Chii Federation - kutsunga. Federation - hurumende. "Federation" - imwe tsananguro

Munyika yanhasi pane mhando mbiri ehurumende. Mudziyo: nyore (a unitary state) uye kunzwisisa (mubatanidzwa, mubatanidzwa). Tsanangudzo (wechipiri) zvinotevera: Shoko "Federation" rinobva muchiLatin foederātiō, izvo zvinoreva kuti "mubatanidzwa sangano". Shoko "unitary" Rinoshandurawo kubva French se "munhu chete, dzibatane". Zvakaratidza kuti pfungwa mbiri idzi dzinenge zvakafanana. Saka chii musiyano pakati yeUnited uye unitary maonero hurumende? Chokutanga izwi rakasiyana wechipiri?

Chii chinonzi unitary hurumende uye kuti mubatanidzwa yakadaro? tsananguro

A unitary mamiriro ndiko kuvimbika States, iyo, kana inoitwa anoverengeka zvinoriumba, ndiyo yaiona-miganhu dzakabatana, asi zvakadaro chiri indivisible sangano. Mukusiyana, tsanangudzo shoko "Federation" musayenzi yemazuva anopiwa sezvinotevera: Rudzi urwu hurumende tinoberekwa munyika idzodzo, izvo kuva nezvinhu miganhu masangano kuti vane zviri pamutemo vamwe rusununguko enyika. vomumatunhu izvi neimwe nyika dzine mazita akasiyana, asi jurisprudence zvisinei mazita avo kureva vanotongwa Federation. Sezvaunoziva, United States rinoumbwa kubva States, kuRussia Federation - kubva chinoda, nendima, zvionera kumatunhu, Germany - kubva yeUnited States, Canada - kubva mumatunhu, etc. Zvisinei, zvinoriumba izvi zvose zviri pamutemo kuonekwa vanotongwa Federation. Kudeuka mamiriro munyika ane yeUnited mhando hurumende - Russia, USA, Germany, India, Brazil nevamwe. Achiratidza, ngatiedzei muchidimbu, chii inyaya ye Federation. Tsanangudzo iri rinogona kuwanikwa chero duramazwi, kusanganisira zvigadzirwa. Musimboti pfungwa iyi zvinotevera: nyaya Federation mamiriro sangano iri chikamu yeUnited wehurumende, uye kuti haana changamire.

System pamusoro pemasimba epamusoro

Ehurumende anoti vari 2 mugadziriro pemasimba epamusoro uye hurumende: yeUnited uye kuzviitira. Pasinei nokuti bumbiro wehurumende uyu zvakafanana vose vanotongwa Federation, neimwe yeUnited masangano vane kodzero mitemo yavo pachavo kwematunhu uye nemirau, ane guta yayo, mureza uye nezvimwe zviratidzo, vagari Institute, et said., Asi hapana mamiriro changamire. Nyaya zviremera havana kodzero kumisa dzokumwe ukama nedzimwe nyika, izvi zvinoitwa panguva batana chechetere.

Federation zviratidzo

Zvisinei, iye zvino kuti munoziva zvakataurwa Federation, tsanangudzo akatotanga kupiwa apa, isu funga, chii chikonzero zvinganzi kusimbiswa kuti Hurumende ane runoenzanirana chimiro mamiriro. mudziyo.

1. Kana State chinosanganisira nomumwe nyaya (Republics, rinoti, etc. polynomials.) Kuva kunharaunda yayo uye changamire, ndiko Federation.

2. Munyaya ino hurumende mudziyo mukuru Executive nezvakatongwa uye zvemitemo hurumende dzinoitwa ne yeUnited hurumende masangano.

3. vanotongwa Federation ane kodzero yokuita mitemo yayo, kuti yayo remitemo, hakusi zvinopesana Federal Constitution, uyewo ane soro mitumbi simba katatu.

4. yeUnited inoti zvaida bicameral mamiriro yeparamende. Imwe kamuri ndiwo simba mukuru yeUnited mahofisi, uye wechipiri - chaiyo nyaya Federation.

