Mari - zviri ... mari: mamiriro, mhando uye mabasa

Pakatanga wokutanga kugadzirwa pakati vanhu vakatanga kuva vaipanana. Asi zvakanga zvisiri nguva dzose zvinogoneka kuwana kodzero huwandu chigadzirwa nokuda oparesheni. Mari - rinoenderana iyo yaishandiswa rairo exchange.

Vanogona Zvakakodzera sechinhu kubudirira kwevanhu, nekuti upenyu ano pasina pavo hakuna.

Mari nhoroondo

Kare akasarudza nguva chaiyo nechitarisiko mari. Zvisinei, kekutanga kuti abate muripo sirivha inotaurwa mashoko ecuneiform kumativi 2500 BC. Zvadaro simbi nesimbi vanoshumira senzira muripo. Gare gare, akanga zvinoratidzwa pakuonekwa mari.

mari First zvakasiyana-siyana zvikuru,

• The ibwe, izvo disks pamwe buri pakati. Avo akasiyana dhayamita uye rinoshandiswa kuti adzikinure nhumbi, mubhadharo.
• Metal - akagadzirwa nyoro nesimbi akadai mhangura, izvo zvisina kushandiswa pakugadzira zvombo.
• Salt - vaiva mazariro munyu uye kushandiswa mune dzimwe nyika, kusvikira remakore rechi20.
• Mombe pane dzimwe nguva somutariri usapinde nechiyero. Kunyange nemombe anogona kunzi rakafanana kuitisa zvoupfumi kwema.

Money muchimiro Mari zvakatanga kushandiswa muzana remakore rechinomwe BC. Vaiva resimbi ndiro kwemashifiti chimiro, iyo anoratidzwa mune mufananidzo. Iye anosarudza mari mari zvichienderana uremu.

Yokutanga mari bepa rakanyorwa muna China muna 910. Kugadzirwa yavo zvaibvira nokuda michina yemhando yepamusoro iri kugadzirwa mapepa.

Wider kufambiswa yacho vakagamuchira pashure nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa Gutenberg kuti wokudhinda muna 1440. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, bepa mari - izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinoshandiswa chero kwema.

Dzidziso mavambo mari

It mwoyo zhinji nezvoupfumi mubvunzo pamusoro pemavambo mari. Economic dzidziso kusiyanisa maviri mirayiridzo iri rakatanga mari:

• Rationalist pfungwa;
• shanduka dzidziso.

Chokutanga ndechokuti mari - ndiwo chigadzirwa munyaya zvibvumirano pakati vanhu. Ivo zvakagadzirirwa sechekushandisa exchange uye kuparadzirwa nenhumbi. Nokuti nguva yokutanga chinhu chakadai rave yakanyorwa "Nicomachean Ethics," rakanyorwa Aristotle. Muzivi akanyora pamusoro comparability vezvinhu zvinobatanidzwa exchange, uye pfungwa kushandiswa nokuda ino chaiyo chikwata - mari.

American Nyanzvi Samuelson anoonekwa mari sechinhu zveupfumi conditionality, akasikwa artificially. Maererano nepfungwa iyi, mari anogona kuva chero chigadzirwa, takaberekwa tine zvimwe mabasa uye akagamuchira munzanga.

Shanduka pfungwa anofunga chidzoke mari sechinhu chisingadzivisiki chichiitwa, zvakazoita nokubudiswa zvimwe zvinhu. Mune vanhu ramangwana vakagara panzvimbo inokosha.

Classics upfumi dzidziso Ricardo uye Smith uye gare gare Marx vakava yokuti mari - chinhu chinokosha, uye ivo akaonekwa Exchange kwacho.

Musimboti mari

Evanhu vemazuva ano, mari iri kuva chinzvimbo chinokosha. Vane chinokosha mamiriro ezveupfumi. Nokuti vanhu mari - zvakanaka, ipapo zvinokwanisika zvavanotarisira.

