Non-venguva sayenzi: inotungamirwa, misimboti, unhu

The chidzoke sayenzi yedu yemazuva ano maonero - mumwe muitiro mutsva kuti Zvinoda kuramba achidzidza. Munguva yeMiddle Ages pakanga pasina chinhu chakadaro evanhu ezvinhu kukura nesayenzi hakuna nzira sezvo vaipa. Chido kupa zvose zviripo zvinhu uye mananara pfungwa tsananguro yakabuda munzvimbo XVI-XVII emakore., Kana kuziva nyika nzira kugoverana uzivi uye nesayenzi. Uye kuti aingova mavambo - nokufamba kwenguva uye kuchinja omumwe vanhu ubatanidzwewo achinja dzenhoroondo nonclassical nesayenzi, uye ipapo ndipo postnonclassical.

Dzidziso idzi zvishoma yatsiviwa pfungwa pamusoro dzekare sayenzi uye zvakawanda chiyero chayo. Tiine chidzoke vasiri dzekare sayenzi mave zvakawanda zvinokosha matongo nyika, paiva kuunzwa experimental mashoko matsva. Kudzidza zvakasikwa vakatamira kuvandudza.

Definition of Non-dzekare sayenzi

Non-venguva padanho kukura nesayenzi akauya mukunopera XIX - pakati XX remakore. Akava inonzwisisika kuenderera chaiwo aibuda, izvo iyi ndavhiyiwa dambudziko ndaisagona mafungiro. Yaiva yesayenzi chimurenga wechitatu, bata yayo Global. Non-venguva sayenzi proposes kunzwisisa zvinhu, kwete sechinhu akatsiga, uye kupfuura navo kuburikidza rudzi-chikamu vemuchinjikwa zvakasiyana dzidziso, nzira uye nenheyo maonero zvidzidzo.

Paiva pfungwa chinoyambuka yose muitiro rwokuzvarwa sayenzi: kunzwisisa hunhu zvinhu uye mananara kwete chinhu kuongwa, sezvo zvakaita kare. Masayendisiti aida kuvabata chinobatsira uye kuti chokwadi tsanangudzo zvakasiyana, nokuti mumwe nomumwe wavo ave aripo zviyo vavariro ruzivo. Zvino kudzidza nyaya nesayenzi haisi zvayo unaltered chimiro, uye zvikurukuru zvinhu kuvapo. Chidzidzo chimwe chidzidzo kwakaitika dzakasiyana, uye saka okupedzisira nemigumisiro vaigona anosiyana.

Mazano vasiri dzekare sayenzi

zviga vasiri dzekare zvesayenzi vakagamuchirwa, vaiva sezvinotevera:

1. Kukundikana kunyanya zvinhu sezvazviri kuti dzekare nesayenzi, izvo aida kutora nyaya sechinhu chenguva, yakazvimirira Nokuziva.
2. Kunzwisisa ukama pakati ehupfumi ari chinhu kutsvakurudza, uye kunyanya zviito kuitwa nyaya.
3. Omumwe ukama izvi sepokutangira kuona tsanangudzo Chinangwa chinhu zvivako, uye nyika takawanda.
4. Kuitwa nheyo relativity pamwe tsvakurudzo, discrete, quantized complementarity uye mukana.

Ongororo kazhinji vakatamira mutsva multifactor pfungwa: kuti kusiyiwa woga nyaya yokudzidza kuti "wakachena kuedza 'achitsigira kuitisa misoro uongororwe mune simba ezvinhu.

Zvakakurukurwa kushanda nesayenzi

Inotungamirwa non-dzekare sayenzi zvachose chaiwo hurongwa maonero enyika chaiyo:

• In dzakawanda yechiitwa, kusanganisira sayenzi zvepanyama, asiri dzekare uzivi sayenzi akatanga kuita basa rinokosha.
• Kudzidza hunhu chinhu anopiwa nguva yakawanda, nevatsvakurudzi anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana uye anotaura kubata zvinhu mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Chinhu uye nyaya dzokudzidza huchawedzera interconnected.
• Zvakasimbisa ukama uye kubatana zvakasikwa zvose.
• Akaumba mumwe muenzaniso, inobva zvinokonzera kubva Chiitiko, uye kwete chete pane zvokuimba maonero enyika.
• Dissonance kunonzwisiswa sezvo huru unhu zvinhu zvakasikwa (semuenzaniso, kusiyana quantum wave PARTICIPLE nyore ezvirevo).
• A rinokosha iri kuridzwa pamusoro kunofambira mberi muzvidzidzo simba.
• Dzisiri mafungiro akapa nzira yokukakavadzniswa, zvikuru-chinja.

Pashure pakatanga pfungwa isiri dzekare nesayenzi munyika zvave dzakawanda zvinokosha zvakawanwa kudanana kubva mukupera XIX - mangwanani XX remakore. Havazivi huchikanganiswa hwakagadzwa nezvenzvimbo dzekare nesayenzi, saka zvachose nepfungwa zvenyika achinje vanhu. Kubva inokosha dzidziso nguva ino yakawanda Munoziva.

