Life uye basa Ostrovsky. Matanho uye zvinoitwa okugadzira zvinhu Ostrovsky

Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky munyori akakurumbira weRussia uye playwright, uyo ane simba rakakura pakufambisa kwemaitambo yenyika. Akaumba chikoro chitsva chemitambo chaiyo uye akanyora mabasa akawanda anoshamisa. Ichi chinyorwa chicharondedzera zvikamu zvikuru zvebasa rekusika reOstrovsky. Uyewo dzimwe nguva dzinokosha dzehupenyu hwake.

Childhood

Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky, ane chinyorwa chinoratidzwa munyaya ino, akaberekwa muna 1823, March 31, kuMoscow, mudunhu reMalaya Ordynka. Baba vake, Nikolai Fedorovich, vakakurira mumhuri yemupristi, vakapedza kudzidza kuMoscow Theological Academy pachake, asi havana kushumira muchechi. Akava gweta rematare, akabatanidzwa mune zvekutengeserana nekutonga. Nikolai Fyodorovich akakwanisa kusimudzirwa kusvika kumatare emakurukota, uye gare gare (muna 1839) kuti atore vakuru. Amai venguva yemberi - Savvina Lyubov Ivanovna - aiva mwanasikana we sexton. Akafa apo Alexander aingova namakore manomwe chete. Mumhuri yeOstrovsky vana vatanhatu vakakura. Nikolay Fyodorovich akaita zvose kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti vana vakakura mukubudirira uye vakagamuchira dzidzo yakanaka. Makore mashomanana mushure mekufa kwaLubov Ivanovna, akawana zvakare. Mudzimai wake aiva Emilia Andreyevna von Tessin, a baroness, mwanasikana weSweden gurukota. Vana vaine rombo rakanaka pamwe naamai vavo vokurera: akakwanisa kuwana nzira kwavari uye vakaramba vachipinda mudzo yavo.

Vechidiki

Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky akapedza huduku hwake mumoyo weZamoskvorechye. Baba vake vaiva neraibhurari yakanaka kwazvo, nekuda kwekuti mukomana akazoziva sei mabhuku evanyori veRussia uye akanzwa ruzha rwokunyora. Zvisinei, baba vangu vakaona gweta chete mumukomana. Nokudaro, muna 1835, Alexander akakumbirwa kuMoscow Moscow Gymnasium, mushure mekudzidziswa kwaakazove mudzidzi weMoscow University. Zvisinei, kuwana dhipatimendi yemweya Ostrovsky yakanga isina kumbobudirira. Akakakavadzana nemudzidzisi ndokubva yasiya yunivhesiti. Pane mazano ababa vake, Alexander Nikolayevich akaenda kumushandi semunyori uye akashanda munzvimbo iyi kwemakore akawanda.

Pen muenzaniso

Zvisinei, Alexander Nikolayevich haana kurega kuedza kuzviratidza pachake mundima yekunyora. Mumitambo yake yekutanga akaomerera kune kupomerwa, "tsika-tsika". Basa rokutanga raOstrovsky rakadhindwa mune rimwe bhuku, Moscow City Leaflet, muna 1847. Iyi yaiva mifananidzo yemamhanzi "The Failed Debtor" uye nheyo inoti "Nhoroondo dzeZvakoskvoretsky Musha." Pasi pebhuku racho maiva netsamba "A. O. uye D. G. "Ichokwadi ndechokuti mumwe Dmitry Gorev akakoka jaya ruduku kuti ashande pamwe chete. Izvo hazvina kufambisa mberi kwekunyorwa kweimwe yemifananidzo, asi gare gare yakava dambudziko rekutambudzika kukuru kwaOstrovsky. Vamwe vanovhiringidza vakabva vopomera muchengeti wechirwere chekunyengera. Mune ramangwana, kubva peni raAlexandro Nikolayevich pachava nemitambo yakawanda, uye hakuna munhu angatsunga kusava nehanya netarenda yake. Zvadaro, hupenyu hwaOstrovsky nebasa zvicharondedzerwa zvakadzama . Itafura iri pasi ichagadzirisa mazano akawanikwa.