Nhoroondo kwaita nemisanganiswa

Federation ari ano mupfungwa yakabuda rokupedzisira remakore. Kune nyika vakuru akafanana remitemo. Aibva mumazuva apo masayendisiti haasati nezvazvo mubvunzo kuti mubatanidzwa. Tsanangudzo iyi izwi akapiwa zvikuru gare gare. Munyika dzakasiyana, izvi zvakanga zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, maererano tichibatanidza African changamire States pamusoro Zanzibar uye Tanganyika ari sixties remakore rapfuura yakatanga Federal Republic of Zimbabwe. United States achiumbwa nokuda kushamwaridzana anoverengeka makumi vezvikwata chaiko enyika zvinhu mamiriro. Kuwedzera United States saizvozvo nayo kuumbwa, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, etc. Uye pane nguva apo Federation yakaumbwa somugumisiro kurwisa kubva kuhurumende. Nyika idzi dzinosanganisira India, Pakistan nevamwe.

Wokutanga Federation

Federation yokutanga chaizvo ano akaumbwa pachishandiswa sungano pakati inoti. Munguva Soviet pakanga kamwe vamwe nemisanganiswa izvi. Panyaya iyi, nyaya Federation vaine uchangamire hwavo uye kodzero secede (secession) yeidzi, akanga yayo remitemo, vagari, uye ukomba hwavo aisagona kushandurwa pasina zvavo mvumo.

Federation of wechipiri mhando

To ichi howa zvinosanganisira yepamutemo mubatanidzwa, izvo zvaibva kuzvionera. Ndechipi mubatanidzwa, tsanangudzo iyo kuwa pasi rechipiri boka? musiyano wavo kubva pakutanga kuti kana iri nyaya Federation vasina uchangamire, nemiganhu yavo inogona kushanduka pasina mvumo kwakavafadza. Zvisinei, avo maonero haina hanya, asi hazvigoni sechinoitika inokosha. Mushure nokukurumidza pokuwa mugovanisi kwomusasa, anenge zvose yeUnited States boka rokutanga vapera kupinda unitary: Czech Republic akatsemura kubva Slovakia akaparadzana mumwe reYugoslavia chinoda yeSerbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Kosovo nevamwe, uye dzeSoviet vaparadzana mumwe ..

Kunyange zvakadaro, mune zvimwe nyika dzaiumba Soviet Union vachiri akaramba batana polity. Nhasi, rinenge zvose nemisanganiswa munyika vari self contained, ndizvo yepamutemo.

The yeUnited nemamiriro Russian Federation

Funga kuti mamiriro mhando iyi. mano muenzaniso Russia - munyika kupfuura kubudikidza nharaunda munyika. Russian Federation - imwe nyika ine utongi hwegutsarizhinhi yeUnited chimiro, chine 85 wakaenzana nyaya: 46 kumatunhu, 21 chinoda, 1 zvionera nharaunda, 9 micheto, maguta matatu (Moscow, St. Peterbuge uye Sevastopol), yeUnited kukosha, uye mana zvionera nharaunda, uye was kusvikira 2050, guta uye cosmodrome Baikonur. Uyewo, Russian Federation nharaunda conditionally akakamurwa 8 maruwa iyo, kunyange ivo vasiri vanotongwa Federation, asi ivo vanosanganisira kumatunhu administrative akawanda (vanotongwa) the Russian Federation.

Legal tsanangudzo: nyaya yacho Russian Federation

Public pamutemo dzidzo mu Russia anonzi nyaya Federation. Constitution 6 marudzi vakawana masangano (zvokuvhoterwa, nharaunda, achazoburuka, etc.). Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane imwe chinzvimbo pamwe mubumbiro uye nomutemo zvinhu hwokuzvarwa mariri.

1.Respublika, maererano bumbiro, ndiye mamiriro. Inogona kuva kwayo mutauro unonyanya uye bumbiro.

2. Makuriro uye batana nyika. It ine bumbiro rayo, iyo yakasimbiswa kuti zvemitemo simba pamusoro sangano.

3. Mira nzvimbo. Rinogonawo kuva oga nemitemo yayo, anosimbisa zvemitemo muviri musango.

4. zvionera District. chinzvimbo chake inofanira pakutsvaga Constitution of Russian Federation. Rinowanikwawo rimwe kana rimwe pamucheto kana nharaunda. Rine yayo chata.