Ndima uye zvachose nzvimbo Tyumen nharaunda: tsananguro uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Tyumen nharaunda, nzvimbo mundima unova kuRussia rechitatu pakukura kwagara uye anoramba nokuda nguva, mumwe anotsigira kumatunhu munyika. Pasinei noutsinye okunze, zviri kuwedzera nemashoko kwoupfumi, ndiko kuvaka chirimwa, achikura kwevanhu. Chokwadi, mumwe mukuru zvikonzero kubudirira kuchamhembe dunhu - nezviwanikwa. In mudumbu zvionera dziri chinokosha mafuta uye gasi reserves munyika.

Region zvenhau yakare

Kufambira munharaunda ano Tyumen nharaunda rakatanga rokumusoro (mushakabvu) Paleolithic anenge zviuru 43 apfuura. Izvi zvinoratidza zvinoshamisa kuwanikwa mumusha Baygara - nadpyatochnaya (talus) pfupa hominid. saizi Its anenge 4,5 kusvika 5 cm uye vaiva munhu mukuru aine makore 20-50, vaigara munzvimbo iyi 43 000 apfuura. Zvinofungirwa kuti hominids zvaiva genus Homo sapiens.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Tyumen nharaunda nzvimbo rakanyatsojeka guru, uye vanochera matongo vane nzvimbo "famba" yekusimbisa wokukurumidza kugarwa pamusoro idzi. Saka zvisaririra yeugaro kwevanhu vokutanga (zvasara namagariro uye makuva) kwakawanikwa pamhenderekedzo Lake St. Andrew uye Tours. Ndevenyu Sargatka tsika zvaiva 7-6 emakore. BC. e. Muchiuru chemakore chokutanga akatanga Resettlement pamusoro muArabhu: Ugrian uye Samoyed rudzi, vakanga yakatsiviwa Turkic vaitaura marudzi kumaodzanyemba. Kushamwaridzana zvemo madzinza chizvarwa, vakaumba rudzi rutsva, zvikurukuru, Mansi uye Khanty, Selkup, Nenets.

Muna 13-16 emakore pamhenderekedzo Tyumenka raiva guta guru Tyumen khanate Kerayit uye Tatars. Yakanga yave nyika inotongwa romuMiddle okumabvazuva mamiriro Yechinwiwa Horde. Mushure Kupwanya ekupedzisira kupinda yoga Khanate, Siberia akaumba mubatanidzwa rokutanga - Grand Duchy pamusoro Tyumen. Iye chikatsiviwa kuSiberia Khanate muna 1420 kuti, neguta rayo guru muna Kashlyk.

Kukunda kweSiberia

Pari zvachose nzvimbo Tyumen nharaunda (pasi zvionera nharaunda) ndiyo 1.464.173 km ^2, uye mugove Western kweSiberia shumba iyi. Territory vaiva vokutanga munzira kuenda Russian East. To Vasvika muzana remakore rechi16. Vakanga yaigarwa Nenets vanhu (vafudzi), Hunt taiga vavhimi uye vabati vehove Mansi. Kuwanda marudzi akanga 8 uye 15-18 zviuru. People azvaitwa. Kumaodzanyemba vakararama madzinza Turkic uyo seboka kunzi "Tatars".

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Russian pachine kupinda kuSiberia akaenda zvakanaka murunyararo. Asi, vakanga akatanga kunzvimbo itsva, pane vakavakunda. Active kukura Moscow, ivo Urals uye Trans-Urals vakatanga pashure kuwa Novgorod muna 1478, asi kusvikira mukupera kwezana remakore rechi16 aihuitira akabudirira mashomanana danidziro. Siberian Khanate akawana simba uye vakava kurwisa nyika yokumabvazuva. Pashure kurwiswa vatengesi vakapfuma Stroganoff muridzi muna 1573, sangano Kuchum, zvakanzi fused yokuzviparadzanisa inotungamirwa Ataman Ermak. Iye chaizvoizvo akazarura nzira East Muscovites, kukunda kweSiberia panguva iyoyo pakanga pasina paimira. shoma A zvishoma pane zana yave dzakabatanidzwa chose kune Russian mamiriro.

