Kusiyana munyika mupenyu. Kwevari sangano uye anokosha zvivako

All kusiyana hwenyika mhenyu anenge kunyatsotaura manzwiro quantitative nemashoko. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi systematics dzavo kubatanidzwa muzvikwata maererano zvimwe. Munyaya ino tichakurukura dzinokosha ehupfumi, nenheyo kupatsanura uye kwevari sangano kurarama zvipenyu.

Kusiyana munyika mupenyu: pfupi

Mumwe mhando huripo munyika, munhu uye nemamwe. Zvisinei, vakawanda vavo vave zvinoverengeka yakafanana STRUCTURAL zvinhu. Zviri pamusoro chikonzero izvi zvose zvipenyu zvose zvinogona kuiswa pasi taxa. Munguva dzazvino nyanzvi dzinoti shanu Kings. Kusiyana munyika mhenyu (mufananidzo inoratidza zvimwe nhengo dzayo) zvinosanganisira zvinomera, mhuka, notumwe tupukanana mabhakitiriya uye wanda. Wokupedzisira wavo handina cellular yakarongeka, uye pamusoro nhandare ndivo yoga umambo. Mavhairasi Morekuru kuchibva nucleic asidhi izvo zvinogona achimiririrwa DNA uye RNA. Around wavo puroteni deko. Yakadaro maumbirwo zvipenyu izvi vanokwanisa chete chete chiratidzo zvipenyu - kuzvidzora neungano vawande mukati hondo muviri. Mabhakitiriya zvose prokaryotes. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hapana mutemo musimboti mumasero avo. zvinhu zvavo majini rinotaurwa nucleoid - dzeraundi DNA molecules, amazambiringa izvo dziri zvakananga cytoplasm.

Nemhuka akasiyana panzira zvokudya. First vanokwanisa kuti synthesize Organic yeimwe panguva photosynthesis. nzira iyi dzichifura inonzi autotrophic. Mhuka uchapedza makagadzirira-akaita zvinhu. Utachiona yakadaro inonzi heterotrophs. Howa vane zviratidzo zvose zvinomera uye mhuka. Somuenzaniso, vari kuda mararamiro uye mapfumo kukura, asi kwete vanokwanisa photosynthesis.

The ehupfumi nyaya mhenyu

Uye pane chikonzero, zvarwo, zvipenyu anonzi? Nyanzvi dzinoti zvinoverengeka zvinodiwa. Kutanga, zviri kubatana makemikari anoumba. All nyaya mhenyu chakaumbwa Organic zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira mapuroteni, lipids, makabhohaidhiretsi uye nucleic acids. Vose dzinongoitika biopolymers, zvinosanganisira nhamba yokungodzokorora dzakabatana. Zviratidzo zvipenyu uyewo kuva muviri, kufema, kukura, budiriro, kuvabereki kushanduka, muviri, kubereka, kukwanisa kuchinja.

Mumwe taxon kunoratidzwa warwo dzose. Somuenzaniso, zvirimwa zvikure pasina muganhu, hwose. Asi mhuka kuwedzera kukura kusvikira imwe nguva. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune kufema. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti izvi zvinoitika chete kutora chikamu reokisijeni. Izvi zvinonzi Kurovedza afemeruke. Asi pano mamwe mabhakitiriya anogona oxidize Organic zvinhu uye pasina kuvapo okisijeni - anaerobic.

Kusiyana munyika mupenyu: pakati kwevari sangano uye anokosha zvivako

Akati nezviratidzo mupenyu uye ane foni kwemabhakitiriya nemaziso, uye richikura shato huru rwebhuruu. Uyezve, zvinenge zvose zvakasikwa zviri interconnected kuramba kupanana kwenyaya uye simba, uye vane chinodiwa link chuma zvokudya. Pasinei kusiyana kwenyika mupenyu, sangano yomuropa anoratidza kuvapo chete mamwe maitiro vasiri. Vari kungogumira zvinhu marongerwo uye mhando kusiyana. Ngatikurukurei chimwe nechimwe chazvo zvizere.

samolecular chechetere

Kusiyana hwenyika kurarama pamwe ayo inonanga vazivikanwe panguva ino mwero. Hwaro zvipenyu zvose vanoumba mapuroteni, STRUCTURAL zvinhu zviri amino acids. vashoma - vanenge 170. Asi puroteni Morekuru zvinosanganisira 20. chete mubatanidzwa wavo anosarudza rusingaperi-siyana mapuroteni mamorekuru - the kupembedza sealbumin shiri mazai kuti collagen tsandanyama fibers. Panguva iyi sandara, pane kukura zvipenyu vakawanda okuchengetera uye kuchinjwa nhaka zvinhu, muviri uye simba kutendeuka.

