Lomonosov anoshanda. Mazita Mabasa Lomonosov sayenzi. Mabasa Lomonosov sayenzi muna kemisitiri, muna upfumi, mumunda mabhuku

Russian musayendisiti wokutanga nyika yakakurumbira, mudzidzisi, nyanduri, muvambi "zvitaera nhatu" yakakurumbira iyo pashure chamuita kuti paumbwe wokuRussia mutauro chaiko, dzakaitika, yokudhirowa dzidziso, - ichi raiva Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Mabasa ake somoto murima kwegore risingapindiki rima. Pashure pezvose, akakwanisa anojekesa makwanza iri gadziriro dzidzo yenyika, zvichiita wokutanga kutengeka, kwete chete vamiririri vevaGiriki, asi vanhuwo zvavo. Nhasi, anozivikanwa mabasa Lomonosov mumitauro yakawanda uye zvinoshandiswa dzakawanda. Saka, chii mabasa Lomonosov rizivikanwe?

kemesitiri

Mikhail akaita wepachokwadi anokumhan'arira ari musoro yokusvika pakudzidza kwemakemikari mananara. Akanga chokwadi pamusoro nesayenzi kare, havana kugamuchira musoro tsananguro. Uyezve, akanga pamusoro dzidziso "pamusoro imponderable zvinwiwa" uye tsika dzakanga paakavapa mune tsanangudzo siyana mumuviri uye namakemikari mananara nguva.

Chemical Zvidzidzo Mikhail yakatanga ake mudzidzi makore. Aiva munhu wokutanga zvaainyora akapa kemisitiri somunhu sainzi, kwete iwe. Vazhinji tsvakurudzo akaita kuti yake yakavakwa murabhoritari.

Maererano Lomonosov, kuti kemisiti wechokwadi zvakakodzera kuzadzisa mabasa maviri: nenyanzvi vanoita. Nemamwe mashoko, kuwana kushandiswa hypotheses avo runoenzanirana tsika. Maererano navo hwakaratidza corpuscular uzivi, akaparadzanisa makemikari ari vanonzi "kutanga", "anoumbwa nevazhinji" uye "vakavhengana".

Mushure kuwana zvaida zvinodhaka muna 1744 gore, Lomonosov aiva akatevedzana refu zveBhaibheri kukamurwa munyu uye simbi. Past maitiro nemukuparadzwa akavagovera muzvikwata zviviri, pakabudiswa uye Absorção de Água nokupisa. Zvechokwadi, sezvo nechakare, pokufa simbi iri iine acid muitiro kunoratidzwa nokubudiswa kupisa, uye muitiro Kuparadzwa mumvura, nekusiyana, wefodya.

Kurongedza pachavo nemukuparadzwa Lomonosov akarondedzera pamwe zvokuimba chinzvimbo kuri munguva yayo. Zvinokoshawo kuziva kuti zvakawanika akarondedzera kwazvo zvakarurama nokudzora makemikari pezvakaitwa vachishandisa maikorosikopu ane 360-mudanga kuwedzera.

Tichiita kwakaita cleavage munyu mvura yaiva chikonzero panowanikwa anonzi Fani kuti solvation mu aqueous mhinduro (hydration). Kubva musi Fani iyi, vaaisangana nemvura, munyu unoora kupinda ions, uye izvi zvinozoita vari takapoteredzwa kunyatsotevera yakabatana mvura macromolecules.

Papera nguva Akasunungura dzidziso "On esimbi kubwinya," uye gare gare zvishoma - "The Kuberekwa uye hunhu Ammonium nitrate."

MV Lomonosov akataura kuti muna kemisitiri pane mapoka maviri dzinokosha namakemikari unhu miviri. Boka rokutanga iye anonzi mutumbi vari kugara zvichienderana zvichibvira micheka nezvimedu, boka rechipiri - zvavo ruvara, rekristaro, kuravira, kunhuwidza uye nohumwe unhu.

Uyewo, dzidziso pachishandiswa iyo, chero ruvara (kunze nhema) icho masayendisiti izvi zvinogona kukamurwa matatu - yellow, tsvuku uye zvitema.

Pasinei guru nhamba vavo vakaperekedza mumuviri uye kwemakemikari, vakawanda vavo vakaramba konekwa. Pasinei, chikonzero ichi yaitova pakawanda musayendisiti.