Kutanga kubudirira

Izvi zvakaitika rini? Basa raOstrovsky rakave rakakurumbira zvikuru mushure mekubudiswa muna 1850 yemutambo "Vanhu vake - tichaverengwa!". Iri basa rakagamuchira kuongorora kwakanaka mumabhuku ekunyora. IA Goncharov naNV Gogol vakapa mutambo kuongorora kwakanaka. Zvisinei, iyo inofadza spoonful ye tar yakawira munharaunda iyi yeuchi. Vachitarisa vamiririri veMoscow vatengesi, vakagumburwa neimba, vakanyunyutira kune vane masimba makuru pamusoro pomutambo wemutambo asina simba. Mutambo wacho wakakurumidza kubvumidzwa kubva pakutsvaga, munyori akadzingwa kubva mubasa uye akapiwa pasi pekutongesa zvakanyanya mapurisa. Uye zvakaitika pahutano hweMambo Nicholas I pachake. Kutarisirwa kwakabviswa pashure pokunge mambo weAlexander II akakwira pachigaro. Uye vanhu vomunharaunda vakaona mutambo chete muna 1861, mushure mekurambidzwa kwekugadzirwa kwayo kwakasimudzwa.

Matambo ekutanga

Basa rokutanga raAlexander Ostrovsky rakanga risina hanya, basa rakabudiswa kunyanya mumagazini yeMoskvityanin. Mutambi wechechi akabata pamwe nebhuku rino zvose semutsoropodzi uye semupepeti muna 1850-1851. Pasi pesimba re "jaya rekunyora bhodhi" yemagazini uye mukuru wemagariro emudenderedzwa uyu, AA Grigoriev, Alexander Nikolayevich akanyora mitambo "Urombo hausi mhirizhonga", "Usagara pasi muchivara chako", "Usararame sezvaunoda." Zvinyorwa zvebasa rekusika reOstrovsky panguva iyi raiva maonero ekutonga, tsika dzekare zveRussia netsika. Aya manzwiro akanganisa zvinyorwa zvinopomerwa zvebasa romunyori. Zvisinei, mumabasa ehuyu, hutano hwaAlexander Nikolaevich hwaikura. Mitambo yake yakazozivikanwa uye yakakurumbira.

Kubatana naSovremennik

Kutanga muna 1853, kwemakore makumi matatu, Alexander Nikolayevich yemitambo yakaratidzwa nguva dzose pamatanho eMary (kuMoscow) uye Alexandrinsky (muSt. Petersburg) mitambo. Kubva muna 1856, basa raOstrovsky rinowanzovharwa mubhuku rinonzi Sovremennik (mabasa akadhindwa). Munguva yehupfumi hwevanhu mumunharaunda (kusati kwapera kubviswa kwejeri muna 1861), mabasa emunyori zvakare akawana kupomerwa kunopomerwa. Mumutambo "Mune imwe mabiko emuchengeti," munyori akasika mufananidzo wakaisvonaka weBruskov waTit Titych, umo maakaita simba rakaoma uye rima rekutonga kwemuzinda. Pano, kwekutanga, shoko rokuti "mhirizhonga" rakanzwika, iro rakapedzisira rakabatanidzwa pane rose rakanyorwa nevanhu vaOstrovsky. Mumusidhari "nzvimbo inobatsira" yakaseka yakava tsika yekutengesa upenyu hwevakuru vakuru. Dharimi "Kurera Mwana" yaiva kuratidzira kurwisana nechisimba chinopesana nomunhu. Pasi apa, zvimwe zvikamu zvebasa rekusika reOstrovsky richatsanangurwa. Asi musoro wekubudirira kweiyi nguva yezvinyorwa zvake zvekunyora yaiva yehutano uye yepfungwa yemutambo "Mheni."

Kutinhira

Mumutambo uyu, "zuva rega rega" Ostrovsky akanyora dreary atmosphere yeguta rehurumende pamwe neunyengeri, unyengeri, simba risingaoneki re "vakuru" uye vapfumi. Kusiyana nenyika isina kukwana yevanhu, Alexander Nikolayevich anoratidza mifananidzo inonakidza yeharaunda yeVolga. Chifananidzo chaKaterina chakafukidzwa nekunaka kwakashata uye chinotyisa. Dutu rinomirira kushungurudzika mupfungwa kwe heroine uye, panguva imwechete, inotakura mutoro wekutya umo vanhuwo zvavo vanogara nokusingaperi. Uhu hwemapofu hupfumi obfuscates, maererano naOstrovsky, mauto maviri: pfungwa, iyo inonzi Kuligin anoparidza mumutambo, uye mweya wakachena waKaterina. Mune "Ray weChiedza muhusiku hwemdima" muongorori Dobrolyubov anotsanangura chimiro chemunhu mukuru sechiratidzo chekupikisa kwakadzika, zvishoma nezvishoma kuibva munyika.

