Lev Kekushev - architect: photo, biography, buildings in Moscow

Pane imwe nguva mugadziri akakurumbira, Lev Kekushev, akakwanisa kudzivisa basa rechiuto, iro baba vake, mutungamiri kunze kwebato, vakanga vamuprofitira. Mwanakomana akagona kugutsikana nevabereki nezvekukosha kwavo. Akanga ari muumbi wekutanga akachenjera akashanda muArt Nouveau chimiro. Chiratidzo mumhando yeshumba chakanga chakaonekwa nemabasa ake ose muMoscow nemuiti wekugadzira Kekushev.

Mhuri yemurimi wekunze

The biography of the architect brilliant Leo Nikolaevich Kekushev inowedzera munzvimbo dzakaoma. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vebasa rake uye biography vanodavira kuti akaberekwa muna 1862 muSaratov. Vamwe vanoti chivakwa chakazvarwa muVilna, iyo muProvinse yeWarsaw. Tichatanga kubva pane izvi.

Lev Nikolaevich Kekushev akakurira uye akakurira mumhuri yehondo. Baba vake vaishanda semukuru muhurumende yePavlovsky, yakanga yakamira muUmambo hwePoland. Sezviri pachena, yaiva ipapo iyo iye akatanga kusangana nomudzimai wake weramangwana. Zita rake rainzi Constance. Aiva mukunda weimba yePoland.

Muna 1861, mukuru wemhuri akasarudza kusiya. Akapinda mubasa rehurumende. Nzvimbo yake itsva yebasa yakanga iri chivakwa chekugadzira. Kazhinji mubasa raifanira kutamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Mune nguva dzakasiyana aigara muSt. Petersburg, Pskov, Novgorod, kusvikira apedza kuVilna. Yaiva ipapo iyo mwanakomana wake, muumbi wekugadzira, akazvarwa. Panguva ino baba vomumhuri vakange vauya kumatare echipangamazano kumatare.

Mukuwedzera kunaLev Kekushev, uyo aiva mwana wechitatu, pane vana 6. Mhuri yaigara pane zvishoma. Ndicho chikonzero vabereki vakananga vana vavo kuti vagamuchire dzidzo yakanaka, sezvo yakapa mukana wekuona basa rakanaka mune ramangwana.

Yokutanga kuedza

Pakazosvika 1883, vechidiki Kekushev Lev Nikolaevich vakapedza chikoro chechikoro chaiwo muVilna. Uye sezvo akanga atozviratidza pachena mano ekugadzira uye akavenga kuvhota kwehondo, akaenda kuSt. Petersburg. Aida kupinda mu Institute of Civil Engineers, izvo zvakaitika gore rimwe chete.

Mumadziro edzimhosva iyi akadzidza pamwe nevakadaro vakagadzirwa seVelchkin, I. Ivanov-Shits naN. Markov.

Paakanga ari mudzidzi, Kukushev Leo Nikolayevich aifanira kuita nhamba yevadzidzi vanozvimiririra, paakadzokera zvakare kuratidza mano ake anoshamisa ekupenda.

Pakupera kwezvidzidzo zvake akadzivirira purogiramu yake, iyo yainzi "Kuuraya muSt. Petersburg". Nguva pfupi isati yapfuura diploma, akakwanisa kuwana basa muBhizimisi neKwakira Komiti yeHurumende yeZvenyika. Somugumisiro, muna 1888 akapedza kudzidza kubva yunivhesiti, kuva nyanzvi yekugadzira hurumende. Mukuwedzera, akapiwa Sirivha Medal kuitira kubudirira kwake muzvivakwa.

Mushure meizvozvo, Lev Kekushev akashanda kwenguva pfupi semubatsiri kuguta reguta. Zvisinei, kare muna 1890 akasarudza kuenda kumusha, kuenda kuThen See.

Mentor

Mune guta guru, Kekushev akasarudza kuzvipira zvikuru kunyanya kumagadzirirwo emagetsi. Saka, akatanga ushamwari hwake nemuumbi wezvigadzirwa S. Eybuschitz, uye akazovawo mubatsiri wake. Mune simba iri, akabatanidzwa mukuvakwa kweOkhotny Ryad neCentral Baths.

Kazhinji zvidzidzo zvemuumbi wekugadzira akakurudzira hazvina kungobatsira chete kugadzirisa mararamiro emuumbi wechidiki, asiwo kugadzira denderedzwa yevatengi, pakati pavo vakanga vari vapfumi kubva kune vemabhizimisi.

Mukuwedzera, panguva yekudzidzira Kekushev akakwanisa kudzidzira unyanzvi hwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakashongedza. Izvi zvinoreva kubata, electroforming, pamwe nekucheka pagirazi uye nesimbi.

