Chii zvidukuduku. Chii kudzidza zvidukuduku. Kunyatsogona zvidukuduku

Science Biology zvinosanganisira vakawanda mumapoka uye subsidiaries of Sciences. Zvisinei, mumwe muduku uye zvinovimbisa zvikuru, zvinobatsira munhu uye mabasa ayo ari zvidukuduku. Tichishandisa ichangobva yakabuda, asi nokukurumidza kuwedzera kukura sayenzi iyi zvevakomana, akava muvambi zvikamu zvakadai hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu uye magene mapurani. Chii zvidukuduku uye sei dzaiva nzendo dzacho inotungamirwa uye kukura? Ngationgororei nyaya iyi apa.

Chii zvidukuduku?

Pakutanga, zvidukuduku - ari sayenzi. Volume, dzinonakidza, vechiduku asi nokukurumidza kutanga sayenzi. Mabviro ezwi rokuti rine kwayakatangira mutauro wechiGiriki. Saka, "Mikros" rinoreva "diki", chikamu shoko rechipiri rinobva "Bios", iro rinoreva "upenyu", uye chikamu chokupedzisira muchiGiriki. "Logos", iro rinoshandurudza sedzidziso. Zvino unogona kupa mhinduro chaiyo pamubvunzo chii zvidukuduku. Dzidziso iyi Micro-upenyu.

Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiye kudzidza duku zvipenyu zvinhu zvisipo chaioneka chinoabatsira. Utachiona uhwu chete-celled vari:

1. Prokaryotes (anuclear zvinenge kana vasina rakapa musimboti):

• mabhakitiriya;
• Archaea.

2. eukaryotes (zvinenge pamwe wakashongedzwa tsanga):

• unicellular algae;
• majemusi.

3. Mavhairasi.

Zvisinei, pakutanga anopiwa kuti kudzidza zvidukuduku mabhakitiriya ari-siyana mifananidzo, mhando uye nzira kubudisa simba. Ndizvo zvinokosha zvidukuduku.

The inyaya sayenzi

The mubvunzo kuti kudzidza zvidukuduku, mhinduro angava: nayo inodzidza kusiyana nechokunze utachiona mu chimiro uye kukura, nezvainoita avo zvakatipoteredza uye zvipenyu, nzira kudyisa, budiriro uye kubereka zvigare, uyewo nezvazvinoreva zveupfumi uye hwevanhu tsika.

Micro-zvinenge - zvisikwa kuti angagara zvakasiyana-siyana ezvinhu. Kwavari chepakarepo hapana kugumira tembiricha, acidity uye alkalinity pamusoro svikiro, kumanikidzwa uye mwando. Under chero zvinhu, hapana mumwechete (uye kazhinji zhinji) boka mabhakitiriya anogona kurarama. Nhasi anozivikanwa microbial vomunharaunda vazadze zvachose anaerobic ezvinhu mukati anoputika pasi termoistochnikov, akapfeka dzakadzika munyanza, uye utsinye ezvinhu inopisa mabwe uye zvichingodaro.

Science mazana rudzi zvigare, izvo pakupedzisira wedzera kusvika zviuru. Asi akawana kuti chete chikamu chiduku-siyana kuti ariko zvakasikwa. Saka, basa microbiologists dzakawanda kudaro.

Imwe yakakurumbira nzvimbo, iyo pane kudzidza Micro-zvipenyu uye zvose kwemasayendisiti chokuita navo hwakadzama, aiva Pasteur Institute muFrance. Zita pashure yakakurumbira muvambi sayenzi zvidukuduku Lui Pastera, ari Institute of zvidukuduku, asunungurwa masvingo aro zvizhinji zvinoshamisa nenyanzvi vakaita asina zvishoma kunoshamisa uye chinokosha matongo.

In Russia nhasi ndiye Institute of zvidukuduku. S. N. Vinogradskogo Academy of Sciences, unova chikamu chikuru pakutsvakurudza muzinda mumunda zvidukuduku munyika yedu.