Kutenda kudhidza iyi, chimiro cheOstrovsky chakasvikira kune zvikomo zvisingawanikwi. "Kutinhira" kwakaita Alexander Nikolayevich mutambo wokurumbira weRussia uye akakurumbira.

Historical motives

Muchikamu chechipiri chema1860 Alexander Nikolayevich akatanga kudzidza nhoroondo yeHungu reMatambudziko. Akatanga kutarisana nomunyori wenhau dzakazivikanwa uye munhu wevanhu vose Nikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov. Kubva pakudzidza kwezvinhu zvakakomba nemutambarakadzi, mutsara wakazara wemabasa akaumbwa: "Dmitry Samozvanets uye Vasily Shuisky", "Kozma Zakhar'ich Minin-Sukhoruk", "Tushino". Matambudziko ehurumende yenyika yakaratidzwa Ostrovsky tarenda uye akavimbika.

Mamwe mitambo

Alexander Nikolayevich achiri kungoramba akatendeka kumusoro wake waaida. Mumakore ekuma1860 akanyora mitambo yakawanda ye "imba" nemitambo. Pakati pavo: "Mazuva mashoma", "Deep", "Jokers". Iyi mabasa yakagadziriswa nezvikonzero zvatowanikwa nemunyori. Kubvira pakupera kwema1860, basa rekusika raOstrovsky rave richifamba munguva yekushanda kunoshanda. Mumufananidzo wake unoona mifananidzo uye zvinyorwa zve "itsva", zvichiri kupona kuchinja kweRussia: vatengesi, vanowana, vanoderedza mapepa emari uye "Europeanized" vatengesi. Alexander Nikolaevich akasika ruzivo rwakanaka rwemakwenzi ehupenyu, debunking mamiriro ekururamisa kwevanhu: "Mad Money", "Hot Heart", "Wolves uye Sheep", "Forest". Nzira dzakanaka dzomutambi wechirwidzi mweya wakachena, vanhu vakanaka: Parasha kubva "Hot Heart", Aksyusha kubva ku "Forest". Maonero aOstrovsky ezvinoreva hupenyu, mufaro uye basa raive mumutambo we "Labor Bread". Inenge yose mabasa aAlexander Nikolayevich, akanyorwa muma1870, akabudiswa muOtechestvennye zapiski.

"Snow Maiden"

Kuonekwa kweiyo nhetembo yekunyora kwakange kusinganzwisisiki. The Small Theater in 1873 yakavharwa kugadziriswa. Vashandi vake vakatamira kuchivako cheBolshoi Theatre. Mukubatana neizvi, mutungamiriri wevatungamiri veMoscow Imperial Theatre yakasarudza kuumba mutambo umo mapoka matatu aizobatanidzwa: opera, ballet nemutambo. Nyora zvakafanana zvakafanana naAlexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky. "Snegurochka" yakanyorwa nemutambo wechechi munguva pfupi. Sezvakanakira, munyori akatora nyaya kubva kumutauro weRussia. Paaishanda panotamba, akanyatsosarudza hukuru hwemavesi, akabvunzurudzwa nevanochera matongo, vanyori vezvakaitika kare, vaongorori vekare. Mimhanzi yemutambo yakanyorwa nevechidiki PI Tchaikovsky. Mutambo wakatanga kutanga muna 1873, musi wa11 Chivabvu, pachikamu cheBolshoi Theatre. KS Stanislavsky vakataura nezve "Snow Maiden" senhau yenyaya, kurota, yakataurwa mune zvinyorwa zvinonakidza uye zvinoshamisa. Akataura kuti anistist uye zuva rega rega Ostrovsky akanyora damba iri sekuti akanga asina kufarira chinhu chipi nechipi chisati chaitika, kunze kwerudo rwechokwadi uye nhetembo.

