Acetic asidhi

Kana makemikari monobasic carboxylic acid, iro morekuru ine mbiri kabhoni maatomu uye carboxyl boka (akamuka zita raro nokuti kuchibva carbonyl uye carboxyl mapoka), anonzi ethane (nomuenzaniso pamwe alkane pamwe chete nenhamba kabhoni maatomu) kana acetic acid. Iye, kufanana zvose nechepazasi aliphatic veboka iri Organic yeimwe, ane kunzwa zvakanaka. Its makemikari fomura anogona kunyorwa se: CH3COOH. At ambient mamiriro Hauoneki zvokunwa. Density - 1.05 g / cm³. Matadza gobvu akaenzana 60,05 g / mol. Inonyunguduka panguva tembiricha kuti 16,75 ° C (pazasi Rakasimbisa crystals akafanana chando, unonzi saka chando). Mamota panguva tembiricha kuti 118,1 ° C. The refractive indekisi akaenzana 1,372.

Vamiririri mukirasi iyi Organic yeimwe riri simba pane hydrochloric kana sulfuric acid, asi kana ichienzaniswa carbonic acid, wakakura zvikuru riri acetic acid. The kwemakemikari ehupfumi vakatsunga nenhengo dzaro pamusoro carbonyl mamorekuru uye mapoka hydroxyl. Vanofurira zvakasimba kudaro mumwe kuti makemikari ehupfumi kwemashoko chete chiduku pamwero zvakafananidzirwa zvivako zviri carbonyl yeimwe (aldehydes, amides, ketones, esters) kana alcohols. Ionization kunoitika O-H linkages yakafanira kudhonza maerekitironi carbonyl boka. Saka, kubatana zviri nyore dissociate zvikuru kupfuura alcohols. The misha pakati maerekitironi kubva hydroxyl boka kuti carbonyl aoma akazoita kabhoni atomu zvakanaka muripo, zvichiita kuti zviome kurwisa naro nucleophile. Saka, zvinhu zvakawanda kuwirirana nyore chete carbonyl yeimwe handifaniri pamwe CH3COOH.

Muduku pamwero acetic asidhi anogona dissociate kuumbika rehydrogen ions: CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3CO2ˉ + H3O +. It kunoratidzwa neutralization nezvigadziko, zvakazoita munyu inotungamirwa: NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O . Carboxylic asidhi munyu Kazhinji mvura soluble. chinhu ichi hwezvekukurukurirana ari dzokubudisa kubva dzinongoitika zvinyorwa. Naizvozvo asidhi vakava vokutanga Kuparadzaniswa Organic zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, ethane rwaiwanikwa kubva waini yakashapa. Strong rehydrogen Zvisungo vakaumba pakati mamorekuru pamusoro CH3COOH, nako zvinoita zvokufembedzwa uye gasi Pasika, riripo somunhu dimer.

Acetic asidhi nemvura miscible mune zvikuru zvose. Zvinochinja ehupfumi ayo zvichienderana wevasungwa. Mwero zvechisimba kune simbi, kusanganisira simbi, magnesium uye zinc. Izvi inozviberekera rehydrogen uye munyu-dzinonzi acetates: MG + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO) 2Mg + H2 ↑. Sezvo aruminiyamu unoumba ane asidhi nemishonga passivation firimu pamusoro aruminiyamu oxide, ari aruminiyamu tangi, pamwe Stainless simbi Matangi inoshandiswa kutakurirwa CH3COOH.

In indasitiri, acetic asidhi iri zvinoberekwa oxidation zveefa aldehyde zvakafanana zita: 2CH3COH + O2 → 2CH3COOH. Kubva 800 makirogiramu ose aldehyde akagadzira tani CH3COOH. Asi zvimwe nzira kuchangobva hwokubereka - imvura danho oxidation kuti butane pamwe mhepo okisijeni ari kudziya 150-170 ° C uye kumanikidzwa 50 atmospheres: CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2O2 → 2CH3COOH + 2 H2O. Kutaura zvazviri, kufunga zvakawanda zvakaoma pane kuratidzwa. Kunze acetic acid, yakabereka wandei byproducts. Nzira idzi Ose vasiyiwa (nokuti dzakakwirira mitengo mafuta) kubudikidza carbonylation pamusoro methanol: CO + CH3OH → CH3COOH. The kwacho unobuda pamberi anowedzera iri munyu rhodium, uye vatsigiri (activators) - iodide ions. Mano zvimwe zvigare zviri yakavira ethyl doro, zvichiteverwa oxidation muna CH3COOH, anoshandiswa nokukanganisika kugadzirwa: C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O . The kwacho zvikuru kunzwisisa uye kunoitika mumatanho dzakawanda.

Acetic asidhi iri kugadzirwa maererano GOST 19814-74 (chakaita zvokugadzirwa uye regenerated) GOST 18270-72 (matunhu kuchena) uye GOST 61-75 (reactive). Izvi zvinokosha zvemakemikari reagent uye mumaindasitiri namakemikari kuti dzinowanzotsigi- kushandiswa pakuburitswa, rinoshandiswa kuti mapurasitiki, fibers chakaita zvokugadzirwa, madhayi, firimu uye nevamwe. Ndicho yakatsvuka mashoko kugadzirwa raive nebutiro acetate iro rinoshandiswa muitiro yokuwana sevilene (sezvo ethylene comonomer). Kushandiswa acetic asidhi nokuda kwayo makemikari mumuviri zvivako. CH3COOH munyu ndiwo mordants kuti vanoshumira kuti kugadzira wemadhai pamusoro faibha.

Mumhuri rakasanganiswa acetic asidhi inowanzoshandiswa senzira descaling mumiririri. In zvokudya indasitiri rinoshandiswa pasi bumbiro E260 zvokudya yokuvirisa akadai acidity regulator uye somunhu condiment. Food chirungiso kubvumirwa kushandiswa muna EU, US, Australia neNew Zealand. In zvokudya indasitiri rinoshandiswa kuti pickling zvigadzirwa muchimiro vhiniga chete wevasungwa pakati CH3COOH mumvura 3 kusvika 15% kana vhiniga pamwe vakawanda chikamu chedzidziso pafuma 70%. Vanoverengeka esters ose acetic asidhi yaishandiswa confectionery indasitiri.