Wakavakwa masangano

Kekushev akapedza basa rake muna 1893-m. Mushure mokunge akazarura chivakwa chake chekugadzira. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvinyorwa pamabasa emusangano uyu hazvina kuchengetedzwa. Asi pane dhenda pamusoro pevakagadziri vakaita mabasa avo, vakaona kuiswa kwezvivako zvezvivakwa uye vakagadzira kurongedza kwekushongedza kwemukati uye zvidhina.

Vatsigiri vakadaro vaiva, somuenzaniso, hama dzeShutsmans. Ivo, kusanganisira, vakabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kweKorobkov mansion naFrank's apartment house. Vakatarisawo kuvakwa kwemaitiro emabhizimisi aNikolsky.

Vamwe vatsigiri veKekushev vaiva V. Voeikov naN. Shevyakov. Mukuwedzera, kuburikidza nechikoro chemugadziri vakange vari vakakurumbira vezvivako zveRussia A. Kuznetsov naI. Fomin.

Mukuwedzera pakushanda muhofisi, Kekushev akashanda semudzidzisi paSchool School mumusoro. Nekuda kwechirongwa, akakwanisa kuvaka kemikari ye laboratori.

Kekushev akadzidzisa pa Stroganov Art and Industrial School. Akapa vadzidzi vake zvidzidzo pamusoro pekuvhara sirivha, simbi yekugadzira uye kuumbwa. Akabva atanga kushanda mune imwe yezvikoro zvejinijini.

Kwemakore mashanu, Kekushev akabata basa remugadziri wesangano. Uye iye pachake akanga akakwanisa kuvaka chivako nemamwe maMoorish maitiro e-almshouse anonzi Hera.

Imperial order

Pakazosvika makore ekuma90 kusvika kunaKekushev akauya kubwinya kwekutanga. Zvishoma nezvishoma, akatanga kushandura kubva kune mumwe munhu akagadzira chivakwa kuva muumbi wepamusoro. Yakave iyo iyo yakagamuchira murairo weMambo Nicholas II pachake.

Mumakore aya, kugadziriswa kwepamutemo kwechipiri chitongi chakanga chiri kugadzirirwa. Nokuda kwechiitiko icho chakasarudzwa kuisa chikamu cheTverskaya Street, Guta Duma uye Voskresenskaya Square. Nokuda kweizvi, mumakwikwi aakaziviswa, apo vavaki vakanakisisa vakatora chikamu. Somugumisiro, urongwa hwaiva mumaoko aKekushev. Uye mushure mechinguva akapedza kubudirira basa iri. Kubva panguva iyoyo, zita remugadziri akange atozivikanwa muumambo hwose.

New direction

Iyo imwe nguva muhupenyu hwetenzi yakaratidzwawo neyekuti muumbi wekugadzira Kekushev, uyo ane nhoroondo yakazara yezvinhu zvinofadza, zvishoma nezvishoma akaenderera mberi kune unyanzvi hwokugadzira Art Art.

Basa rokutanga rakadaro raiva imba yaKhludov, iyo inofananidzwa seimwe yemirairo yakajeka yehutungamiri. Nhasi, chivakwa ichi chave chichivakwa zvakare, asi chifananidzo chakachengetedzwa.

Iyi nzira yemugadziri yaive yakatsigirwa nevakawanda vavaki vekuvaka uye vanozivikanirwa philanthropists, pakati pavo vaive Kuznetsovs, Nosovs nevamwe vazhinji.

Savva Mamontov nedzimba dzimba

Nenguva ino, kubudirira kwemari kwakasvika kuna Kekushev. Akazova muongorori anozivikanwa mundima iyi. Bhizimisi anonyatsozivikanwa Savva Mamontov akasarudza kutema muvakirwi akakurumbira kumapurogiramu ake. Semuenzaniso, Kekushev akabatanidzwa mukuvakwa kweNorthern Railway, uye akagadzirawo shongwe yemvura mune imwe nzvimbo yezvitima zveMoscow.

Asi, zvichida, purogiramu yakawanda zvikuru yepurogiramu yakanga iri kuvakwa kweMetropol Hotel.

Panguva ino, Kekusheva akagadzwa mukuru wekugadzira yemasangano maviri. Yaiva kambani yemishuwarisi yakaronga kuvaka mafashoni emasikirwo pasi pe "kiyi" muArt Nouveau mararamiro, uye House Building Society, iyo yakave ichiita mukuvakwa kweMetropol. Pfungwa iyi ndeyomuridzi wehotera S. Mamontov. Zvinosuruvarisa, pane imwe nguva akafunga kupa chibvumirano kumushandi V. Vilkot. Kuvaka kwakatanga, asi basa reMammoth rakanga risingakwanisi kuitika, nokuti aipomerwa nekunyadzisa kukuru uye akasungwa. Mushure mechinguva akaregererwa, asi bhizinesi rakaparadzwa.