Zvaiitika mu sayenzi microbiological

History of zvidukuduku sechinhu sainzi rinoumbwa zvitatu zvinokosha zvinodiwa nzendo:

• morphological kana anorondedzera;
• sesaline kana chengetedzo;
• ano.

Kazhinji, nhoroondo zvidukuduku ane kukura kwemakore anenge 400. Ndiko kuvamba panowanikwa iri anenge ari XVII remakore. Saka, zvinofungidzirwa kuti chinhu sayenzi mudiki tichienzanisa nedzimwe mapazi zvipenyu.

Morphological kana anorondedzera Danho

The zita pacharo rinoti panguva ino akapfuura, chaizvoizvo, kungotaura kuunganidza ruzivo pamusoro kwemabhakitiriya muchitokisi Morphology. Zvakangotanga akatanga Panovhurwa prokaryotes. munorumbidzirweiko Izvi ndezvako muvambi microbiological sayenzi Italian Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek, aiva Chinomufadza pfungwa, akaoma musoro anopenya uye mano akanaka kufunga zvine musoro uye kuti generalize. Uyewo mukoti akanaka, iye akakwanisa veza kuva izvo, achipa kuwedzera 300 nguva. Uye kudzokorora ake budiriro aigona chete pakati masayendisiti ari XX remakore Russian. Uye haina vytachivaniem uye kuvanatsa lenses ari Manyiminya faibha.

lenses izvi vakashumira sezvo mashoko kuburikidza iyo Leeuwenhoek yakawanikwa tusingaoneki. Uye pakutanga Akashingaira basa asi prosaic hunhu: musayendisiti aida kuziva kuti nei gehena kudaro zvinovava. Kutongokwizwa zvikamu chirimwa, uye azviongorora nemaikorosikopu pachake kugadzira, akaona vapenyu yose rezvisikwa tuduku. Maiva muna 1695. Kubvira ipapo, Antonio anotanga vanoshingaira kuongorora uye tsanangura rakasiyana-siyana emasero kwemabhakitiriya. Iye chinosiyanisa navo chete chimiro, zvisinei, uye ichi chava kuitwa.

Leeuwenhoek ndezvaiye anenge 20 zvemaBhaibheri zvokunyorwa nemaoko, izvo hunonyatsodonongodza idenderedzwa, tsvimbo, zononoka uye mamwe marudzi mabhakitiriya. Akanyora wokutanga basa zvidukuduku, rinonzi "The zvakavanzika zvakasikwa rakawanikwa pedyo Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek." The kuedza kutanga kuronga uye muchidimbu vaunganidza ruzivo Morphology kwemabhakitiriya ndezvaJehovha musayendisiti O. Muller, uyo akaita nawo 1785. Kubvira nhoroondo zvidukuduku anotanga kuwana ayo tichimhanya.

Vasiri kana chengetedzo rwakazara

Panguva ino kukura nesayenzi tadzidza zvigadziriswe akashandurwa kwemabhakitiriya basa. The pezvakaitwa umo chinhano, uye kuti pasina kwavari hazvibviri zvakasikwa. Rakaratidza kuti hazvibviri vaingoerekana chizvarwa upenyu pasina kutora chikamu zvipenyu. Vose Zvavakawana izvi zvakaitwa somugumisiro kuedza, guru musayendisiti-kemisiti, asi pashure zvakawanikwa izvi uyewo microbiologist Lui Pastera. Zvakaoma kuona kukosha kwake kukura nesayenzi ichi. History of zvidukuduku zvakaoma akwanisa kukura saka nokukurumidza uye zvachose, kana munhu uyu shasha.

