"Huygens-Cassini" - otomatiki interplanetary chiteshi: kudzidza Saturn

Saturn - pose kudzidza mumwe dzomuchadenga zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri kwakatangwa muna 1973. Masayendisiti American interplanetary chiteshi inonzi "Pioneer 11" akasunungurwa muchadenga. Izvi akatibvumira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro kure uye chinoshamisa nyika, ona runako kwayo uye kuongorora pemvura. Nokufamba kwenguva, masayendisiti akaona kuti vanofanira kuwana mamwe mashoko pamusoro yepasi pose hofori, asi zvakasiyana hunhu. Uye basa Namano mbiri "Cassini" akanga akagadzirirwa chinangwa ichi, "Huygens". Kufarira munyika kuchaita zvakawanda pamusoro zvachiri, asi anogona kuva mavambo kutsvakurudza itsva uye zvakagadzirwa munyika. Kuwedzera kune mifananidzo yakaisvonaka Saturn, kuti chikwata uyewo transmits mashoko pamusoro Kuronga ivhu, kureba kwembiru siyana variables, uye Chikurukuru, kunobatsira tikanyatsoongorora hofori nzvimbo satellites. Zvichida kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pavo, tichakwanisa kukanganisika zvakavanzika huru zvakasikwa, uye vakanga vachiri zvikurusa.

General ruzivo pamusoro muchina

Kutumira US chinangwa aifanira kupedza vanenge mabhiriyoni matatu emadhora kuti tiite kutsvakurudza imwe nyika kure. Three zvikuru nomukurumbira uye unyanzvi sangano, kuongorora nzvimbo, mubasa kukura uye kuvakwa midziyo, mukuwedzera, nyika namanomwe dzakasiyana akatora mugove kwacho. Vakaita kuti mudziyo, waiva akareba makubhiti gumi uye kanda uremu kwakanga matani anenge matanhatu. Automatic chiteshi "Huygens" akanga vakapakata nhumbi gumi chesayenzi, uyewo danda nokuda magnetometer uye wiring nokureba gumi makiromita. Rakanga chimwe chezvinhu zvinodhura uye chinokosha chokudzidza nokushanda pezvakasikwa panguva.

The mudziyo chikwata "Cassini"

Kutaura Earth akakurukura Italian kambani. Chakasimudzira akashongedzerwa zviri chikwata mana-mita kanyanga. Nokuda kunzvimbo iyo yaaizogamuchira kuti kushandisa rezuva ukomba vakasarudza kushandisa, nekuti havazovi pane pfungwa. Asi, somunhu jenareta simba rakashandiswa matatu radioisotope thermoelectric jenareta uye. Vakazadza makumi matatu makirogiramu ose radioactive plutonium kunyanya kuita somunhu mafuta. uwandu Izvi zvinokwana mazana maviri nemakore kushanda. Zviya, inenge hafu uremu chechitima "Huygens-Cassini" ndiro mafuta nako muchina braked, akaenda muchadenga pamusoro Saturn, uye vanoita zvimwe zvakakodzera basa anofambisa.

"Huygens"

Izvi zvinoitika nzvimbo vachiongorora, izvo anoronga kuti creators vaifanira kumahombekombe ari hofori mwedzi - Titan. Zvinonzi vakapakata zviridzwa matanhatu akagadzirirwa uchikumbira kudzidza mwedzi pevhu. Uyewo, zviri Dzinogara pose mumvura nepanyika kamera, rakagadzirirwa anokunda nharaunda Satellite panguva iyoyo zvakaoma kudzidza nenyanzvi. pakurema kwayo ndiko 350 makirogiramu. Kusanganisa pamwe Cassini ichiitwa kuti vagari kutiza, nokuti basa zvinhu zviviri vari pedyo nepedyo.

kubhururuka

On October 15, 1997 kushanda ravarwi "Cassini" uye kuda motokari yake "Huygens" kudzidza Saturn. Kutumira yemapurisa muchadenga, kushandisa unyanzvi keriya chitundumuseremusere anonzi "Titan 4". Uyezve, zvakanga zvakakodzera kushandisa mamwe simba, nechokwadi kuti kumhanyisa ari chinhu, yainzi "Centaur". Kana mudziyo aifanira tisvike Venus. Nokuti ichi chaiva akatevedzana vakawanda zvinokonzera, nekuti, sezvo vachiti vari cosmonauts ari renyeredzi hapana nzira yakananga. Kuwedzera chikwata chakabatsira rinokweva munda mapuraneti matatu. Kusazvitambisa zviwanikwa, apo kubhururuka nokwawaienda, ravarwi rinoshandiswa mashomanana muzana zvavanokwanisa.