Musimboti mari kunooneka kupindura:

1. The kubereka, kuparadzirwa, zvinodyiwa uye exchange. Money - hwaro kukura wezvokutengeserana ukama, yochinja pamwechete kukura metabolic kwendangariro.
2. Ari kuparadzirwa GNP, uyewo kutengeswa munyika uye Real Estate. Mari - icho inzira kugovera upfumi munzanga.
3. In kuisa mitengo. The mari inomiririra kukosha nenhumbi zvinoberekwa murume.

Kuwedzera zvinhu mari kuita vanhu, vanhu ava vane chaiwo zvinhu zviviri:

• Shumirai somunhu zvakafanana kupanana zvinhu pamwe nokudenga. Nyaya iyi zvinoratidzwa zvakananga kuchinjana chero chigadzirwa. Kusiyana chokuti mumamiriro ezvinhu ose ita mutengano nezvimwewo zvingava zvakafanana, asi unotarisira yakawiriranwa zvinodiwa.
• Varambe kukosha nhumbi. Nzira yakanakisisa kuchengetedza rinongova mari, nekuti panguva iyoyo kunoderedza okuchengetera mari, uyewo kudzivisa kukuvadza nhumbi.

mashandiro anoita mari

In upfumi yanhasi, mari haina pachako ukoshi kwayo, asi vanochengeta exchanges. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mari - zviri papepa, izvo zvagara zvinowanika ehupfumi kuti nhumbi.

Mashandiro anoita mari zvinoratidza nezvaanogona uye zviri basa zvoupfumi upenyu. Mari chiito sezvo:

• mari pachiyero. Mashandiro ari chinozoiswa nokuzvisarudzira mutengo nhumbi.
• Means wokufambisa. Rwemari yakaiswa munyaya kutengwa uye kutengeswa nenhumbi. The kukarukureta uye kutapurirana nenhumbi anobudiswa panguva imwe chete.
• Pachishandiswa muripo. basa iri rakatangwa panguva kuripwa nhumbi kana mabasa, mitero, Vanotinzwirawo uye mutsividzo yemutoo wezvikwereti, uye vamwe.
• chengetedzo zvinoreva. Mari haina muzvirongwa turnover kusika kuwanda.
• kunoreva International mubhadharo (kana mari nyika) of. Pakanzi Izvi zvinoratidzwa pakushandisa mari nemisha pakati nyika. Chii chinonzi mari? nzira pasi pose muripo basa rinoitwa nevanhu currency, kunotsigirwa nendarama. Somuenzaniso, mari, euro, Japanese Yen, pondo hwakakwirira, Canadian dhora, Franc Swiss uye Australian dhora.

mhando mari

Mari - ndicho muchikwata zvemari uye zvoupfumi, izvo zvinogona Classified. Vari akakamurwa marudzi anotevera:

1. Natural kana chaiyo mari. vanowanzoororwa inonzi musoro. chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira chero zvinogadzirwa kuti chingava yakaenzana exchange mari uye simbi dzinokosha. Somuenzaniso, mari - zviri sirivha nendarama mari, mombe kana zviyo. Mari chiso kukosha mari ariko.
2. mari yokufananidzira. Ndiyo mari zviratidzo kutsiva dzinongoitika mari. chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira chikwereti nebepa mari uye yemagetsi mari - digitaalinen analogues Mari uye Banknotes. Dzavo chezita kukosha riri kupfuura chaiye.

In dzakabudirira yanhasi, kunakisa ainakidzwa asiri mari kubhadhara uye zvemagetsi mari. Vane zvinoverengeka zvakanaka, pakati inova kusavapo mari kuti kuchengetwa uye zvokufambisa, uyewo kuti hazvibviri chitsotsi kana kurasikirwa.

Zvaifungidzirwa yokutungamirira nezvoupfumi vanoti kuti mune ramangwana, yemagetsi mari anoita bvikinyidza mari.

