Makemikari yokuita vodka

Chii nzira kuti vodka? Chii chaizvoizvo? Ngatitangei nokuongorora aqua regia. Iyi mvura remubatanidzwa yakazara nitric uye hydrochloric acids. HNO3 Nitric uye hydrochloric HCl vanobviswa maererano 1: 3 ne vhoriyamu. Pano Fananidzo nyandu tichitarisa yakachena fuma iri 1: 2.

nyaya

First aqua regia akarondedzera Pseudo-gebheri. Akanga risingazivikanwi alchemist. akadhindwa ake kuparadzira muEurope muzana remakore rechigumi nemana. ari kuziva miedzo hydrochloric asidhi muchiLatin asati anoshanda makemikari payakavakirwa akanga akarondedzerwa aqua regia. mvura iyi vakazvigadzirirwa sublimation chirimo musanganiswa alum, nitrate, mhangura sulfate uye amoniya regirazi mumudziyo zvakazorwa. Capacitance akanga akashongedzerwa ane chivharo kana pakavha girazi.

Albert Veliky muzvinyorwa ake inonzi aqua regia aqua secunda. Zita rinoreva "vodka yechipiri." Aqua Prima rinoshandurwa se "vodka chikuru" rinoreva kuti nitric acid. Mune dzimwe masayendisiti vodka payakavakirwa inonzi aqua regia.

Bonaventure muna 1270 kuzivisa pachake nzira kwayo mvumo chishamiso Urume: nayo liquefies amoniya mu "rakasimba vodka" (aqua fortis, nitric acid). Bonaventure akakwanisa kumisa kuti nitric asidhi anogona kuiparadza sirivha, detaching kubva goridhe. Akazvipira kuti "aqua regia" anokwanisa wokuparadza "mambo nesimbi" - goridhe. Asi kune vamwe zvakanga vaidavira kuti pomutumwa haigoni pasi kuchinja.

Saka, paiva zita aqua regia. Aqua regia simbi runotaurwa alchemical chiratidzo anoumbwa "R" mvura chiratidzo uye tsamba.

Aqua regia uye Alchemy

In Alchemy 1597 Andreas Libavius kuti mwari akanga kutanga kurondedzerwa kugadzira kuburikidza nokusanganisa aqua regia zvakazara hydrochloric uye nitric acids. Alkahest chinhu zvakasikwa solvent. gadziriro yayo akaonekwa chavanomboziva mumwe anokosha mabasa ose alchemy.

Aqua regia iri tsika alchemy kushandiswa kakawanda. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuwedzera zivo nemakemikari uye zvinhu. Uyezve, kuedza yakafanana vakabatsira kuti paumbwe unyanzvi kemisitiri munhu akaidza uye ongororo.

In mabasa Lavoisier vodka wevacheche, "rwamambo" anonzi nitromurievoy acid. Masayendisiti vanofunga kuti akamira kunze gaseous ezvinhu ane oxide ane ichocho chloro Muria dephlogisticated kana hydrochloric acid.

MuRussia, aiva mazita akawanda. In mabasa MV University of 1742 ine zita "vodka mambo." M. Parpua muna 1796 akaritumidza "aqua regia". VV Petrov muna 1801 akaitumidza zita nitrate-hydrochloric acid, uye GI Hess muna 1831 akaritumidza azotnovodohlornoy acid. Common uye mamwe mazita Urume ichi.

In Russian, shoko "vodka" akazviratidza muzana remakore rechigumi nemana. Zviri diminutive shoko "mvura" uye akatora ukoshi ichi kusvikira epakati namapfumbamwe remakore. Uyezve, shoko akanzwisisa kuti "mukombe", Pakutanga zvakanga mutauro. Yakanga chete pakutanga ramakumi remakore vodka akava nehasha midzimu.

ehupfumi

Aqua regia ane yeyero-Orange ruvara ane simba kunhuwa kuti senitrogen yakasviba uye kuiisa chlorine. Freshly akagadzira Hauoneki mvura, asi nokukurumidza anova orenji.

