Main chishandiso zvinhu: mifananidzo, mavanga, zvivako, unhu, kugadzira zvinhu

Zvinodiwa chishandiso zvinhu -. Availability zvakaoma, kuramba abrasion, kuti vakuchidzire uye vamwe Compliance pamwe izvi zvinodiwa zvinoita okurwadzisa. Kuti tiite kutanga penyika akaturikidzana ari chigadzirwa kubatwa chipande nokuda rokutema kushanda zvikamu inofanira kugadzirwa simba alloys. Pokuoma inogona dzinongoitika kana vawana.

Somuenzaniso, chishandiso simbi prefabricated wakatemwa nyore. Mushure varapwe zvemaziso uye chafariz zvinoreva nokurumanya uye honing, padanho kwoukukutu uye simba inowedzerawo.

Sei pokuoma?

Mamirire rinogona kurondedzerwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Tools steels vane neukukutu Rockwell pokuoma ane nhamba rokuti, uyewo nearufabheti HR pamwe pakafunuka A, B kana C, (semuenzaniso, HRC). Kusarudza chishandiso zvinhu kunoenderana mhando simbi dziri kushandwa.

Akatsiga zvikuru pamwero kushanda uye pasi kusakara pamusoro chipande wakapfuura kupisa kunokwanisa kuitwa nokuda exponent HRC 63 kana 64. Pane yakaderera indekisi ehupfumi kuti turusi zvinhu haisi yakakwirira, uye yakakwirira zvakaoma, vanotanga chiwondomoke nokuda brittleness.

Metals vane neukukutu HRC 30-35, vari kubatwa zvakanaka simbi zvokushandisa, kupisa zvakaipa pamwe chiyero HRC 63-64. Saka, nhamba pokuoma zviratidzi ndiyo 1: 2.

Nokuti vaitire simbi pamwe HRC 45-55 anofanira kutevedzerwa zvishandiso dzinobva simbi zvakaoma. Zviri nechiidzo zvavo HRA 87-93. Zvinhu hwakavakirwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa mukurapa steels pasi nokuomesa.

Mukurumari turusi zvinhu

Mukuita rokutema basa rehondo matambudziko B10 kN uye pamusoro. It chinokurwadzai mukuru voltage, izvo zvinogona kunotoreva kuparadzwa chiridzwa. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, zvokuvakisa cheka inofanira kuva mukuru coefficient kurwisa.

The yakanakisisa Tikafunga simba vari turusi simbi. Kushanda chikamu akaita zvavo wakanakisisa kuramba mutoro uye zvinogona kushanda mune compression, torsion, vakafugama uye ndichisveerera.

Matambudziko akaoma kudziyisa tembiricha iri turusi chipasa

Kana kupisa chaibwinya panguva nokuveza nesimbi pachena kwavo kudziyisa chipande, kuti mukuru zvakadini - pemvura. Kana tembiricha iri pazasi dzinonetsa indekisi chiratidzo (rimwe zvinhu zviri zvayo) marongerwo neukukutu haachinji. Kana kudziyisa tembiricha kunova kupfuura zvinobvumidzwa zvazvingava, pokuoma pamwero rinokundwa. tembiricha Critical rinonzi dzvuku pokuoma.

Ko shoko rokuti "dzvuku pokuoma"?

It akadana dzvuku pokuoma enzvimbo simbi kana neshungu kuti tembiricha kuti 600 ° C hwihwinyara rima dzvuku. Izwi rinoreva Kuchengetedzwa nesimbi kwoukukutu uye kuramba dzokupfeka. At paro kukwanisa kukurira dzakakwirira tembiricha. For Kwakashandiswa micheka, pane muganhu kubva 220 kusvika 1800 ° C.

Nokuda zvingaitwa kunatsiridzwa chokupika rokutema maturusi?

Tools zvokuvakisa pakati nokuveza chokushandisa dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira functionality pa yepamusoro tembiricha nemishonga uye uvandudze nokupisa chiutsi zvakapararira munzvimbo chipande panguva achicheka. Kupisa kunobatsira kuwedzera tembiricha.