Geographical nzvimbo uye nzvimbo Tyumen nharaunda

Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro, nzvimbo yacho Tyumen nharaunda iri 1.464.173 km ^2, nharaunda pokutanga rechitatu pakukura, mushure Republic pakati Sakha (Yakutia) uye Krasnoyarsk Territory. It Anotambanudza kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira uye kuchamhembe nokumaodzanyemba ndiyo 1400? Km uye 2100? Km azvaitwa. Tyumen Region iri wokumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero chikamu pamapani kuWest Siberian Plain. Nechokumusoro Pfungwa - a Cape Skuratov pamusoro ari Yamal Peninsula, kumaodzanyemba - muna Sladkovsky District, vokumadokero - tsime rwizi Severnaya Sosva, kumabvazuva - iri Kazan District. Part kwenzvimbo yasukwa nemvura yeGungwa Kara, vamwe miganhu musi Krasnoyarsk Krai, kuKurgan, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk uye Arkhangelsk Oblast, Komi Republic, uye kuKazakhstan. zita rayo kwazvino nharaunda vakagamuchira August 14, 1944.

Political kupesana

maviri zvionera maruwa iri munharaunda: Yamalo-Nenets uye Khanty-Mansiysk. Muna 1993 vakagamuchira chinzvimbo, kwaenzaniswa kuti RF vaanotonga, asi zviri pamutemo achiri chikamu Tyumen nharaunda. Vakamanikidza rayo size: 769 250 km ² uye 534 801 km ^2, ukuwo. Nharaunda Tyumen nharaunda pasina zvionera maruwa haisi zvokutadza guru - chete 160 122 km ^2.

Nharaunda zvinosanganisira maguta 29, remasangano kwavari: Tyumen (720 575 pers.), Surgut (348 643 pers.), Nizhnevartovsk (270 846 pers.), Nefteyugansk (125 368 pers.), Novy Urengoy (111 163 vanhu). , Noyabrsk (106 631 pers.). Pedyo chiratidzo 100 000 Tobolsk (yaifananidzira pamusoro) uye Khanty-Mansiysk. Pamaguta hunodzorwa diki - kusvika 50 zviuru vanhu .. Area 38 rakakamurwa munzvimbo 480 unoshanda makanzuru.

Okunze kuchamhembe chikamu nharaunda

Nokuda kuti Tyumen nharaunda nzvimbo yakakura, okunze mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzingasiyana substantially, zvose kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Yakakura yaiva kweArctic murenje rokufambira, dondo-achinaya mvura uye achinaya mvura, taiga, inowanzorimwa uye masango yakavhenganiswa. Nzvimbo kunoratidzwa zvakanyanyisa okunze munzvimbo dzakawanda. Nokuti nzvimbo of Kure North zvinosanganisira Yamalo-Nenets, Berezovsky uye Beloyarskii munzvimbo KhMAO-Yugra, dzasara administrative vamapoka yokupedzisira uye Uvat muruwa kwaenzaniswa kwavari.

Muna North nharaunda chitonge Arctic (polar) pamwe yegore okunze akaipa mhepo tembiricha. Zvinonzi pakutsvaga napedyo yokuGungwa Kara uye kutonhora permafrost, zvakawanda nzizi, marshes uye madhamu. Nokuti kweArctic okunze kunoratidzwa muchando refu (kusvika 8 months.), A pfupi chaizvo zhizha, pasi kunaya uye mhepo yakasimba. Average tembiricha pagore akaipa, anenge -10 ° C muna yechando, rezasi pachikumbaridzo ndee pana kumativi -70 ° C. Nharaunda Tyumen mudunhu iri okunze aya, inopfuura hafu nhamba (ona pamusoro mepu, Ao shaded).