Mabasa Lomonosov sayenzi mu kemisitiri kuti nyasha anodiwa yemibvunzo arambe zvaakacherechedza. mupiro wake mumunda muviri kemisitiri vaiva paumbwe ichi nesayenzi muRussia. Mabasa Lomonosov sayenzi mu kemisitiri chakakonzera kuti kuchinja uku kukura sayenzi ichi, kuti kunyange pashure pechinguva, musayendisiti nomumwe aibhadhara hanya kwazvo pamusoro chikamu vateveri.

Asi zvaainyanya budiriro kwaiva kukwidziridzwa kwemakemikari kuverenga. The kupfuura unoshamisa muenzaniso sirogani akadaro sechinhu "shoko pamusoro kubatsira kemisitiri", verenga navo Yokukurudzira Musangano muna 1751.

Physics

Ari zvakarurama nezvenzvimbo "baba" wokuRussia wefizikisi. Unyanzvi uye methodological maonero Lomonosov aiva runoratidza. Kusiyana zhinji navo, chichiri kushandiswa pakutsvakurudza pfungwa uye ndiye akatanga kuzivisa pamberi samolecular uye atomistic hunhu zvacho nenhumbi.

Vachiri mudzidzi, akava kufarira wefizikisi - kana panzvimbo, dzidziso sechivako yacho. Chero sainzi, izvozvo akakwezva vainyanya chinokosha zvinhu zviri youzivi zvakasikwa.

Lomonosov yaiva yokutanga nguva yakati ariko dzinonzi Mhedziso razero. Zvadaro, pakatanga yakadaro pedengu mudziyo, mafunurwa, akakwanisa kuratidza fallacy maonere ichiwedzera nhamba nesimbi iri calcination yavo. Izvi zvakanga M. V. Lomonosov. mabasa ake nesayenzi munzira dzakawanda nheyo yakanaka nokuda kukura wefizikisi ano.

Ndiye wokutanga akagadzira pfungwa pamusoro ukama magetsi uye Manyiminya mananara pamusoro hunyambiri chokubuda sezvo mumhepo kumanikidzwa zvinopa zvemagetsi kwakabva Aurora.

basa Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov kuti uri chikamu yefizikisi vakatanga mupiro chikuru kuti sayenzi iyi. Chose yakawanda nguva kuongorora uye achitsanangura yezvakaita mananara chiedza, uyewo kudzidzisa pamusoro ruvara inotungamirwa. Wokutanga akaedza kuona ukama pakati kwemasayendisiti kuripo zvakasikwa, akanga M. V. Lomonosov. mabasa ake kunge vakabatsira kuti kuoneka kuchinja kukura zvinenge zvose nzvimbo wefizikisi.

Chose nguva yakawanda pakudzidza magetsi mananara. Apo mubvunzo ariko kunofambira mberi magetsi asiri kumutswa. Representation inobatanidza ukama magetsi kuti zvose asingatsananguriki ngano mvura inoyerera muna yakafadza mudziyo haana kusvika nezvaanoda pakati zvinhu Lomonosov. Scientific wakanyatsokodzera nokutsanangura Chiitiko kuti magetsi saizvozvo sezvinoitwa kududzirwa Chiitiko chiedza nokupisa. Lomonosov akanyora mabasa akawanda chose kuti kudzidza ratinoona uye kunofambira mberi magetsi.

Asi ichi anozivikanwa mabasa Lomonosov vaisava. Tisingatauri, ayo samolecular-kinetic dzidziso kupisa, iyo yakavakirwa dzidziso sangano nyaya nemaatomu uye mamorekuru. Uyezve anorondedzerwa zvakadzama basa rake, "Kufunga pamusoro nechikonzero kupisa nokutonhora."

Mibvunzo yakadaro nezvokuva zvinooneka mananara gadziriswa MV Lomonosov. Mabasa nokutsvakurudza musayendisiti of Physics vaiva ndechokuti pakutanga ramakumi remakore wefizikisi rava aitungamirira nesayenzi mumunda rwokuzvarwa nesayenzi.

The Russian astrophysicist yokutanga

Kufarira zviitiko zvinoshamisa mumatenga akazviratidza University mu muduku, paakaona rakaisvonaka mufananidzo auroras. Akazvisiyanisa sezvo yokuRussia astrophysicist wokutanga, muvambi nesayenzi nyeredzi nzendo.

Mumakore okutanga ake nounyanzvi basa, iye akauyisa munyika yakawanda Zvakawanikwa mumunda nyeredzi. Ini akatarisa kwebasa nemapuraneti zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri ivo Astronomical Observatory, vakadzidza mavara, comets nemimwe mitumbi yokudenga, - akadaro aiva akakurumbira musayendisiti-astrophysicist Lomonosov. Mabasa ake nesayenzi nhasi dzakakurumbira chaizvo pakati isinganzwisisiki tsvakurudzo.