Zvakawanikwa Pasteur anogona kuratidza zvakawanda pfungwa dzinokosha:

• Akaratidza kuti vanhu vekare akajairana shuga chinovira kwacho imhaka pamberi zvimwe microbial kwemarudzi. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe mhando kuvira (lactic acidic, doro, mafuta, uye nezvimwewo) vari dzinoratidzwa chaicho boka mabhakitiriya, uye kuti voitakura kunze;
• chakaunzwa zvokudya indasitiri pasteurization rikurumidze kurasira zvinhu kubva microflora, zvichiita kuti kuora uye spoilage;
• iye ndiye tivandudze kutapata zvirwere kuburikidza vachiita mushonga kuti muviri. Kureva Pasteur - tateguru majekiseni, ndiye akaratidza kuti zvirwere zvinokonzerwa pamberi pathogenic mabhakitiriya;
• akaparadza pfungwa Kurovedza zvose upenyu uye akaratidza kuti upenyu utachiona zhinji (butyric acid, somuenzaniso) havadi okisijeni, uye kunyange hunokuvadza.

Huru chisingarambiki munorumbidzirweiko Lui Pastera ndechokuti Zvakawanikwa ake ose, iye akaratidza experimentally. Saka kuti hapana vaisagona kuramba chokwadi kururama kwemashoko zvabuda. Asi nyaya zvidukuduku, Chokwadi, hazvirevi kuguma ikoko.

Mumwe musayendisiti uyo aishanda XIX remakore uye vakaita kubatsira chaizvo kuti kudzidza zvigare, aiva Robert Koch - musayendisiti German uyo ndiye kubvisa akarongwa kwemabhakitiriya masero yakachena. Zviri hunhu zvipenyu zvose zviri pedyo zvinodyidzana. Rimwe boka muupenyu kwacho rakasikwa munhu maberekero pasi mamwe, mumwe anoita zvakafanana kuti yechitatu uye zvichingodaro. Ndiko, ndizvo chete simba romugove divi, uye muna dzakakwirira Utachiona, chete mukati kwemabhakitiriya munharaunda. Somugumisiro, zvakaoma chaizvo kudzidza zvimwe vakasiyana munzanga, rimwe boka zvigare, nokuda kwavo kukura zvikuru diki (1 ^-6 mamita kana 1 m), uye ari mune kugara pedyo pamwe mumwe, havagoni kuva singly kuongororwa. Zvaiita mukana wakakwana kukura kuva muzvizhinji kuti dzakafanana masero utachiona mumwe nharaunda chakagadzirwa ezvinhu. Kureva kuwana yakawanda masero akafanana, izvo zvichaita kuti vaonekwe akashama ziso uye kuongorora kwemasayendisiti iyo ichava nyore.

Hezvino chii yokutanga uye akaita Koch. Iye sezvaari kubviswa Mutsika utachiona yakachena pamusoro inotonhorera svikiro, iyo yakasiyana-siyana munharaunda. Uyewo hazvina mwene kubudirira mune mufananidzo munowanikwa zvigare uye ayo nhengo. Robert Koch kutanga vawana tubercle seinä (Koch kuti bacillus), parasitic kwemhuka nevanhu. musayendisiti ichi vakashandisa nzira mhuka experimental utachiwana pathogenic (pathogenic) utachiona nechinangwa deducing tsika zvigare zvakadaro yakaisvonaka, uye yakatanga nzira nokuda disinfection uye kutonga.

Saka zvakanzi vaunganidza yakawanda mashoko anokosha kubva utachiona, makomborero avo uye ngozi vanhu. Kukura zvidukuduku kwabva kunyange nzira zvikuru.

The ano Danho

Modern zvidukuduku - ari mamwe subsections, uye Mini-sayenzi kuti anobata pakudzidza kwete chete utachiona asiwo nemavhairasi, notumwe tupukanana archaea, uye zvose anozivikanwa uye ichangobva kuwanikwa tusingaoneki. On mubvunzo chii zvidukuduku, nhasi tinogona kupa zvakawanda uye hwakadzama norudaviro. Zviri kunzwisisa sayenzi kubata pakudzidza zvigare, uye avo kushanda muupenyu inoshanda muminda siyana uye nzvimbo, uyewo matambudziko zvigare pamusoro mumwe, zvakatipoteredza uye zvipenyu.

Maererano kudaro yokuti zvidukuduku kunofanira kuunza sayenzi yemazuva kuti gradation zvikamu.