The dzinotaurwa nechepakati uye kumaodzanyemba nharaunda

Central uye South Tyumen nharaunda pasi mwero okunze, riri kuumbwa mune Northern Hemisphere. It kunoratidzwa kakawanda uye kukosha Misiyano mumhepo kumanikidzwa, mhepo tembiricha, mhepo mirayiridzo kuchinja. Zvose izvi mugumisiro kwakanyanya webasa madutu. The okunze ane raidudzwa mwaka mina: yechando uye chirimo (chikuru), mumatsutso uye chitubu (zvenguva). Winter kuisa zvachose chando viomak. Climate angava kunosiyana inosiyana nekuomarara kubva munyoro kune yakapinza-Continental. Saka, urefu nguva mhepo tembiricha iri pazasi 0 ° C mazuva 130 pagore guru munharaunda. Nzvimbo kumaodzanyemba Tyumen nharaunda iri anenge 1/3 mundima yose.

zvicherwa

The Tyumen Nharaunda matura Mahydrocarbon, izvo zvinoonekwa pasi pose. Ndiyo chinokosha munyika gasi uye mafuta aro muura. The zvachose Vhoriyamu ubanguranyika kuchera vakapfuura mamiriyoni 45 cubic mamita ^3. Oiri inogadzirwa kunyanya Ob, uye gasi muna North. With izvi chokuita nokukurumidza pakukura mudunhu. Kupfuura vakakurumbira uye azere deposits ose Mahydrocarbon - ndiye Fyodorovskoye, Mamontovskoye, Ob, Samotlorskoye gasi - Yamburgskoye, Urengoiskoye, Bear. Chinozoiswa peat, Goldstone jecha, sapropel, reraimu uye chiwanikwa mabwe, simbi mhangura (mhangura chromite, kutungamirira).

Water uye dondo zviwanikwa

Region ane anoyevedza ndiri mvura yakachena kuti iri kusimbiswa huru munzizi - Irtish uye Ob (vane navigable ukoshi) Tobol, Great Lakes Uvat, Black and unto Area Tyumen nharaunda iri ba M.. ? km inogarwa masango, akaenzana 430 000 (mamiriyoni 43 hectares). Maererano chakarurama ino, pokutanga rechitatu pakati zvose kumatunhu munyika. Kumaodzanyemba zvinopisa matsime, umo tembiricha mvura anoda kubva 37 kusvika 50 ° C, ivo nhaka balneological zvivako uye zvinofarirwa chaizvo kwete chete Kwataigara asiwo vashanyi vanobva kumatunhu pedyo.

Tyumen nharaunda yevanhu

Tadzidza pamusoro chii nzvimbo Tyumen nharaunda iri chepamusoro kunzvimbo, sei guru ndizvo, mumwe anogona infer kuti vanhu vanofanira kuva vakawanda. Zvisinei, chinofanira kuita Kunadzurudzwa kune utsinye okunze umo zvakaoma chaizvo kurarama. Tyumen streek vanhu vanhu 3,615,485 (sekune 2016, kusanganisira zvionera maruwa) harwuwire kunyange pamusoro maviri ari kureva kuti kumatunhu Russian somugumisiro rokupedzisira vaverengwe. Uye ichi pasinei nokuti akanga ari nzvimbo yechitatu. Very pasi kwevanhu arambe achirema - 2.47 vanhu muzana mativi kiromita. Vanhu vakawanda vanogara mumaguta - 80,12%, izvo chaizvo musoro, sezvo ari permafrost uye achinaya mvura pa mu kure mumisha nomumataundi zvakaoma.

Kana National nziyo, voruzhinji chavagari, maererano 2010 okuverengwa - a Russian (69.26%). Pazuva rechipiri uye rechitatu soro nhamba wechiTatar (7.07%) uye Ukrainian (4.63%). Kunyange zvishoma Bashkirs uye Azerbaijanis, 1,37% uye 1.28% azvaitwa. Ndudzi kugoverana asingasviki 1%. Zvemo vanhu okumusoro: Nenets, Khanty uye Mansi raimiririra 0,93%, 0,86% uye 0.34% azvaitwa.