Chimwe chezvinhu yakasiyana nebudiriro Mikhail Vasilyevich nezvenyeredzi kwaiva kuziva okunze musi Venus. Ichi chakawanikwa pamusana okupedzisira zvaanorumbidza masayendisiti isingawanzowanikwi chakajairika - kukurudzira Venus. Mushumo ake kwesayenzi anonzi: "Chiitiko pamusoro Venus pamusoro pezuva, akacherechedza panguva St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences Maya mazuva 26 muna 1761".

Zvishoma Papera, iye vouched achigadzirira izvi zvinoonekwa mberi kuenda kuSiberia maviri ezvemuchadenga hikes. Nyanzvi dzezvomuchadenga nyika dzokuEurope vakawanda vakanga vakagadzirira kufungisisa ichi rarest chinonakidza. In chiedza zviitiko izvi, Academy of Sciences kokutanga akatora chikamu chiitiko zvikuru ichi. Lomonosov kuitwawo nhevedzano akazvimirira achicherechedza Observatory yake.

Atmospheric Detective Venus aiva chinodiwa kuti humwe inotungamirwa astrophysical wesayenzi muRussia.

Simbi, mineralogy uye mugodhi

mabasa makuru Lomonosov, rakanyorwa mugomo raanoziva, ibhuku rakasiyana anobatsira yemigodhi indasitiri vashandi.

Nekudengenyeka Portugal, kwakauraya hwevanhu vanopfuura zviuru makumi masere, vakamutinha kusvika kudzidza zvinokonzera uye migumisiro kwenyika. Mune zvaakanyora, akarondedzera yakaomesesa basa pakukura pepasi. Sudden fambisa pasi goko, kwake mafungiro, zvaigona kukonzerwa zvoga - chakamira pakunodengenyeka zvine, kuputika kwemakomo, Madhaka - uye vamwe simba dzinongoitika dzoga. Mazita Mabasa Lomonosov sayenzi pamusoro esimbi nyaya yaizivikanwa mucheri ose kana metallurgist. Somuenzaniso, inozivikanwa rimwe "Shoko pakazvarwa simbi kubva panyika kwepasi."

Mune zvaakanyora, iye systematized uye akarondedzera huripo hypotheses pamusoro dzokubudisa uye simbi chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi. Zviri kwavari panguva rakabudiswa bhuku "kunyatsogona simbi, kana Mining." Dzidziso iyi zvakakodzera kuva kuwanikwa rakakura riri kudzidza mugodhi indasitiri. Iye rukwane zvakatoitika anozivikanwa misimboti migodhi, dzichiri michina itsva.

Lomonosov akarota ndiite pamwero mukuru tsvakurudzo mabasa chokuita kwesayenzi uye dzimwe vamiriri nyika yedu. Kubva musi uyu, masayendisiti akatanga pose kutumira ivhu siyana ores uye zvicherwa. Muchidimbu, kusarudzwa pakati ivhu zvinodiwa zvidzidzo chokuita vanoda kusvika zana namakumi maviri mafekitari Russian.

Zvinosuruvarisa Lomonosov akakundikana kushandurira zvirongwa zvedu muupenyu. Kuti basa rake rakanga zvapedza chete pashure pemakore academician V. M. Severginym uye rakasiyana chicherwa yakazopiwa zita lomonosovite rokukudza ayo akawana.

optics

Lomonosov yakagadzirwa uye kuvakwa anopfuura gumi zvakagadzirwa pasango optics. Iye zvachose akazvipa kuti sayenzi. Lomonosov haana kurega kusvikira pakuguma mazuva avo vakaita zvibereko chiedza mano kuti usiku zvaakacherechedza.

Wokutanga uyo akagadzira uye vakavaka Manyiminya batoskop raiva M. V. Lomonosov. mabasa ake nguva dzose vafarire zvikuru pakati voruzhinji. Uyewo haana rwakaonekwa, uye akarigadzirira dzavo mashandiro "gorizontoskopa" - zano guru kuti zvinhu iri kure kure pamusoro chinjikira penyika.

Technology kubereka girazi ruvara zvatsanangurwa M. V. Lomonosov. Zvekufamba awo dzakwidzwa kushandiswa indasitiri dzokubikisa girazi yechitema, uyewo kugadzirwa zvikamu izvozvo. Glass kurimwa kwave mumwe mukuru kutsvetera University. Kunzwisisa sakaramendi kwemashoko, Lomonosov kumbofunga kushandisa migumisiro kwavo kutsvakurudza kuti azvipfumise. Mikhail aida nekukurumidza kugoverana wezvitsva zvamabasa avo navanhu, kuti vazviise hurumende.