The zvakawanda kupisa kutsauka chipande zvakadzama kupinda mudziyo, rezasi tembiricha iri kwayo kuonana pechiso. chafariz conductivity pamwero kunobva murwiyo uye kudziyisa.

Somuenzaniso, muna simbi yakadai zvinhu sezvo tungsten uye vanadium kunokonzera zvinoderedza kwayo chafariz conductivity, uye kusachena titanium, cobalt, molybdenum uye chinoita kuti kumuka.

Kubva izvo coefficient kuti zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope kukweshera kunoenderana?

Chokukomborerwa kukweshera coefficient kuti zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope kunobva pakuti murwiyo uye zvivako zviri kunyorera yegwara zvokuvakisa chaiko, uyewo kukosha voltage pamusoro hukawanika anozadziswa kukweshera uye zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope. Factor kunokanganisa kusakara kuramba mashoko acho.

Danho kudyidzana pamwe zvinhu pasi kurapwa rinoitwa panguva dzose rinopfungaira kuonana.

How kuzvibata panyaya turusi zvinhu? Mhando pfeka zvakaenzana.

Ivo vanoonekwa ne:

• kugona kupedza simbi izvo zviri vaaisangana;
• kukwanisa kuratidza kuramba kupfeka, ndiko kudzivisa abrasion zvimwe zvinhu.

Chipande kusakara kunoitika nguva dzose. Somugumisiro mudziyo uyu anorasikirwa ehupfumi ayo, uyewo kuchinja chimiro rwekuita pamusoro.

kupfeka nemishonga indekisi anogona siyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu pasi iyo nokuveza kunoitika.

Chii Mapoka vakakamurwa turusi simbi?

Huru chishandiso zvinhu zvinogona kukamurwa zvinotevera Categories:

• cermet (simbi dzakaoma);
• cermets, Ceramics kana chicherwa;
• Boron nitride kwakavakirwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa zvinhu;
• mangoda chakaita zvokugadzirwa vakaisvoipa;
• chishandiso simbi pahwaro kabhoni.

Instrumental simbi angava kabhoni, yakapambadzirwa uye HSS.

Tools steels kwakavakirwa kabhoni

Carbonaceous zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kugadzira zvokushandisa. Dzavo nokuveza havukavu yakaderera.

Sezvairatidzwa turusi simbi? Zvinhu zvinoratidzwa tsamba (somuenzaniso, "U" rinoreva kabhoni), uyewo nhamba (inofananidza zveefa imwe muzana kabhoni kugutsikana). Pamberi tsamba "A" pakupera chokuguma anoratidza imba yepamusoro simbi (zviri zvinhu zvakadai sarufa phosphorus, kwete kupfuura 0,03%).

Rinoreva carbonaceous zvinhu ane pokuoma indekisi pamusoro HRC 62-65 uye rakadzika tembiricha nemishonga.

Stamps turusi zvinhu U9 uye U10A zvinoshandiswa anogadzira zvinhu mashizha, uye yakatevedzana U11, U12 uye U11A yakagadzirirwa ruoko taps, uye vamwe. Tools.

Padanho kuramba tembiricha steels dzinotevedzana U10A, U13A iri 220 ° C, saka nhumbi nezvinhu zvakadaro zano kushandisa rwokutema aimhanya 8-10 m / min.

yakapambadzirwa simbi

Danho doped zvinhu angava chromium, hromokremnistym, tungsten uye hromovolframovym, doped pamwe manganese. dzakatevedzana idzi vanozivikanwa nhamba, uye vane chairoiro chokuguma. Yokutanga kuruboshwe-vakawanda digit kunoratidza nhamba kabhoni iri chezvegumi kana chinhu kugutsikana idukusa 1%. Kodzero-bapiro nemifananidzo dzinomirira avhareji rokuti doping ave chikamu.

Brand X chokushandisa zvinhu yakakodzera pagadzirwe taps uye anofa. Steel B1 rinoshanda kuti mukugadzira chiduku kadikidiki drills, taps, uye reamers.

Padanho kuramba tembiricha kuti doped zvinhu ndiyo 350-400 ° C, saka, nokuveza nokukurumidza uye nguva nehafu kupfuura kuti kabhoni chiwanikwa.

