Mararamiro kwegungwa; tsanangudzo mukuru

Maererano ayo marongerwo uye nokushanda kune zvakasikwa zvinhu zvipenyu zviri yakazaruka gadziriro. An zvinokosha zvimiso inoshanda kwavo kukwanisa kupa uye kugamuchira siyana mhando simba uye zvinhu. Pasina izvi kutenderera chisingagumi shoma pfuma yepanyika tichikufunga kuti kwezvinoshandiswa. Mukuwedzera, mararamiro anoonekwa kuti chete hurongwa, rinogona kuvapo pasina kunze kupindira. Zvose zvinodiwa kuti oparesheni inobereka pacharo. Kuti tirambe chinoramba aibuda zvinhu pamamiriro mararamiro anofanira kuuya dzichipfekeka mapoka akasiyana zvipenyu.

On ukuru vakagaramo nharaunda, uyewo nhamba zvinhu zvinobatanidzwa ichitanga vapenyu uye zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa musiyano mhando ina hurongwa. Panguva chaipo pasi ndiro microecosystem nyore muenzaniso izvo inogona kuderera ropa revanhu kana mvura kubva murwizi. Akatevera mezoekosistemy. muchikwata ichi zvinosanganisira kwegungwa mararamiro, dziva, Prairie, inowanzorimwa, kana Somuenzaniso, huni. Panzvimbo chechitatu makroekosistemy kuti zvinomiririra makondinendi yose uye nyanza. Uye kupfuura mararamiro ari kuonekwa chaizvo Pasi, kana panzvimbo - rose upenyu pamusoro payo. gadziriro iyi inonzi Global.

Sechivako mararamiro

Kwainyanya simba mugungwa iri chezuva. Apo mwaranzi nomunyika muviri mvura, vakawanda simba wefodya ne plankton, uye ipapo kurishandisa photosynthesis. Chiedza yasara iri zvishoma nezvishoma woga nemvura pachayo. Naizvozvo, jekeso nguva dzose huru, uye pedyo pasi zvinoderedza panguva okumusoro mumatunhu. Chero zvakakwana guru mararamiro kwegungwa ndiwo anonzi muripo pamwero. udzamu ichi, izvo rinosvika shoma inodiwa huwandu chiedza zvinomera. Photosynthesis mune miti yakadaro tava kuderera chinonengaidza zvimwe zviratidzo - kufema uye kunwa zvokudya.

Location of muripo pamwero kunobva ehupfumi mvura, kuchena kwayo uye pachena. Iye rudzi notional panoparadzana mutsetse. Above varo miti ichibudisa zvakawandisa okisijeni, iro zvino kushandiswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu. A pazasi mumutsetse raiparadzanisa yakachena, nekusiyana, muduku. The chikuru chikamu inowira kudzika vamwe, okumusoro akaturikidzana emvura. Saka, rezasi zviripiso yomuropa vanowanikwa chete zvinenge avo kuti anogona kuita shomanana okisijeni.

Zvinonyatsorehwa kuparadzirwa vagari

Zviri pachena kuti panguva okumusoro nhanho kwegungwa mararamiro yaigarwa zvikuru siyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu pane ari pasi mapazi. Izvi imhaka nani. mamiriro noupenyu chikafu, kupisa uye okisijeni iri shoma munzvimbo. Ikoko, muna zvakasiyana mhenyu rooting rudo chiedza-zvinomera: maruva, tsanga, anongovangira, arrowhead.

Ivowo, vanoshumira se mahombekombe panopinda tumbuyu uye arthropods, makonye, molluscs, tadpoles. Uyewo pano kuwana zvokudya zvavo pachavo, zhinji mhando hove. Most arthropods duku, nokuti kuvapo kunoda yakawanda chiedza kuti vanogara pedyo pemvura. Zvinoitawo chinokura pachena zvinoyangarara duckweed.

Nechepakati dzakaderera kwevari mugungwa mararamiro anova dzinogarisana nokuda ose decomposers kuti zvokudya pamusoro akafa zvasara nemhuka. Panewo musha vazhinji Mbeswa hove mhuka dzakadai Pike uye knot, uye vamwe invertebrates. Mhando idzi chikafu kana openable kubva okumusoro akaturikidzana mvura akafa munenge kana chakaurawa pane mumwe.

The matambudziko kusvibiswa mugungwa zvinhu zvipenyu

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha okunze vakadaro hurongwa ndiyo phosphorus. Kubva chayo kunobva zvinonyatsorehwa negoho mararamiro. Chaiwo zviri pafuma mudziva mvura diki, asi basa evanhu kunotungamirira kuwedzera wevasungwa. Chikonzero chikuru awire mugungwa zvinosanganisira kugadzirwa matongo, zvikasabudiswa tsvina mvura, kushandiswa kunyanyisa pane fetiraiza, iyo zvino makashambidzwa kure mvura uye pachivande hova. izvi zvose zvinounza mararamiro uncharacteristic yake yakawandisa phosphorus.

The zvichiguma Chimiro akashatirwa uye kunyatsoshanda kuti zvirire ezvinhu: anotanga nokukurumidza kuwedzera uwandu plankton iyo mvura inowana mikukutu greenish Hue. Gungwa kutanga "kutumbuka", asi ichi ndicho chete danho rokutanga. Uyezve, zvinoita kwakasvibiswa zvinovaka muviri, mvura inova shoma nomuti okisijeni uye chiedza chezuva (plankton Sechipanji mari yakakura inofanira ndagamuchira dzimwe vagari). Yokupedzisira chacho decomposers, ndokusaka mvura izere zvishoma nezvishoma kuora zvikaramba. Panguva yokupedzisira pavaipfuura zvinomera vanotanga kubudisa tsvina, zvichikonzera hombe Anouraya hove.

Rumwe rudzi kusvibiswa, nokuti izvo substantially zvakakanganisa mararamiro kwegungwa - kupisa. Pakutanga hazvishandi sokuti zvakakomba: chafariz kusvibiswa hazvirevi kuwedzera chero makemikari kuti mvura. Asi zvakakodzera kushanda hurongwa hakubvi chete pamusoro Zvinoumba svikiro, asi pamusoro tembiricha. simukai Its anokwanisawo kutsamwisa kukura zvinomera, izvo inotanga zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvirokwazvo dzinouraya maitiro. Uyezve, mamwe hove uye invertebrate zvipenyu zviri dzakashandisa upenyu yakamanikana tembiricha mukati. Kukwidza kana achideredza tembiricha iri nyaya kuchititadzisa kukura zvipenyu kana kuvauraya.

Izvi mhando zvokutapukirwa ndiwo mugumisiro kwevanhu maindasitiri basa. Somuenzaniso, munhu anoshandisa mudziva mvura kutonhora zviri turbine ari mafekitari zvirimwa.