A matarenda muvambi uye mudziyo Vagadziri, muvambi Russian yokungotaura optics akanga Lomonosov. mabasa ake vakapa pave mberi inotungamirwa Manyiminya wesayenzi muRussia.

Zvemutauro, philology

Mukutanga nemasere remakore, mutauro wokuRussia rakazara nemashoko vavatorwa Church kwechiSlavonic, kukurukurirana kutaura. Lomonosov nguva dzose kunetseka pamusoro kuchena uye akakwana. A yakawanda chose kuti tsanangudzo yake mabhuku canons. Zvekufamba of University mumabhuku chamuita kuti chazezesa "zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe", iro bhuku chiitiko chinokosha tsika zuva. In basa iri, musayendisiti-nyanzvi kutaurwa kuti kuchengeta vateereri mubvunzo mudzidzisi anofanira kuteerera makore vadzidzi, munhui dzavo, dzidzo uye pamwero dzidzo. The chaizvo chete waivako aifambira pachena, mashoko, nenharo uye mupfungwa. "Zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe" dzaitaurwa mumutauro nyore uye chinangwa zvevoruzhinji.

Chimwe basa huru Lomonosov inonzi "Russian Girama", ndiyo yokutanga nemarudzi chishandiso nokudzidza girama Russian. Wokutanga uyo akaedza kuratidza nekunyatsotsanangura dzemunharaunda mutauro wokuRussia, akanga Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. mabasa ake akanga zvainanga kuwedzera kukosha mai parurimi, pane wevasungwa nhaka chomudzimu.

Vachiri mudzidzi, akanyora rondedzero, "Tsamba pamusoro mitemo Russian versification", iro akatsanangura zvinokosha Russian versification, vaiona anozivikanwa siyana nhetembo uye hukuru.

basa Papera akura, yaiti "Nhanganyaya zvakanakira mabhuku echechi mumutauro wokuRussia" runoonekwa masayendisiti University of "zvitaera vatatu" hunosanganisira "mukuru, mwero uye vakaderera akadzikama." Munhu wose anouya yakananga mabhuku Genre:

• detembo pamusoro heroism, odes, yakatarwa kutaura unoenderana "kudzikama" mukuru;
• chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo mumanyoro, ushamwari tsamba - avhareji;
• pasi "akadzikama" kuratidza vomumhuri kukurukurirana, nziyo, ballads.

Lomonosov anonzi kuva muvambi Russian yesayenzi uye michina nemazita Database. Masayendisiti ave akasuma Formulations itsva dzakawanda, akasika manyorero yesayenzi izyasneniya zvokunyama. basa Lomonosov kuti mumunda mabhuku ndiyo siyana kwazvo; icho nhetembo, uye odes, orations, nhamo uye zvakawanda. Enhetembo nhaka inogarwa kunyanya odes akanyorwa vachikudza chiitiko kana munhu.

Jogirafi uye Meteorology

In Lomonosov Ndikamuka kufarira jogirafi pakutanga renyanzvi basa. Kwemakumi akawanda emakore, aifarira ari Northern Sea Route uye mukana kuridzidza. Mutungamiriri, rakanzi "tsananguro zviduku zvakasiyana achienda kuchamhembe mumakungwa uye kuverengwa zvichibvira ndima kuSiberia Ocean kusvika East India," anopa rondedzero ndima uye anogadzira yayo urongwa.

Lomonosov kunyange vakaita chivimbiso kugovera nhengo rwendo anodiwa mano, maturusi asi kuona migumisiro yacho rwendo, haana kusikirwa kuti. Campaign kwakaitika muna 1765, apo Mikhail Vasilyevich akanga asisiri mupenyu.

Travel muna polar chando, maererano Lomonosov, nguva dzose zvakashatirisa "nechando makomo iri kuchamhembe mumakungwa", izvo kare kunetseka musayendisiti. Ivo vaiva chakanangana polar echando nguwani, akatsanangura zvinogoneka zvinokonzera. nezvavanofunga izvi, uye nhasi inomirira chinokosha. Rakafuridzirwa mukana kunzwisisa of Northern Sea Route, geographer, iye atanga Mapping kweArctic Ocean.