Shanda mumakore achangopfuura

Munguva iyi Ostrovsky akanyora maitiro makuru evanhu nemafungiro emagariro nemitambo. Vanotaura nezvekuparadzwa kwevakadzi vakadzi vasina maturo, vane zvipo mune zvenyika uye vanozvitsvakira nyika: Tarenda uye vanoyemura, uye Dowryless. Pano muchengeti wechirangarudzo ave nekugadzira matsva matsva ekuratidzira kwekunaka, achitarisira basa raAnton Chekhov. Achichengetedza zvisikwa zvemutambo wake, Alexander Nikolaevich akaedza kushandura mu "mazano anonzwisisika anonyadzisa" "kurwisana mukati" kwema heroes.

Mabasa eMunharaunda

Muna 1866, Alexander Nikolaevich akatanga nheyo yainzi Artistic Circle. Akazopa kuMoscow matanho akawanda ane tarenda. Ostrovsky aiva DV Grigorovich, IA Goncharov, IS Turgenev, PM Sadovsky, AF Pisemsky, GN Fedotova, ME Yermolova, PI Tchaikovsky , LN Tolstoy, ME Saltykov-Shchedrin, IE Turchaninov.

Muna 1874, Sangano reRussian Dramatic Writers neAptera Composers rakagadzwa muRussia. Sachigaro wesangano racho ndiye Alexander Ostrovsky. Mifananidzo yemunhu anozivikanwa nevanhu vose vaizivikanwa kune vese vanoita zvekudhiroja muRussia. Mushanduri akaedza kuita zvakawanda kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yekuchengetedzwa kwemaitambo yakadzokororwa nekuda kwevanyori, uye nokudaro zvakanyatsovandudza mararamiro avo uye zvehupfumi.

Muna 1885, Alexander Nikolayevich akasarudzwa kuti ave mukuru wemutambo wezvemitambo yeMoscow uye akava mukuru wechikoro chechikoro.

Ostrovsky Theatre

Basa raAlexander Ostrovsky harina kushamwaridzana nekuumbwa kwechokwadi chaiyo yeRussian theater mune zvarinoreva mazuva ano. Mutambi wenhau uye munyori akakwanisa kugadzira chikoro chake chemaitirwo uye chirevo chakakwana chezvinyorwa zvemitambo.

Izvozvo zvinoshamisa zvebasa rekusika reOstrovsky munhandare ndekusavapo kwekupikisa kune mutevedzeri wemamiriro ezvinhu uye zvakanyanya mamiriro ezvinhu mubasa rekutamba. Mumabasa aAlexander Nikolayevich, zviitiko zvinowanzoitika kune vanhuwo zvavo.

Pfungwa huru dzekuchinja:

• Iyi yemitambo inofanira kuvakwa pamagungano (pane chisingaoneki "rusvingo rwechina" runoparadzanisa vateereri kubva kune vateereri);
• Kana uchitarisa kushanda, bheti haifaniri kuitwa pane mumwe mutambi anozivikanwa, asi neboka revanyori vanonzwisisana zvakanaka;
• Kuvhiringidzika kwevatadzi vemafungiro ekutaura mutauro: maitiro ekutaura anofanira kutaura zvinenge zvose pamusoro pevarwi vanoimirirwa muchitamba;
• Vanhu vanouya kuimba yemitambo kuti vatarise mutambo wevanyori, uye kuti vasati vazive mutambo - iwo vanogona kuverenga kumba.

Mhedziso iyo munyori Alexander Ostrovsky akauya nayo akazopedzwa naBulgakov naStanislavsky.

Upenyu hwega

Upenyu hwehupenyu hwemutambo wechirangaridzo hwakanga husina kufadza kupfuura basa rake renyorwa. Mukuroorana kwehurumende neine bourgeois shoma shoma, Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolayevich akararama kwemakore anenge makumi maviri. Chokwadi chinofadza uye tsanangudzo yehukama pakati pemunyori nemudzimai wake wokutanga achiri kushungurudza vatsvakurudzi.

Muna 1847, musikana muduku, Agafya Ivanovna, aigara nemukoma wake ane makore gumi nematatu muNikkolo-Vorobyinovsky Lane, pedyo neimba yaigara Ostrovsky. Akange asina hama kana shamwari. Hapana anoziva paakasangana naAlexander Nikolayevich. Zvisinei, muna 1848 vechidiki vaiva nemwanakomana, Alexei. Paiva pasina mamiriro ekurera mwana, saka mukomana wacho akaiswa muimba yemudzidzi kwenguva pfupi. Baba vaOstrovsky vakatsamwira zvikuru kuti mwana wavo akanga asina kungosiyira yunivhesiti yakakurumbira, asi akawanawo bourgeois aigara ari munharaunda.