Mifananidzo yokutanga

Ndakasvika pamusoro Cassini Huygens muchando 2000. Panguva iyoyo akatuma Earth mifananidzo yokutanga Saturn rokutanga kota chemwedzi, imwe mhando kusvikira zvisingazivikanwi earthlings. Vaongorori zvakare kuwana zvifananidzo Satellite Phoebe, iyo chinhu zvishoma pane hofori nyika, masayendisiti vanofarira. Zvakanga kutekenyedzwa chaiye, kokutanga vanhu vaigona saka kunyatsoona nzvimbo chinhu.

Satellite Febhi

Nemhaka mapikicha aigona kuona kuti Phoebe zvikuru zvakafanana pakuonekwa kukosha mazana maviri makiromita ari asteroid, uye kuti akanga isiri chimiro. Uyezve, masayendisiti akadzidza kuti zvakawanda Wakaitwa echando uye ane sechivako kometi. Izvi Data masayendisiti pedyo kunzwisisa zvakavanzika Saturnian ino.

Sun kudzvokora pamusoro nechando zvindori Saturn

Zvaakanga kukunda daro Saturn, "Cassini" akaenda muchadenga panyika. Zvino pakati muzhizha ra2004. On munzira akasangana zvipingamupinyi vaviri chete, asi hazvina kukonzera kunyanya kukosha kukuvara. Asati achiwana panyika, akaita 74 kutenderera akapoteredza Saturn, zvakatora naye makore mana. Asi panguva iyi akanga akadzidza pose hofori yayo satellites. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chiteshi nendege akapoteredza Titan 45 nguva.

Huru zvitarisirwa

"Huygens", "Cassini" rakatumirwa kuna Saturn kuongorora nyika, anoti:

• Sarudza nemamiriro uye kuona zvinoitwa pasi pano kuti marin'i.
• Dzidza mashoko Geological marongerwo uye nhoroondo kwemwedzi kuna Saturn.
• Kuziva hunhu uye kwaiva nyaya yerima mune rimwe hemispheres ari Satellite Iapetus.
• Kuongorora mamiriro uye magnetosphere maitiro.
• Kuongorora maumbirwo makore uye kudzidza kuti mhepo haazvibati.
• Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro bvungapfunga uye gore chokuyananisa pamusoro Titan.
• Kuona hunhu pemvura Titan.

Tools pautumwa

"Huygens", "Cassini" vakanga vakapakata aine spectrometer nyika vakakwanisa kuwana mudziyo rinoumbwa nyika makadhi. Uyewo akasimbisa kwegadziriro kutora mifananidzo "Radar". Narwo akayera kureba zvinhu panyika uye kuongorora. "Radar" anoshanda nokushandisa redhiyo anonongedzera, izvo zvinoreva Satellite. Uyezve, akateerera redhiyo, izvo rinobudisa pasi. Zvimwe zvakazosvika zvinosanganisira: vakawanda spectrometer Ion uye kusatsigira nezvimedu, plasma, uye redhiyo mafungu magnetospheric kamera, imwe ultraviolet spectrometer uye michini kamera, mumwe magnetometer subsystem uye yenyukireya RF jenareta.

muchitiza Chronicle

• 1997 - kubva Earth.
• 1998 - wokutanga rinoshamisa riri Venus uye kusikwa mifananidzo zhinji dzakanaka uye asingakanganwiki panyika.
• 2000 - ichibhururuka nokuda asteroid Masurski kuburikidza yemapurisa takazoziva kuti ayo dhayamita iri makiromita anenge 20, iyo zvikuru kuti kumwe kutsvakurudza.
• 2000 - In December, akabhururuka yapfuura Jupiter, zvichiita ruvara mifananidzo yakawanda uye kuitisa dzinoverengeka zvidzidzo zvinokosha.
• 2001 - Kuwanikwa maumi munzira kubva Jupiter kusvikira Saturn, ichi ndicho zviratidzo wokutanga payo renyeredzi reChinyamutanhatu.
• 2004 - dzichibhururuka zvekare Titan uye kuonekwa kriovulkana pamwe senitrogen chando ichiyerera kubva mairi, iyo yakava kutekenyedzwa munyika nzvimbo kudziongorora.
• 2004 - pausiku December 25, paiva kuparadzana pakati vachiongorora "Cassini".
• 2005 - "Cassini" vakabudirira akagara pamusoro Titan, uye akatora chikamu yake basa.