Cellular uye tishu pamwero

The mamorekuru pamusoro Organic zvinhu nokuumba masero. Kusiyana munyika mupenyu, dzinokosha ehupfumi zvipenyu panguva pamwero atoona yakakwana. The kwakapararira nature chete-celled zvinenge. It kunogona utachiona uye zvinomera, uye mhuka. zvisikwa zvakadai cellular pamwero unoenderana nhengo.

Pakutanga zvingaita sokuti nechivako kwavo nani chinyakare. Asi hazvina kudaro. Chimbofunga: sero rimwe chete anoita mabasa yose muviri! Somuenzaniso, Paramecium caudatum anoita inofamba kushandisa flagella, kufema kuburikidza pepasi, kugaya uye mutemo osmotic kumanikidzwa kuburikidza specialized vacuoles. Unonzi mune zvinenge izvi uye zvepabonde muitiro, kunoitika muchimiro conjugation. In zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge akaumba tishu. mamiriro ichi ine masero, zvakafanana marongerwo uye kushanda.

organismal pamwero

In zvipenyu, kusiyana nenyika mhenyu iri kudzidza ichi pamwero. Mumwe Muviri chinhu chimwe chete uye unoshanda maererano. Vazhinji vavo akaumbwa masero, nyama uye nhengo dzomuviri. Anosiyiwa vari yakaderera zvinomera, notumwe uye lichens. muviri yavo inoumbwa muunganidzwa masero izvo hatuzoumbiki munyama anonzi thallus. Mashandiro midzi iri zvinenge ino mhando ushande rhizoids.

Population-mhando uye mararamiro mumatunhu

Duku dzaishandiswa mune taxonomy kwemarudzi. Izvi yakatarwa vanhu, ane zvinoverengeka nevakawanda zvinhu. Chokutanga, ndiyo morphological, nokukanganisika features, uye anokwanisa kusunungura kuyambuka kuti zvinenge kuti agare umboo mukati chete siyana uye kubereka yakaorera vana. Modern taxonomy ane zvinopfuura miriyoni. 1,7 Species. Asi zvakasikwa vanogona kungogara. Mukati mundima chaiwo inogarwa akawanda mhuka. Izvi anosarudza kusiyana kwenyika mupenyu. In zvipenyu, boka rimwe chete kwemarudzi kuti kurarama mukati imwe siyana, akadana vanhu. Kubva mapoka aya, vari voga kuti zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvakasikwa. Rinogona kuva reservoirs, gomo kana dondo munzvimbo. Mumwe vagari kunoratidzwa siyana ayo, uyewo munhurume, zera, kwezvakatipoteredza, spatial uye masero.

Asi kunyange mukati chimwe dzinogarisana, mhando vakasiyana zvipenyu zviri zvakakwana guru. Vose vari dzakashandisa kurarama zvimwe zvinhu uye kufanana trophic. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mumwe kwemarudzi rine zvokudya zvimwe. Izvi zvinoguma mararamiro kana biocenosis. It atova akaronga vanhu akasiyana kwemarudzi akabatanidza dzinogarisana, ichitanga yacho uye simba.

biogeocoenosis

Asi vose zvinenge nguva dzose kuwirirana zvinokonzera kuti zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira mhepo tembiricha muoti, kuti salinity uye makemikari anoumba mvura, unyoro uye chiedza chezuva. All zvipenyu venyama novimba pavo uye haagoni kurarama pasina zvimwe zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, zvinomera vanopiwa chete zuva simba, mvura uye carbon dioxide. Zviri chimiro photosynthesis, naro synthesize makemikari nyaya zvavanoda. The raora pamusoro biotic zvinhu uye zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa dzinonzi biogeocenosis.

Chii Biosphere

Kusiyana munyika kurarama massively kumiririrwa biosphere. Ichi munyika dzinongoitika goko nyika yedu, iyo chinobatanidza zvose zvipenyu zvose. The biosphere rine parinogumira. Rokunze rakamiswa mumhepo, iri shoma nokuda ozone rukoko panyika. It riri imwe nekukwirira 20 - 25 km. rukoko urwu absorbs kunokuvadza ultraviolet nemwaranzi. Pamusoro pake, upenyu hazvitomboiti. Kusvika kudzika 3 km riri rezasi muganhu biosphere. Pano, zviri shoma nokuvapo unyoro. Saka yakadzika vanokwanisa kurarama anaerobic utachiona chete. Mumvura goko of nyika - the hydrosphere, upenyu pana kudzika 10-11? Km.

Nokudaro, zvipenyu vagere redu kupinda akasiyana dzinongoitika casings, vane zvinoverengeka noruzhinji zvivako. Izvi zvinosanganisira kugona kwavo mweya, kudya kunovaka, kufamba, kubereka, uye zvichingodaro. D. The siyana zvipenyu chinomiririrwa yakasiyana kwevari sangano, mumwe nomumwe aine yakasiyana siyana kunzwisisa marongerwo uye vasiri kwendangariro.