Zvisinei, Alexander Nikolayevich akaratidza kusimba, uye apo baba vake nemadzimai vake vokutanga vakasiya nzvimbo yakangotengwa yeShekchekovo mudunhu reKostroma, akagara naAgafya Ivanovna mumba make yemapuranga.

Munyori uye ethnographer SV Maksimov achiseka achidaidza mudzimai waOstrovsky wokutanga "Martha Posadnitsa", nokuti akanga ari pedyo nomunyori munguva dzekutambudzika uye kushaya zvakanyanya. Shamwari dzaOstrovsky dzinoratidza Agafya Ivanovna somurume wezvakasikwa akangwara uye anonzwisisa. Akanga akaziva zvakakwana tsika netsika dzehupenyu hwekutengesa uye aiva nechinangwa chisingaverengeki mubasa raOstrovsky. Alexander Nikolaevich aigara achimukurukura nezvekusika kwemabasa ake. Mukuwedzera, Agafia Ivanovna aiva madzimambo akanaka uye akanaka. Asi Ostrovsky haana kusimbisa imba yake kunyange pashure pokufa kwababa vake. Vose vana vakaberekerwa muhurumende iyi vakafa vaduku zvikuru, chete wekare, Alexei, vakapona amai vacho kwechinguva chiduku.

Nokufamba kwenguva, Ostrovsky aiva nezvimwe zvinonakidza. Akanga achida zvikuru naLyubov Pavlovna Kositskaya-Nikulin, uyo akaroora Caterina pamutambo we "Mheni" muna 1859. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi pakava nekuputika komunhu oga: muiti wekambani akakanda muchengeti wechirangaridzo nekuda kwevatengesi vapfumi.

Ipapo Alexander Nikolayevich akabatana nemusikana wechidiki Vasilyeva-Bakhmetieva. Agafya Ivanovna aiziva nezveizvi, asi akatakura muchinjikwa wake akasimba uye akakwanisa kuchengeta rukudzo rwaOstrovsky. Mukadzi akafa muna 1867, musi waMarch 6, mushure mekurwara kukuru. Alexander Nikolayevich haana kubva pamubhedha wake kusvika pakupedzisira. Nzvimbo yekuvigwa kwekutanga mudzimai waOstrovsky haazivi.

Makore maviri gare gare, mutambi wenhau akaroora Vasilyeva-Bakhmetieva, uyo akamuberekera vanasikana vaviri nevanakomana vana. Ndiine mukadzi uyu, Alexander Nikolaevich akararama kusvikira pakuguma kwemazuva ake.

Rufu rwemunyori

Unofunga kuti unhu hwevanhu huripo uye hunogadzira hahugone asi hunochinja hutano hwomunyori. Mukuwedzera, pasinei nemari yakanaka kubva pamitambo yemitambo uye mari yegore negore ye 3000 rubles, Alexander Nikolaevich nguva dzose akanga asina mari. Akaneta nokugara achifunganya, muviri wemunyori pakupedzisira wakakundikana. Muna 1886, musi waJune 2, munyori akafa munzvimbo yake Shchelykovo pedyo neKostroma. Mambo Alexander wechitatu akapa rubles 3 000 kumariro omusikana. Mukuwedzera, chirikadzi yemunyori, akagadza penheni ye3000 rubles, uye yekudzidziswa kwevana vaOstrovsky - mamwe mabhiriyoni 2,400 pagore.

nguva

Life zvinhu uye Ostrovsky chinogona zvishomanana kuratidzwa nenguva tafura.

zviitiko zvakadaro zvakanga zvizere upenyu zvinhu uye Ostrovsky. Table iyo rinozivisa guru chiitiko muupenyu munyori, zvichatibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani Biography ake. Kunoshamisa nhaka Alexander Nikolayevich hunokosha. Little Theater asi kana upenyu guru wakadhirowewa akasvika pakunzi "musha Ostrovsky," uye izvozvo ndizvo chaizvo. Okugadzira zvinhu Ostrovsky, tsanangudzo pfupi iyo wakarongwa munyaya ino, zvinokosha kudzidza zvizere.