Ndiani tega kuti penicillin? History of kuwanika uye zvivako zviri kuti penicillin

Mazana upenyu vanoponeswa mukati kushandiswa inorwisa mabhakitiriya ari okurapa. Kuwanikwa kuti penicillin zvakaita nyore kurwira vanhu nezvirwere kuti kusvikira pakutanga XX remakore vakanga hachirapiki.

Medicine kuti kuti penicillin kuvamba

Kwemazana emakore mushonga hwakundikana kuponesa upenyu varwere. Danho rokutanga kuti budiriro yaiva kuwanikwa chokwadi yezvakaita kwakabva zvirwere zvakawanda. Tiri kutaura chokwadi kuti zvirwere inomuka somugumisiro zvinokonzerwa tusingaoneki. Nokukurumidza zvakakwana, masayendisiti akaona kuti utachiona hunokonzera zvirwere zvinogona kuparadzwa uchibatsirwa mamwe majemusi, kuratidza "ruvengo" kuti vaishandira zvirwere.

Nokufamba zvavo tsika yokurapa, masayendisiti akawanda muna XIX akauya mhedziso iyi. Pakati pavo paiva Louis Pasteur, akawana kuti migumisiro mamwe marudzi tusingaoneki inotungamirira kurufu bacilli kuti nechigwadara. Asi ruzivo urwu haana kukwana. Zvakanga zvakafanira kuwana yakananga inobudirira nzira yokugadzirisa dambudziko. kuedza zvose kuburikidza vanachiremba kuti pave mushonga zvakasikwa rotsva. Uye chete tsaona wakachena uye Pazvinhu hunch vakabatsira Aleksandru Flemingu, kuti musayendisiti uyo tega penicillin.

Useful ehupfumi chakuvhuvhu

Zvakaoma here kudavira kuti ndicho muforoma ane antibacterial ehupfumi. Asi zviri zvechokwadi. Hazvina chete greenish-wachena fuma, rimwe roga chakuvhe. It unovapo kubva tuvana kunyange chiduku, kuti vari mudenga. In ezvinhu varombo mhepo kuparadzirwa, uye zvimwe zvikonzero zviri Foroma vari aumba. Penicillin yakanga isati akazaruka, asi XI remakore, mabasa Avicenna vane anotaura kurapwa kwezvirwere purulent nokubatsira munhu Foroma.

Kusawirirana pakati masayendisiti maviri

Muna 60-ies vanachiremba kuti XIX remakore Russian Aleksey Polotebnov uye Vyacheslav Manassein zvokutamba nharo. Nyaya idzi yaiva chakuvhuvhu. Polotebnov aidavira kuti tateguru ose utachiona. Manassein vakasimbirira rakatarisana nemaonero, uye kuti aratidze kuti haana mhosva, vakabata dzakatevedzana kuferefeta.

Akaona kukura chakuvhuvhu spores, izvo chakakushwa rakaorera muvhu. Somugumisiro, V. Manassein akaona kukura kwemabhakitiriya havana kuitika chaizvo mumunda chakuvhuvhu kukura. Maonero ake zvino anotsigirwa nevanhu kuedza: chakuvhuvhu chaizvoizvo kuchititadzisa kukura mamwe majemusi. mupikisi yake akabvuma kukanganisa zvaaitaura. Uyezve, Polotebnov akatanga kunyatsotevera kudzidza antibacterial ehupfumi ari chakuvhuvhu. Pane uchapupu hwokuti kunyange kushandiswa zvinobudirira pakurapa havaratidzi achiporesa ganda maronda. Polotebnov chose zvitsauko wandei basa rake kwesayenzi ichirondedzera ehupfumi ari chakuvhuvhu. Kunewo musayendisiti yakarumbidza kushandisa izvi zvinhu mukurapa, kunyanya nokuti mishonga yezvirwere ganda. Asi pfungwa iyi haisi akafemerwa nevamwe vanachiremba uye yave kunaka kukanganwika.