1. General.
2. Ivhu.
3. Water.
4. Agriculture.
5. Medical.
6. Veterinary.
7. Space.
8. Geological Survey.
9. Virology.
10. Food.
11. Industrial (rwokugadzira).

Mumwe nemumwe zvikamu izvi zviri kuita uwane kudzidza zvigare, kukanganisa kwavo upenyu uye utano hwevanhu nemhuka, uyewo mukana kushandisa utachiona zvinangwa dzinoshanda, kuvandudza upenyu hwevanhu. izvi zvose pamwe chete ndizvo zviri kudzidza zvidukuduku.

Mupiro mukuru kuti kukura nzira ano zvidukuduku, nzira maberekero uye kurimwa zvigare zvinoitwa nenyanzvi dzakadai Wolfram Tsillig uye Karl Stetter, Karl yeWatchtower, Norman Peys, Watson, Crick, Pauling, Zuckerkandl. Of mudzimba masayendisiti mazita akadai I. I. Mechnikov, Ls Tsenkovsky, Di Ivanovsky S. N. Vinogradsky Kuchibhotla Omelyanskii, SP Kostychev, Ya Ya uye Nikitinsky F. M. Chistyakov, A. I. Lebedev, VN Shaposhnikov. Kuburikidza nebasa masayendisiti izvi dzakatangwa aungazviita zvakakomba zvirwere nemhuka (hwechigwadara, chirwere cheshuga chishambwe, rutsoka uye muromo chirwere, chibhokisi, uye zvichingodaro). Dzakatangwa nzira kuwedzera kutapata kune kwemabhakitiriya uye nemavhairasi zvirwere, utachiona zvigare vakawana vanokwanisa processing mafuta, kuti asike vakawanda panguva upenyu siyana Organic zvinhu, muzvinatse uye kuvandudza zvakatipoteredza, vasiri kuparara decomposing makemikari, uye zvakawanda.

Mupiro wevanhu ava zvechokwadi chaizvo, saka vamwe vavo (Mechnikov I. I.) vakapiwa Nobel Prize pamusana basa rake. Nhasi, kune subsidiaries nemasayendisiti, yakaumbwa pachishandiswa zvidukuduku, inova zvemberi mu zvipenyu - ndiko hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu, bioengineering uye magene mapurani. Basa neimwe nechinangwa kupa zvinenge kana mapoka zvipenyu pamwe zvakafanorongwa ehupfumi, batsira munhu. Pamusoro pokumuka nzira itsva kushanda Micro-zvinenge, kuwana kunonyanyisa tibatsirwe nokushandisa utachiona.

Saka, nzendo kukura zvidukuduku kunyange vashoma, asi mashoko chaizvo uye azere zviitiko.

Nzira yokudzidza tusingaoneki

Modern nzira zvidukuduku dzinobva kushanda pamwe tsika wakachena, uyewo kushandisa noungwaru zvigadzirwa mberi (Manyiminya, zvemagetsi, Laser, etc.). Heano zvihombe.

1. Kushandisa nemaziso rwokugadzira. Kazhinji, chiedza chete nemaikorosikopu zvizere mugumisiro hakuna kupiwa, saizvozvowo luminescence, Laser uye zvemagetsi.
2. Zvomuchero utachiona kunyatsonzwisisa inotonhorera vezvenhau kuti culturing uye ruminant Mutsika nyuchi zvachose wakachena.
3. Vasiri-nokukanganisika kuongorora nzira microbial tsika.
4. Molecular chaivo kuongorora nzira.
5. Genetic kuongorora nzira. To musi, zvakakwanisika kuronda mhuri muti anenge ose rakavhurika boka zvigare. Izvi yakaitwa kubasa Carl Woese, uyo akakwanisa decipher nzvimbo genome utachiona nyuchi zvichibvira kuvonga. With kuwanikwa kwakaita kuti pavakwe phylogenetic prokaryotic hurongwa.

Anoendeswa pamwe, nzira izvi zvinopa zvakazara uye hwakadzama ruzivo pamusoro chero tusingaoneki richangobva akasvinudzwa kana kushamisa kare uye kuwana chikumbiro chavo kwakarurama.