Chii chiri kugadzirira aqua regia? Formula nayo zvikuru dzinonakidza. In zvakaitwa HNO3 uye HCI, kunzwisisa musanganiswa mishonga dzakakwirira basa, pakati vari shamwari uye vakasununguka radicals. Urume uhwu nderimwe oxidizers simba kupfuura. Musanganiswa rinogadzirirwa zvakananga asati kushandisa, sezvo kana kuchengeta Unokanganisa uye anorasikirwa oxidative unhu:

3HCl + HNO3 = 2Cl + NOCl + 2H2O

NOCl = NO + Cl

2NO + O2 = 2No2

The kunyatsoshanda kuti aqua regia sezvo oxidant ane hanya zvikuru kuderedza mukana oxidation chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi. Izvi imhaka paumbwe chloride dzakaoma yeimwe. Complexation munzvimbo oxidizing simba iine acid svikiro rinoitawo kuti rive dete chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi zvakadaro pasi basa akadai Platinum, goridhe uye palladium, kunyange panguva nenzvimbo tembiricha.

kunyoresa

mvura iyi iri kushandiswa senzira reagent kwemakemikari mumarabhoritari. It glassware akanga anatswa kubva kungoda makemikari nyaya. Aqua regia inoshandiswa assaying highborn nesimbi dzavo alloys, kunoitwa pamusoro Platinum nendarama pakugadzirira simbi chlorides nezvakadaro.

vodka

Akadana vodka, Hauoneki doro. Izvi mvura-doro mvura isina pachena kwakanaka uye kuravira. simba vodka anogona kuva akasiyana zvachose: maererano nemitemo Russian - 40-45% uye 50-56% nokuda kwenzwi, pamusoro murau EU - kwete asingasviki 37.5%.

Classical vodka fomura Zvinofadza runako - C2H5OH 40% + H2O 60%. Kugadzira muitiro nemvura kugadzirira rinoumbwa ari kugadziriswa mvura ndokusanganisa kunogadzirisika ethyl doro zvikaramba kubva zvokudya mbishi zvokunyama, pamwe shoma mvura. Mvura-doro muvhenganiswa kana dzakachinjwa starch chinogadzirwa pamwe neactivated charcoal. Zvino ari yakasvinwa, nokuita zvinhu hwakakanyiwa ne akadzokorora filtration uye kupiwa kupinda nevatengi kavha. Munoshongedza rakapedzwa chigadzirwa, ukuwo.

No zvishoma kunakidza ndiyo makemikari yokuita vodka simba 40,0 - 45,0% chaiwo hunonhuhwira uye kuravira. mvura iyi inonzi inokosha. Her kubereka kupfurikidza kuisa akasiyana-siyana zvinhu, uhwiro uye zvinonhuwirira yokuvirisa.

Kana kunyanyisa uye kushandisa vodka dzose ndiko nedoro uye kupindwa muropa.

Mendeleev

ngano zhinji mu Russia pamusoro "chinovava". Mumwe ngano anotaura chokuita nechitarisiko vodka Di basa Mendeleev. Zvakabatsira sehwaro wake doctorate chinyorwa, yainzi "On kubatana doro nemvura."

Oh, izvi nzira Mendeleev vodka! Chii chaizvoizvo? Ngano rinotaura zvinotevera:

• Uchibata chinyorwa, masayendisiti akawana kujairika ehupfumi emvura-doro mvura. Musanganiswa aiva wevasungwa 43% panyaya iyi kuburikidza vhoriyamu uye shamisa rinoitei pamusoro mupenyu muviri.
• Yakadaro wevasungwa remvura-doro mvura inogona kuwanikwa bedzi nokusanganisa zvikamu kurema doro uye mvura.
• Kubva pane izvi, Mendeleev akakwanisa kutanga Pfungwa inonzi "Moscow chaiwo". sanganisira ichi muna 1894, akanga patented nehurumende yeRussia somunhu National Russian vodka.

Zvechokwadi, Di Mendeleev kumbotaurawo pakusika kana mazuvaano kuti vodka. Chete vashoma mabasa ake zvava kushandiswa kugadzirwa nemvura.