Who tega Penicillin

munorumbidzirweiko Izvi ndezvako musayendisiti zvokurapa Aleksandru Flemingu. Aiva purofesa murabhoritari muchipatara St. Mary Harare. Musoro basa rake dzesayenzi - ndiye kukura uye zvivako zviri staphylococci. Kuwanikwa penicillin aita tsaona. Fleming hanya zvikuru kwete wakakurumbira, asi nekusiyana. Rimwe zuva, vachisiya pakombiyuta asina kushambwa ndiro chete kwemabhakitiriya tsika, mazuva mashomanana gare gare akati kunoguma chakuvhuvhu. Ake vaifarira chokwadi kuti nzvimbo yakapoteredza Foroma utachiona yaparadzwa.

Fleming akapa zita fuma aburitswa chakuvhuvhu. Akaritumidza zita penicillin. Vapedza vakawanda kuedza, masayendisiti akagutsikana kuti fuma iyi inogona kuuraya-siyana mabhakitiriya anokuvadza.

gore chii tega kuti penicillin? Muna 1928, Aleksandra Fleminga pakuongorora akapa nyika kuti chishamiso panguva fuma.

Production uye Application

Fleming aisagona kudzidza kuti penicillin, saka tsika mushonga rokutanga haafariri kwazvo kuziva. Vaya tega kuti penicillin sechinhu mushonga vaiva Govad Florey uye Cheyn Ernst. Ivo, pamwe chete navo, isolated wakachena kuti penicillin, uye anoritsanangura mushonga rokutanga nenyika.

Muna 1944, panguva yeHondo Yenyika II, United States, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuwana kuti penicillin maindasitiri nzira. Muchiedza zvinodhaka akatora zvishoma nguva. Pakarepo, kuti penicillin vakatanga kushandisa muchiuto pakati dzairwisa kurapa vakakuvadzwa. Pakapera hondo, ari rehurumende Vagari kuUnited States aigona kutengawo chishamiso mushonga.

Vose tega kuti penicillin (Fleming, Florey, Chain) akava varidzi vari Nobel Prize muna Medicine.

Penicillin: Nhoroondo yakawanikwa muRussia

Apo Mukuru Patriotic War achiri kuenda mberi, I. V. Stalin akaita nokuedza kutenga marezinesi kugadzirwa kuti penicillin muRussia. Asi United States akaita ambiguously. First imwe mari ainzi, ndinofanira kutaura, mumwe dzenyeredzi. Asi gare gare zvawanda kaviri, vachitsanangura Zvakawanikwa kutanga sizvo Masvomhu. Somugumisiro, Nhaurirano kwakakundikana.

Musi mubvunzo ndiani tega kuti penicillin kuRussia, hapana mhinduro chete. Kuwana nzira kubudisa analogues akapomerwa microbiologist Zinaida Ermoleva. Akakwanisa kuwana nefuma, akazonzi krustozinom. Asi nzvimbo yaro zvinodhaka izvi zvikuru muduku kuna kuti penicillin, uye mabikirwo kugadzirwa raiva basa-nyanyisa uye kudhura.

Kwakasarudzwa kuti vachiri kutenga rezinesi. Mutengesi akanga Ernst Chain. Pashure kukura zvemichina uye vomurova kuva kugadzirwa. Izvi zvakazoita Nikolai Kopylov. Industrial kugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuti penicillin rakavambwa nokukurumidza. Panguva iyi Nikolay Kopylov akanga paakavapa ari Stalin Prize.

Zvechokwadi mishonga vakawanda uye zvikurukuru kuti penicillin vane nemamwe zvechokwadi ehupfumi. Asi nhasi, masayendisiti zvikuru vari kuratidza hanya kuti utachiona zhinji uye utachiona kusaurayiwa ichi kuchirapa chiito.

dambudziko iri rava zvaida kunyatsofungwa uye dzinobvira, sezvo chokwadi anogona kuuya nguva apo vamwe mabhakitiriya haangazodzingi sei zvinoitwa inorwisa mabhakitiriya.