Vatsva vehotera zvakare vakakokwa naKekushiv kuti vagone kubata basa rose reVilcot. Vashandi vebhizimisi ravo vanotenda kuti kutora kwaKekushev kwakabatsira kubudirira kukuru kwebasa rose.

Mukuwedzera pakusimbisa Metropole, Kekushev akatanga kuvaka dzimba dzake dzinobatsira. Uyezve, muvakirisi akavaka imba yake pachake paOstozhenka. Entrepreneur G. List yakarumbidzwa nemuumbi weKekushev. Akapa mutengo mukuru wekuvaka. Kekushev aisagona kuramba.

Pakuguma kwekugadzirwa

Nzvimbo yekusika yeLev Kekushev yakauya pakutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri. Pakutanga kwezana remakore, akanga atofunga kuti ndiye muvambi uye mutendi akavimbika wemutambo wezuva ranhasi. Yaiva panguva iyi apo muumbi wekuMoscow ainzi Lev Kekushev akagadzira uye akavaka zvivako zvakadai seimba yeI I. Mindovski neNosov, Iverian mabhizimisi ekutengesa, uye nechiteshi chezvitima muTsaritsyno. Uyewo, maererano nemifananidzo yake, mukova weArbat uye makamuri akawanda ezvitoro "Prague" yakagadzirwa. Mukuwedzera, Kekushev aifanira kupfekedza mahotera e I. Maigara aMorozov, ari pa Prechistenka Street.

Muzhinji, ose anoshanda muMoscow muvakiriti Kekushev akaitwa pachikwata chepamusoro. Muzvivako mweya wake inotengeswa. Ivo vakakodzera kutarisirwa. Nokuti zvinhu zvose zvayo zvinoratidzika nechose chakanaka chidzidzo chekatikati.

Nguva Yezvinetso

Apo shanduro yekuRussia yokutanga yakakunda, zvinodiwa zvevoruzhinji zvakatanga kuchinja. Kana zvisati zvaitika zviitiko zvekutanga muna 1905 zvigadzirwa zvekare zveArt Nouveau zvakakunda mumapurani, zvino mushure mokudaro mutsva mutsva waiva weaconcon uye wakadziviswa kumadokero kwemazuva ano.

Zvinosuruvarisa, muiti wezvivako Lev Nikolaevich Kekushev angave asingadi, kana kuti aisagona kushanda mune imwe nzira, uye mukurumbira wake uye simba rakatanga kuderera.

Muna 1907, akanga achienda kuvaka imwe resitorendi inonzi "Eldorado". Zvechokwadi, iri purojekiti yaive yekuve imwe yezvirongwa zvakakura zvikuru zvekuvaka. Zvisinei, imwe nyanzvi yakatanga kuvaka chivako. Somugumisiro, kuvakwa kwakapedzwa, asi nekukanganisa kukuru uye kwakakomba kubva pamifananidzo yaL. Kekushev. Zvisikwa zvekupedzisira zvakajeka zvemugadziri ndiyo chipatara mu Preobrazhensky. Yakanga yakagadzirwa manheru eHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, muna 1912.

Basa rakatevera rakagadzirwa naKekushev rakagadzira pasina kunyatsorondedzera uye humwe.

Rufu

Mushure megore ra1912, kuguma kwaKekushiv vakawana mumvuri chaiwo. Zvaiita sokuti muumbi wekugadzirira haana kutanga kutora zvibvumirano zvachose. Akangoisa mifananidzo yezvisikwa zvake zvekare mumapurogiramu akasiyana-siyana.

Uyezve, kwakanga kusina kutaura pamusoro pake zvachose. Ichokwadi, mumapepanhau ezvigadzirwa zvaive zvichiita kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti iye, nerufaro, ari mupenyu uye dzimwe nguva anoenda kune dzimwe dzimba.

Kuzvitsaura kwakadaro, maererano nevakagadziri vemazvikokota, vakagadzirwa nechirwere chepfungwa. Vamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanodavira kuti muumbi wekwenyika Kekushev akazvipira nokuda kwekukundikana kwega kwega uye basa.

Ita sezvazvingaita, apo October Revolution uye hondo yevagari vemo yakatanga, tenzi wacho akanyangarika zvachose. Izvo zvisingazivikanwi paakafa uye paakavigwa ... Ichokwadi, maererano neumwe wehama dzake, Lev Kekushev akafa muna 1917 muchipatara. Uye vakamuviga mune rimwe remaguta makuru ... Sezvakangoyeuka iye pachake akabva mubati wekuvaka Kekushev akavaka muMoscow. Unogona kuona mufananidzo wemabasa ake munyaya yacho.