Nei kushandisa mukuru-chiwanikwa steels?

Various nokukurumidza nokuveza mudziyo zvakashandiswa ari zvaAtemisi chibooreso matomu, reamers uye tap. Ivo anozivikanwa nemabhii uye nhamba. Zvinokosha zvinoumba zvinhu zviri tungsten, molybdenum, chromium uye vanadium.

High-nokukurumidza steels vakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: kuipa uye rurefu azvipire vaita.

Steel romuzvarirwo waivako

Muchikwata iron kwomuzvarirwo siyana maitiro anogona kunzi P18 giredhi, P9, R9F5 uye tungsten alloys doped pamwe molybdenum R6MZ akatevedzana R6M5 izvo vachengetedze pokuoma haana kudzika pane 58 HRC pa 620 ° C. Material akakodzera obrabatyvaniya steels pamwe kabhoni uye pasi chiwanikwa Categories, wachena kukandira simbi uye nonferrous alloys.

Steel paine chaitwa

chikamu ichi zvingasanganisira muchiso R18F2, R14F4, R6M5K5, R9M4K8, R9K5, R9K10, R10K5F5, R18K5F2. Vanokwanisa kuramba indekisi HRC 64 panguva tembiricha kuti 630 kusvika 640 ° C. chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira zvishandiso superhard zvinhu. Rakagadzirirwa nokuaina uye alloys dziri kupatsanurwa yakaoma, uyewo nokuda titanium.

dzakaoma alloys

zvinhu akadaro:

• cermet;
• chicherwa Ceramic.

Chimiro Mahwendefa kunobva hurongwa ehupfumi. zviridzwa kwakadaro anoshanda HSS kuenzaniswa mifananidzo kumusoro okurwadzisa nokukurumidza.

cermet

Solid-metal alloys ndiwo:

• tungsten;
• tungsten pamwe titanium kugutsikana;
• tungsten pamwe kwebasa rinofanira titanium uye tantalum.

VC akatevedzana unotora tungsten uye titanium. Zviridzwa kwakavakirwa zvinoriumba ava refu vapfeke nemishonga, asi kurwisa nenhanho nechirongwa yakaderera. Adaptations nezvenyaya iyoyo inoshandiswa obrabatyvaniya simbi.

The chiwanikwa pamusoro tungsten, titanium uye cobalt zviri kushandiswawo mhando dzose nesimbi.

Kwetunhu tungsten, titanium, tantalum uye cobalt rinoshandiswa chaiyo zviitiko apo nezvimwewo hadzibatsiri.

Hard alloys vanoonekwa ne mukuru nemishonga kuti tembiricha. Zvaishandiswa Tungsten anogona kuramba ayo chiratidzo pfuma pamwe HRC 83-90, uye tungsten pamwe titanium - HRC 87-92 pane imwe tembiricha inobva 800 kusvika 950 ° C, iyo anobvumira kushandiswa mukuru nokuveza aimhanya (500 m / Maminitsi kusvika 2700 M / Maminitsi pa obrabatyvanii aruminiyamu).

Nokuti vaitire nhengo kuti vane nemishonga ngura uye yakakwirira tembiricha, shandisa zvishandiso munhevedzano yakanaka-grained alloys OM. Mark VK6-OM zvakakodzera mokupedza vaitire, uye VK10-VK15-OM uye OM - kwenzira kuti hasha.

Greater kunyatsoshanda kubasa ne zvikamu "akaoma" vane superhard chokushandisa zvinhu Series BK10-Xóm uye VK15-HOM. Ivo tantalum carbide, chromium carbide kutsiviwa, achivaita Kunogara kunyange kana chavakaona kumusoro tembiricha.

