Chii hunhu oxides

Ngatimbotaura kuziva sei yezvakaita oxide. Chokutanga, kuti zvose zvinhu zvinogona dziya muzvikwata zviviri: nyore uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Simple zvinhu Classified kupinda simbi uye nonmetals. Complex yeimwe akakamurwa makirasi mana: pezvingoro, oxides, munyu, acids.

tsananguro

Sezvo yezvakaita oxides runotsamira sezvamunoita dzavo, kutanga tsanangudzo kupa boka iri inorganic zvinhu. Oxides vari kunzwisisa zvinhu kuti ine zvinhu zviviri. The peculiarity yokuti okisijeni iri nguva dzose riri kupomera wechipiri (okupedzisira) Kufananidzira.

The inonyanya munhu anoonekwa kubata reokisijeni nyore zvinhu (nesimbi, nonmetals). Somuenzaniso, inoumbwa maitiro magnesium pamwe okisijeni, magnesium oxide, vachiratidza dzinokosha ehupfumi.

Nomenclature

Character oxides kunobva sezvamunoita yavo. Kune vamwe mitemo unodana izvi zvinhu.

Kana simbi oxide chakaumbwa huru subgroups valency hakuratidzwi. Somuenzaniso, karusiyamu oxide Cao. Kana ari yeimwe rokutanga simbi iri subgroup yakadaro, ine shanduka Valence, rinofanira achiratidzei nhamba Roman. Anoiswa pashure mukomboni zita muzvikomberedzo. Somuenzaniso, kune oxides simbi (2) uye (3). Kuita yemaitiro oxides, zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti uwandu oxidation anofanira kuva razero.

kupatsanura

Funga kuti mutambi oxides kunoenderana mwero oxidation. Metals vane oxidation uwandu +1 uye +2, zvinoumba dzinokosha oxides pamwe oxygen. A dzakananga chinoratidza yeimwe izvi nderei zvakaita oxides. yeimwe izvi mishonga vakaitei nemashoko munyu-Anoumba oxides, nonmetals, pova munyu navo. Uyewo, zvinokosha oxides vakaitei ane acid. The Zvakaitwa chigadzirwa kunobva kutanga zvinhu akatorwa pane uwandu.

Non-nesimbi uye nesimbi chete oxidation +4 kusvika +7, anoumba oxides pamwe yakachena acid. Character oxides kunosanganisira maitiro ane chawo (alkali). Mugumisiro kukurukurirana zvinoenderana sei pakutanga alkali akabatwa. Nechepakati kushaya acidic munyu yakaumbwa sezvo kuita chigadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, mune zvakaitwa carbon monoxide (4) vane yavaibvisa hydroxide kuumbwa yavaibvisa hydrogencarbonate (acidic munyu).

In nyaya nekuita ane asidhi ane kupfuura oxide zvakaitwa chigadzirwa ane alkali munyu kuchareva (sodium carbonate). Character acidic oxides kunoenderana mwero oxidation.

Vari akakamurwa munyu-Anoumba oxides (umo ukuru oxidation ari chinhu akaenzana boka nhamba) uyewo hanya oxides havasi vanokwanisa nokuumba munyu.

amphoteric oxides

Panewo ehupfumi ari amphoteric hunhu oxides. Chaizvoizvo Its iri nesungano pakati yeimwe idzi acids uye alkalis. Chii oxides kuratidza hunyambiri (amphoteric) ehupfumi? Izvi zvinosanganisira binary simbi remubatanidzwa ane oxidation nhamba +3, uye oxides pamusoro beryllium, zinc.

Nzira achigadzirira

Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti kugadzira oxides. The inonyanya munhu anoonekwa kubata reokisijeni pamwe nyore zvinhu (nesimbi, nonmetals). Somuenzaniso, inoumbwa maitiro magnesium pamwe okisijeni, magnesium oxide, vachiratidza dzinokosha ehupfumi.

Uyewo kuti oxides kunogona kuva zvakaoma uye kudyidzana pakati zvinhu pamwe samolecular okisijeni. Somuenzaniso, panguva combustion kuti pyrite (simbi sulfide 2) anogona kuwanikwa zvakananga oxides maviri: sarufa nesimbi.

Munogonawo vaiona kuwana oxides munyu manyowa maitiro reokisijeni tubhokisi acids. Somuenzaniso, manyowa calcium carbonate inogona kugadzirwa carbon dioxide inobvisa uye calcium yakawanda oxide (nokukurumidza madota).

The chikuru uye amphoteric oxides vari yakaumbwa munguva manyowa kubva insoluble zvigadziko. Somuenzaniso, mashoko calcination resimbi hydroxide (3) achiumbwa simbi oxide (3), uyewo mvura mhute.

mhedziso

Oxides vari boka inorganic zvinhu kuva yakafarikana maindasitiri kushanda. Kushandiswa pakuvaka indasitiri, neindasitiri inogadzira mishonga, mushonga.

Uyezve, amphoteric oxides inowanzoshandiswa makemikari kwetunhu sezvo catalysts (accelerators namakemikari pezvakaitwa).