Muchipfuva chemhuri

Upenyu hwehupenyu hwemuumbi wehuni hwakapfuma muzviitiko. Muchiitiko ichi, kwaive nemadhakwa emhuri. Mukupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, Kekushev akasangana naAna Bolotova, mukunda wevatariri vakasiya basa. Akazvarwa uye akagara muKremenchug, muruwa rwePoltava. Panguva yemusangano, uyu musikana anonakidza aingova nemapfumbamwe chete. Kubudirira kwekuvaka metropolitan muvakidzani kwakanga kwava kuda kusvika 35. Pasinei nekusiyana, vakaroorana vakaroorana. Izvi zvakaitika kumapeto kwaApril 1897.

Pakutanga, vaviri vacho vaifara zvechokwadi. Vana vavo vakakura. Munzvimbo yavakange vane dacha muSlave Forest yakaisvonaka. Uyezve, makore mashomanana mushure momuchato, vakatamira kumusha wavo paOstozhenka, sezvataurwa kare. Kutaura zvazviri, iyi "dzimba dzakagadzikana" yakataura nezvekukwira kwechokwadi kwebasa rehutano hwemugadziri. Kubvumirana, dzimba dzepamusoro dzakavakwa nemunyori wemapurisa, ane zvikwata.

Maererano nenyaya dzemuzukuru chete wemuvakirati, Kekushev aiva neunhu hwakanaka. Akanga achifara uye ane mutsa kune hama, shamwari neshamwari. Loved pranks. Asi rudo rwake rwemazuva ose rwakanga rwuri nguva yekuvakwa. Sezvo mutemo, akakwira pa6 kubva mangwanani, shure kwaizvozvo akatanga kushanda muhofisi yake. Maererano nemhemberero yemudzimai wake Kekushev, aive munhu ane shungu kwazvo. Uye paakagadzira, kazhinji kacho kudarika kuenzanisira kwakakodzera. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu aya, dzimwe nguva akabhadhara iye asina kurasikirwa muchikwama chake kuitira kuti aone kuenzanisa kwezvirongwa zvake. Zvinosuruvarisa, ndezvikonzero zvehutano huno mune ramangwana kuti haana kusiya chimwe chinhu shure, kunze kwezvikwereti.

Pamwe mhuri inofara yakagara makore anenge gumi. Muna 1906, Kekushev akasarudza kuenda kune imwe imba yairenda. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku asina chokwadi, chikonzero chepakange chakanga chiri kupandukira kune chikamu chemudzimai wezvigadziri. Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, akatanga sangano nemumwe waaishanda naye mumusangano weKekushiv.

Kunyange zvakadaro, vaviri vacho vakaedza kakawanda kuumba ukama hwavo. Mune mhaka ipi zvayo, pane nguva yavakagara pamwe chete zvakare. Asi zvakare vakabva vaparadzana. Zvose izvi kuedza kuchengetedza imba yacho yakanga isina maturo.

Architect Kekushev: vana

Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, mhuri yechidiki yeKekusheshi yakabereka vana. Mhembera yemurume nemudzimai akakurumbira aiva mwanakomana waNikoi. Akazvarwa kumagumo aFebruary 1898. Muna 1901 mudzimai weaivakiti akamupa mwanasikana Tatiana. Uye gore rakatevera, mwanasikana muduku kuna vose Katya akaberekwa.

Mwanakomana wake akazopedzisira azova aviator yakakurumbira. Muna 1924 akapiwa murairo weDare Banner. Akazoita mauto ehondo munharaunda yeCentral Asian republics.

Muna 1930 akashanda semakambani ekufambisa ndege. Panguva iyoyo akanga ari chikamu chevarume veP. Golovin. Ava vafambisi vechikepe vakakwanisa kuenda kuNorth Pole kwekutanga, apo kufamba kweruzivo rwechirumbira wepollar I. Papanin yakanga iri kugadzirira.

Apo Hondo huru yePatriotic yakatanga uye kubviswa kweLeningrad, Nikolai akatora ndege isina vanhu kune imwe nyika yekumusoro kwenyika huru. Panhoroondo yake pamusoro pemakwi makumi mashanu.

Mushure mehondo, akanga ari mujeri, mushure mokunge akaenda kumusasa. Apo akasunungurwa, akasarudza kunyora bhuku pamusoro pezvakakanganwa. Chinhu chinoshamisa kwazvo pamusoro pebasa iri ndechekuti hakuna humwe hutano hwehupenyu nerufu rwebaba vakakurumbira.