Zvidukuduku matanho kuti dzapfuura munyika kukura kwayo sechinhu sainzi hapasi kusanganisira akadaro norupo uye yakarurama akagadzirwa nzira. Zvisinei, zvinokosha kuziva kuti inonyatsobudirira nguva dzose ane experimental nzira, akashanda sehwaro kuunganidza ruzivo uye unyanzvi vari kushanda pamwe Microcosm.

Zvidukuduku mu mushonga

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha uye kukosha kwazvakaita evanhu utano zvidukuduku yezvokurapa zvidukuduku chinhu partition. Nyaya yokudzidza zvakava pathogenic nemavhairasi uye utachiona kuti anokonzera zvirwere zvikuru. Naizvozvo, dambudziko kuna vanachiremba, microbiologists: kuziva utachiona hwakakura, kuva mutsara yaro yakachena, kudzidza hunhu upenyu uye zvikonzero dzinokanganisa kuti muviri womunhu, uye kuwana nzira yokubvisa basa iri.

Kamwe yakaisvonaka tsika nayo utachiona inotengwa, zvakakodzera kuitisa anonyatsotsvaka samolecular zvipenyu kuongorora. Zvichienderana migumisiro yokuedza kurwisa muviri kuti nemishonga, kuona kupararira chirwere uye kusarudza inonyatsobudirira kurapwa pamusoro microorganism ichi.

zvidukuduku kuti kurapwa, kusanganisira wemhuka, vakabatsira kugadzirisa vanoverengeka zvokukurumidzira matambudziko zvevanhu: kusika munhu mushonga pamusoro hwechigwadara, chimbwamupengo, equina zviso, makwai pox, anaerobic utachiona, tularemia uye paratyphoid fivha, zvaibvira kubvisa dambudziko uye parapnevmonii uye zvichingodaro.

Food zvidukuduku

Kunyatsogona zvidukuduku, utsanana uye utsanana vari pedyo pedyo dyidzana uye zvose tiri umwe. Nekuti utachiona vanogona kupararira nokukurumidza zvikuru uye kuti mukuru zvakadini kana utsanana uye utsanana ezvinhu vari varombo. Chokutanga, izvi zvinoratidzwa zvokudya maindasitiri, mune zvakawanda kugadzirwa kwezvokudya.

Current umboo hunotsigira Morphology uye physiology zvigare, nokukanganisika pezvakaitwa anokonzerwa navo, uyewo pokudzora kwezvakatipoteredza zvikonzero pamusoro microflora kukura zvokudya panguva zvokufambisa, kuchengetwa, kutengeswa uye kubudiswa pakugadzira zvinhu, kubatsira kudzivisa zvinetso zvakawanda. Basa zvigare zviri nedanho inotungamirwa uye kuchinja unhu zvokudya uye chidzoke vanoverengeka zvirwere zvinokonzerwa pathogenic uye mikana mhando, ndizvo chaizvo, uye saka basa chikafu zvidukuduku, utsanana uye utsanana ndiwo basa kuziva uye kutendeukira kuna kubatsira murume.

uyewo Food zvidukuduku anokudziridza utachiona anokwanisa rokutendeutsa kubva mapuroteni mafuta, anoshandisa zvigare anoora zvokudya, nokuti dambudziko zvakawanda chikafu. pezvakaitwa chinovira kwakavakirwa lactic asidhi uye butyric bacteria kupa vanhu yakawanda yaida zvigadzirwa.

virology

Chose kuparadzana, uye vakawanda kwazvo boka zvigare, riri kure zvikuru havaratidzi kunzwisisa - zviri wanda. Zvidukuduku uye virology - maviri kunyatsotevera dyidzana Mapato sciences microbiological, izvo kudzidza pathogenic utachiona uye mavhairasi anogona kukuvadza utano zvipenyu.

Virology chikamu zvikuru zvakawanda uye haunzwisisiki, saka, rinofanira kuva yoga kudzidza.