basa zvabuda

Achibatsirwa masayendisiti akakwanisa kuitisa kumwe kuedza kuti asimbise mukuru dzidziso relativity. Panguva ino, vaongorori vakachengeta Frequency kusuduruka uye chiratidzo kunonoka. Muna 2005 zvaibvira chokudzidza spokes pamusoro Saturn, asi hazvina kubatsira kunzwisisa mashandiro zvisikwa zvavo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvichitevera spokes vakaberekwa muna 2007. Mukuwedzera, mudziyo anobvumirwa kuwana satellites itsva yepasi Meto, Palen uye Polidesis. Uye muna May, pakakoromoka Keeler akawana mumwe shamwari, yainzi Daphnis, ichi ndicho Satellite wechipiri, ane muchadenga iri mukati pamarin'i panyika. Chaiva kuwana mvura chando pamusoro pemvura Febhi. Uyewo, vatsvakurudzi inowanikwa kuchamhembe hemisphere kuti Titan kwakaita emura yeHydrocarbon mudhamu. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti ichi ndekokutanga masayendisiti akawana mitumbi mvura kumwe kunze Earth. Nemhaka vachiongorora "Cassini" zvikazikamwa kuti saizi kwavo zvichisiyana imwe nemazana makiromita. Muna 2007, chakataurwa kuti kuchamhembe chikamu Titan kunoratidzwa guru wevasungwa yamakungwa. Gore risati, masayendisiti akadzidza pamusoro imwezve dambanemazwi, rinosanganisira Saturn, "Cassini" vakawana mumhepo chimiro, inova hexagonal dutu muna 25 zviuru makiromita.

kuwedzera basa

Kusarudza chii chichaitika mudziyo pashure wapedza basa rayo, masayendisiti dzakabudirira nezvezviitiko dzinoverengeka yemapurisa "Huygens-Cassini". The chepamusorosoro pokutanga uye aida sarudzo, dzataurwa nokuda Developers, aiva kushaya ari mudziyo iri elongated muchadenga pakati Saturn. Its anobatsirwei kuti pachiteshi aizoramba kubhururuka vakapoteredza nyika panguva iyoyo hazvina nezvisarudzo satellites ayo, kana zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvinogona kukanganisa kuvimbika kwayo.

Musimboti yechipiri dzataurwa nokuda vashandi vari tsvakurudzo centre, aiva kuwana nhepfenyuro dziri zviri kuitika Saturn. Asi pane imwe dambudziko kuita kudaro, izvozvo aizofanira kuiita kuburikidza nyika yacho marin'i. Panyaya iyi, mukana kurasikirwa rokudzora pamusoro mudziyo, uye maererano, uye zvisingazivikanwi mugumo kwakamirira musi Saturn "Cassini".

Zvakanga wo zvinganaka kushandisa yemapurisa kuti riongorore nemimwe mitumbi yokudenga iri Kuiper bhandi, kusanganisira Uranus uye Neptune. Kufungisisa wemari peturu uye mudziyo Kit chiteshi nyore kutsungirira basa uye kubatsirwa kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro zvishoma-anozivikanwa zvikamu redu renzou.

Imwe nzira yokushandisa otomatiki interplanetary chiteshi chaiva kusuma padanda kunorwisana naye Mercury. Masayendisiti akaverenga kuti ingangodaro, kana tinoshandisa rinokweva munda waZeusi. Ipapo kuchabhururuka kuti nyika ari kumhanya 20 makiromita paawa uye pasina kukuvadza ivo atarisana havaratidzi akadzidza chidzidzo. Maererano zvirongwa izvi, vanhu vanenge 2021 aizokwanisa zvakare kuongorora Mercury, nemamiriro, marongerwo uye nziyo.

Asi rakapa chisarudzo akaiswa 2007 kuti yemapurisa akagara pamusoro muchadenga pamusoro Saturn. Observation of puraneti kuchiri kuenderera, kuti Satellite nguva transmits mifananidzo ichi chinoshamisa Rafa Panyika, audza isu zvakavanzika mutsva kure uye asi vasingazivikanwi zvachose Saturn, daro kuti takakwanisa kukunda tichibatsirwa masayendisiti akakurumbira uye kukura anoda kuziva pezvakasikwa. Ichokwadi aipedza mari yakawanda, nguva uye kushanda nesimba, asi vane chivimbo chakazara tinogona kutaura kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera. Pashure pezvose, sezvo tinodzidza zvakawanda pamusoro nyika yakatipoteredza, nani tinogona kunzwisisa isu. nzvimbo ubanguranyika pagore kutanga, uye, uyo anoziva, pamwe anotevera basa kuna Saturn haangazodzingi kuita basa otomatiki yemapurisa, uye boka vaikodzera muchadenga kunoongorora. Chero zvazvingava, mudziyo chinoitwa kuna muchadenga uye akasvinudza vanhu kwete chete mashoko anobatsira, asiwo nedzimwe mifananidzo kure uye yakanaka nyika iyi.