Vazhinji zvekungofungira ake akanga akasimbisa makore zana chete maviri. Lomonosov Ridge, achitarisira kuti nzvimbo, iyo yakazonzi kuwanikwa uye kuongororwa. Zvadaro, muhomba uyu anonzi namarudzi akawana.

Akaita kubatsira chaizvo kuti pakagadzwa National "Atmospheric Physics" Lomonosov. Zvekufamba of "Fani mhepo kubva yemagetsi simba yokuvamba" hurukuro pamusoro zvichibvira ekunze zvakavapo. With tiremekedze Mikhail vaiva mamiriro okunze, akaramba aifanira kuisa richikurukura Meteorological zvechitima.

nyaya

Mukutanga nemasere remakore, zvakatanga kuwedzera wokuRussia kufarira munyika kare. Basa rinokosha kukura enhoroondo dzidziso vairidza uye MV Lomonosov.

Iye aifarira pakuzadzisa the Old Russian mamiriro. Panguva Chaiyo kudzidza zvinyorwa uye wepanguva periodicals, Lomonosov kare chokwadi kubvuma kuti nemhaka nyika yedu akateya Normans.

Lomonosov aidavira kuti vatorwa vakanga Slavs, uye makuru-hurumende yakatanga navo. Mikhail akaratidza mvumo pamusoro ndechokuti mutauro wokuRussia vanhu vasati kuuya simba Rurik akaita yakareba kukura uye paumbwe tsika yepakutanga.

Muna 1751 Lomonosov akaenda kushanda hombe-pamwero kudzidza "nhoroondo Russian yekare." Part mumwe rakabudiswa kuruzhinji chete pashure pokufa kwake uye nokukurumidza rakashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda.

Muna 1760, yakavakirwa zvinyorwa nezvimwe zvakakosha zvinyorwa, Mikhail akasarudza "Short Russian Chronicle Aine Dzinza", rine uwandu ruzha kwawakabva kubva pakutonga Rurik, uye asati afa Petra Velikogo.

Mikhail aida nyika yake, iye sevatsvene vaitenda simba uye kubatana kwayo kukuru vanhu.

basa Lomonosov ari upfumi

Lomonosov aiva mumwe wevaya vakaona Russia sezvinoita nyika ine zvakawanda nemagariro uye LEVEL dzidzo. Ezvinhu akadaro, ari maonero muvandudzi kunofanira kuramba chinja, zvinofanira kuramba achipindira mberi, kufamba akananga pave simba uye akazvimirira masimba a.

The mubereko mukuru akaratidza pamusoro simbi uye mugodhi indasitiri. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Lomonosov akaratidza hanya kwazvo pamusoro pokumuka zvokurima uye murevereri zvokuwedzera kwevanhu.

Material zvakanaka kuva yeRussian wehurumende, maererano Lomonosov, kunoenderana zvachose mabasa kwavari ayo zvoupfumi mabasa.

Special mabasa Mikhail Lomonosov ari upfumi zviri havaratidzi vakachengetedzwa, izvo zvinoomesa zvikuru kudzidza kwayo zvoupfumi maonero.

Pachishandiswa zveBhaibheri yaivapo, tinogona kugumisa kuti huru Lomonosov ngwariro raitungamirirwa kuti kudzidza Russian upfumi. Kuti abatsire vanhu zvizere zvoupfumi zano wenyika, kufananidzwa seti kudzidzira nhungamiro yambokurukurwa.

Zviri kwaari Lomonosov, tinofanira kuonga chimiro anoranga akadai "upfumi jogirafi". Munguva nyanzvi basa Lomonosov vakatevera tsika Russian School of Economics, yekudyidzana yemwoyo uye kwakasimbisa nzvimbo yayo, pasinei nokuti vakawanda zvikuru mabasa Lomonosov haana kuva zvakafanira kuchinja pane vakararama panguva yake. Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa zvoupfumi, akaisa mubasa musayendisiti mukuru, uye nhasi zviri kufanira dudziro.

Uye pakupedzisira,

"Ruzha," musoro University rinozivikanwa ake ose muteveri mumwe nesayenzi munda. Muzvinyorwa ake akaratidza simba, kubatana uye uchenjeri kwevanhu Russian. Lomonosov aizivikanwa somunhu innovator vakaita kunoshamisa mipiro muminda zivo siyana - kubva sayenzi zvakasikwa kuti zvenyeredzi. mabasa ake muupenyu hwake vakanga mumitauro yakawanda. Mikhail akaedza kushumira zvakanaka kwevanhu. Vazhinji zvigadzirwa ake uye ongororo akapa hwaro hwakasimba kuti kukura yanhasi sayenzi yose.