire chimwe nechimwe akakunda vavengi vake vose ndokuvhundusa vasayendisiti vakashamisika. Hapana munhu aigona kuwana tsanangudzo inonzwisisika yezviitiko izvi.

Mutsva mutsva

Muna 1804, Kempelen akafa, uye vana vake vakatengwa nemuzvigadzirwa zvekuGerman naJohannes Meltsel. Yaiva mari yakanaka yekutsvaga mari, nokuti chiGermany chinopindira chakasangana neTurk kwehupenyu hwake hwose. Uye kwose kwose akaunganidza akatengesa kunze. Meltzel akaunza mapurisa zvishoma kumushandisi wemashonga. Akapa mutauro weTurk nenzwi, iyo iyo yaityisidzirwa namambo weaipikisa akadana shoko rokuti "Shah!". Izvi zvainyanya kushamisa kuvanhu. Muna 1809, chess match yakarongwa pakati peTurk naMambo Napoleon Bonaparte. Maererano nevanoona, mutongi weFrance akaedza kutungamirira kufamba, asi nguva dzose apo Turk yakanyunyutira musoro wake zvinyadzisa ndokudzorera chiyero panzvimbo yayo yakakodzera.

Skeptical Disclosures

Munguva yekurwendo rweAmerica yemuchina wemashini, munyori wechidiki Edgar Alan Poe akauya pane imwe yeTurk inobatsira. Gare gare, munyori akadhinda nyaya yekuzarura, paakataura kuti mukati mekugadzirisa kune munhu anogadzirisa mutsara wemutambo: "Ndine chokwadi chose nacho. Zvose zvinofamba nemichina zvinodzorwa nemafungiro evanhu. " Edgar Poe akanga asiri iye wokutanga kuvimba. Kubva pakagadzirwa kweTurk mumakore makumi masere ezana remakore rechi18, pfungwa dzekufambira mberi dzeEurope dzanyora mabhurocha akawanda uye kujekesa. Nyanzvi dzaive nechokwadi chokuti imichina haigoni kutamba iri yoga. Pakati pevanyori vanozivikanwa zvikuru, kunze kweEdgar Poe, munhu anokwanisa kutumidza zita remunyori weBritish Robert Willis, uyo akati mukuru mukuru akavanza mukati mekambani uye akadzora mutambo wacho achibatsirwa nehurongwa hwevhiriji.

Chakavanzika cheTurk

Uye zvakadaro vatsoropodzi vakanga vakarurama pamusoro pomukuru, uyo aitungamirira nzira yacho, akagara muimba yekamuri. Zvechokwadi, zvose zviri mukati mehutori hazvina kushanda. Vakanga vakaratidzirwa kuvanhu uye vakangotora chikamu chebhokisi. Mukati, pakanga pane nzvimbo yakakwana yokuti munhu akwanise kupinda. Pasi pezvikero zviri pa chessboard, magetsi akaiswa. Mukati, pasi pekona rimwe nerimwe pakanga pane bhora resimbi rairembera pamutsara. Iyo "mumvuri" mukuru wekutsvaga aisagona kuona nguva yemutambo. Akanzwisisa pamusoro pokuti muvengi wacho anotora zvidimbu zvake paakaona benzi rinosviba pamberi pake. Izvo zvinoita kuti aite zvakare nekubatsirwa kwegadziriro yevhiriji. Vakashandawo maoko uye musoro we dummy.

Zvechokwadi, mukati mekamuri yaive yekugara nyanzvi chaiye chessss. Kwemazuva mazhinji, vatambi vakawanda vane ruzivo vakashanyira maitiro. Zvakanaka, panguva yekurwendo rweAmerica, Meltzel akashandisa mabasa emukurukuru weEurope William Schlumberger, uyo akazvinyora semunyori wega wevakiriri.

Rufu rwemushonga wepfuti

Muna 1838, muridzi weTurk akafa panguva yekufamba kwegungwa kubva kuCuba kusvika kuUnited States. Saka mheni yakawira mumaoko eumwe wevakwereta. Pakupedzisira, brainchild yaBaron Kemplen yakatengeswa kumusangano wevamwe vanoda kufarira chokwadi. Pakupedzisira, vaTurk vakaratidzwa mu musimamende yeFiladelphia. Musi waJuly 5, 1854 ane makore 85 "chess player" akapiswa mukati memoto muimba.