Kuwedzera simba zvakadini yakasimba mundiro, kushandisa yokunamisa naro rwokudzivirira firimu. Zvinoshanda carbide, titanium nitride, uye carbonyl, izvo rikashandiswa chaizvo thinly. Pakukora anobva 5 kusvika 10 microns. Zvinoguma marongera yakanaka titanium carbide. Padanho kurwisa mahwendefa matatu-peta kupfuura uncoated mahwendefa, anowedzera nokuveza nokukurumidza kuburikidza 30%.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinhu cermets izvo anovapo kuwedzera aruminiyamu oxide pamwe tungsten, titanium, tantalum uye cobalt.

chicherwa Ceramics

Nokuda kwokuparadza chezvombo zvinoshandiswa chicherwa Ceramics CM-332. S yokusafa kuramba ichirova tembiricha. HRC pokuoma indekisi kubvira 89 kusvika 95 pa 1200 ° C. Also vanopfeka nemishonga zvinhu ane runovabvumira kubudiswa simbi, vakakanda simbi uye ferrous alloys panguva kumusoro okurwadzisa aimhanya.

Kuti achicheka maturusi, cermet kushandiswa sezvo dzakanzi B. Kwakavakirwa oxide uye carbide. Pakatanga chicherwa zvedongo simbi carbide uye molybdenum, uye chromium, rinobatsira optimize mumuviri uye zvemaziso zvivako zviri cermet uye anobvisa brittleness kwayo. Inosimudzira okurwadzisa nokukurumidza. Svikiro kupedzisa processing mudziyo inobva cermet rinoshandiswa nokuda pfumbu kukandira simbi, zvakaoma simbi uye vanoverengeka kupatsanurwa dzisiri ferrous simbi. Masero ari kuitwa panguva nokumhanya 435-1000 m / min. Ceramics nokuveza ndiyo husingakwanisi zvinokonzerwa tembiricha. Its neukukutu 90-95 HRC iri 950-1100 ° C.

Nokuti obrabatyvaniya simbi yakapfuura richipedza, munhu hunogara kukandira simbi, uyewo Washington City Offices akashandisa, nokuveza chikamu iyo rinobudiswa kubva nezvishoma ane Boron nitride uye mangoda. Chakarurama pokuoma CBN (Boron nitride) riri pamusoro zvakafanana nedhaimani. Its tembiricha nemishonga kaviri kupfuura iya yokupedzisira. Elbor nani inert resimbi zvokuvakisa. Tensile simba pamwero polycrystals kana compressed zviri 4-5 GPA (400-500 kgf / mm ^2), uye kana musana - 0,7 GPA (70 kgf / mm ^2). Kupikiswa tembiricha iri kusvika panogumira 1350-1450 ° C.

Uyewo kucherechedzwa chinhu chakaita zvokugadzirwa nedhaimani-kwakavakirwa Ballas akatevedzana ASB uye Carbonado ISPC akatevedzana. Chemical nebasa yokupedzisira kune carbonaceous zvinhu zviri kumusoro. Ndokusaka rinoshandiswa pana Sharpening zvikamu akagadzirwa nonferrous simbi alloys rurefu nesilicon kugutsikana, zvinhu zvakaoma VK10, VK30 uye asiri esimbi hukawanika.

nemishonga indekisi vematombo carbonade - 20-50 nguva kupfuura mwero kurwisa zvakaoma alloys.

Izvo alloys vava kwakapararira munyika indasitiri?

Munyika yose iripo turusi zvinhu. Forms zvinoshandiswa Russia, United States uye muEurope, kazhinji kacho dzisina tungsten. Vanopinda akatevedzana KNT016 uye TN020. mhando iyi yava womutariri pezvitsiga T15K6, T14K8 uye BK8. Ivo inoshandiswa vaenzi simbi zvivako, Stainless simbi uye turusi zvokuvakisa.

zvinodiwa New nokuti chishandiso zvinhu nokuda kushayiwa tungsten uye cobalt. Zviri nokuda chinhu ichi kuti dzimwe nzira yokuwana alloys itsva nesimba kuti dzisina tungsten tichingotarisira kuitwa yakatanga muna US, Europe uye Russia.

Somuenzaniso, chishandiso zvinhu mukugadzira American kambani Adamas Carbide Co Titan akatevedzana 50, 60, 80, 100 vanoumba mumwe carbide, titanium uye molybdenum. Kuwedzera nhamba inoratidza mwero Nhare acho. Zvinoitwa turusi zvinhu mumagazini ino zvinoreva refu azvipire simba. Somuenzaniso, Titan100 akatevedzana ane simba 1000 MPa. Zviri mukwikwidzi kuti Ceramics.