Kusiyanisa mhando mbiri mari, munhu akachenjera kadhi uye nomumbure. First - ichi e-wallets, analogue kuti kadhi, asi pasina Mediation kuburikidza kubhengi. Network mari ndiwo-software kuti rinopindura kushandisa mari maererano zvinodiwa munhu.

Siyana zviri mari

Mune shanduka mari yakawanikwa kwete chete zvimwe zvivako, asi uyewo maitiro ayo. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• chiine inotakurika - zviri nyore kufamba mari uye kushandisa;
• mari - mari zvinofanira kukosha, zvakachipa uye nyore chigadzirwa haagoni kuva mari;
• chitsama - mari inofanira kuva quantitative kukosha uye zvingangoita kukarukureta;
• Severability - zviratidzo kunge nyore divisible kune vachibhadhara chero mhando;
• dhefisiti - nemari kurapwa vanofanira kuva zvishoma pane kudiwa kwavo pamamiriro ezvinhu achava mari yakawanda, uye mitengo achauya;
• kugamuchirika - mari - chimiro muripo, izvo zvinofanira kwakamboitwa mutemo.

Nhamba vakatenga zviratidzo

Mari ine rakananga kukanganisa paumbwe mitengo nefuma, mabasa uye mabasa. Sezvo mari - ndiwo uwandu mari, riri pamaoko chavagari uye matura ezvokutengeserana mabhanga, murau pakati uwandu achiparadzira mari romugove - nzira inokosha kufurira musika upfumi.

Sezvo munyika yose nyika inofanira kuva imwe mari, izvo dzinoenderana bhuku kugadzirwa, zvokutengeserana uye mari, mari wechiGeorgian zvinogona pakutsvaga mukana wokuti vanhu vanga:

M * V = P * T, apo:

- M - nemari munyaya yakwidzwa;

- V - turnover mwero mumwe chikwata;

- P - mukuru mutengo chechetere;

- T - vhoriyamu wezvokutengeserana kwema.

Kana nyika pane kuenzana, ipapo mutengo kutsiga kunosimbiswa.

Kana MV PT, mutengo vari achimuka uye pane inflationary zvisingatauriki.

On hwaro ichi, mukuru ezvinhu nokuda Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri kwazvo mari dzaivapo, ndiko kuumbwa mamiriro mutengo hachichinji.

mari aggregates

The mari PAKAPERA inokamukana, zvichienderana liquidity iri mari aggregates M0, M1, M2, M3:

1. Ose mari kuti vane anokudzwa pakati liquidity, chikamu M0 uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. uye zvinosanganisira macheki uye mari: M0 = W + H.
2. The mukwanisi yapfuura chikwata ndiye M1, achiwedzera mari kubhengi nhoroondo: M1 = M0 + B.
3. Danho rinotevera kuti mukwanisi yapfuura ndivo, muri mari kuti havana Mhedziso liquidity - deposits. Izvi maakaundi ake okubhengi, zvisungo, mabhiri zvokutsinhanisa: M2 = M1 + B.
4. Last chikwata rine kwayo Zvinoumba hurumende kuchengetedzeka: M3 = M2 + CB.

Izvi nokupesana mukati vezvikwata anobvumira hurumende waidzora mari nerubatsiro uye kudzora mitengo.

monetization coefficient

Chinonyanya kukosha chakarurama naro kuzotonga mamiriro mari ndiwo monetization coefficient dzaona ne nzira:

Km = M2 / GDP, apo:

- M2 - rakakodzera mari uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa.,

- GDP - yakasindimara mumhuri chigadzirwa.

monetization coefficient zvinoita kuti tikwanise kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro kana pane mari yakaringana wechiGeorgian. Pairi unogona kutonga sei GDP inopiwa nemari chaiyo, mune mamwe mazwi, zvakadini GDP Ruble nyaya mari.

In zvoupfumi dzakabudirira, chinhu ichi inogona kusvika 0,6, asi mune dzimwe uye pedyo 1. mufananidzo uyu zvishoma Russian anouya 0.1.