YaDarwin yemhindumupindu

Mumwe mugumisiro kuitwa asiri dzekare nesayenzi raiva basa guru Charles Darwin, zvinhu uye kutsvakurudza icho akaunganidza kubva 1809 kusvika 1882. Zvino dzidziso iyi yakavakirwa zvinenge zvose yokungotaura zvipenyu. Iye systematized ake zvakawanika uye akawana kuti huru zvikonzero zviri nedanho shanduka ndiko nhodzera uye dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Darwin akawana kuti shanduko chiratidzo rudzi iri nedanho shanduka kunoenderana nechokwadi uye asina chokwadi zvinhu pamusoro. Zvimwe akaumba pasi pokudzora kwezvakatipoteredza, kureva, pamwe chete mugumisiro dzinongoitika ezvinhu ruzhinji vanhu vari kuchinja unhu hwavo (pakukora ganda kana nguvo pigmentation, etc.). Zvinhu izvi ndiwo adaptive zvakasikwa uye zvisina chakasvitswa runotevera.

Undefined kuchinja uyewo simuka nokupesvedzera zvakapoteredza zvinhu, anowanikwa randomly asi vamwe vanhu. Kakawanda nhaka. Kana shanduko kwakabatsira kuti marudzi, zvakanyorwa ngadzirambe dziri mubishi dzinongoitika selection, uye chakasvitswa zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Charles Darwin akaratidza kuti shanduka anofanira kudzidzwa kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana dzemitemo uye nepfungwa, kuitisa siyana hunhu yokudzidza uye akataura. Huro yaro iri kuvhuvhuta madziro chitendero pamusoro zvakasikwa panguva iyoyo.

Einstein kwakaita Dzidziso relativity

Akatevera zvinokosha kuzarurwa nzira vasiri dzekare sayenzi wakaita basa guru. Tiri kutaura basa Albert Einstein, uyo muna 1905 akabudisa dzidziso pamusoro relativity mitumbi. Chaizvoizvo Its kwaiva kudzidza inofamba kwemiviri chinofamba hama mumwe ane dzose nokukurumidza. Akatsanangura kuti iyi nyaya zvisiri kuona muviri nomumwe ave furemu kuti bhuku - zvakafanira kufunga zvinhu hama kune mumwe nomumwe uye kufunga kumhanya uye trajectory zvose zvinhu.

In Einstein pfungwa, pane 2 zvinhu zvinotaurwa:

1. Nheyo relativity. Panoti ose kwakajairika bhuku mugadziriro, kutamira hama mumwe panguva imwe nokukurumidza uye zvakafanana mirayiridzo kushandisa mitemo chete.
2. Nheyo kumhanya chiedza. By chiedza ndicho chikuru kumhanya, ndizvo zvakafanana nokuti zvose zvinhu uye zviitiko uye hakubvi kumhanya kufamba kwavo. Kumhanya chiedza anoramba kuzochinja.

Albertu Eynshteynu mukurumbira akaunza chido kuti sayenzi iri experimental uye kukundikana yokungotaura ruzivo. Akaita kubatsira chaizvo kuti pave dzisiri dzekare nesayenzi.

The Heisenberg Nechokwadi Principle

Muna 1926, Heisenberg yakatanga quantum yake yokuti, anochinja ukama pakati macrocosm kune dzose zvinhu nyika. The vakawanda pfungwa basa rake aihuitira kuti zvainyanya kuti ziso remunhu harigoni nemaziso kuchengeta (somuenzaniso, sangano uye gwara mabhomba nezvimedu), mu masvomhu hadzirishandisi. Pakutanga nokuti Erekitironi kunoita, uye ave chirevo uye somunhu chinozunguzirwa. Panguva samolecular pamwero chero kukurukurirana pamusoro chinhu uye pasi, achinje iri kufamba mabhomba nezvimedu, risingagoni kurondwa.

Masayendisiti akawana kuti uchatamisa dzekare nemaonero pamusoro inofamba pakati nezvimedu munyika muviri Masvomhu. Aidavira kuti Masvomhu anofanira kushandiswa chete zvakawanda dzinoitwa zvakananga ane mira chinhu rinoti, kuchinja pakati rinoti, uye chiedza anooneka. Kutora musimboti matsamba, kwaiva chizvaro nhamba, apo mumwe ukoshi iri basa pachake nhamba yacho. mukova mumwe ari tafura ane mira kana asiri mira mamiriro (mu achichinja kubva imwe ehurumende mumwe). Masvomhu vanofanira kubereka kana zvakakodzera, kubva nhamba chinhu uye ayo ezvinhu. scoring hurongwa, iyo hwakasimbiswa kubudikidza Heisenberg Non-dzekare sayenzi mamiriro aro yekudyidzana nyore.

Pfungwa of Big Bang

The mubvunzo kuti akaita zvose zvakanga zvisati zvaitika uye chii chichaitika pashure, nguva dzose ainetseka uye hanya zvino hazvisi chete masayendisiti, asiwo vanhuwo. Non-venguva pavaipfuura kukura sayenzi wakazaruka shanduro kwakabva yebudiriro. Ndicho yakakurumbira dzidziso Huru Bang. Chokwadi, ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu hypotheses ose panowanikwa nyika, asi masayendisiti akawanda vari nechokwadi ivepo sezvo chete kwakarurama shanduro nechitarisiko upenyu.

Musimboti pfungwa sezvinotevera: yose zvakasikwa uye zvose zvayo zviri panguva iyoyo akasimuka somugumisiro kuputika anenge mabhiriyoni 13 apfuura. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, pakanga pasina - chete husingaoneki tsindirana bhora kwenyaya, ane magumo tembiricha uye arambe achirema. Panguva imwe nguva bhora vakatanga kuwedzera nokukurumidza, paiva yokumbozorora, uye pane zvose tinoziva uye vari kushingaira kuongorora. pfungwa iri kurondedzera zvichibvira zvinokonzera pakuwedzera zvakasikwa uye inotsanangura zvizere zvose maitikiro vaitevera Big Bang: kwokutanga kuwedzera, kutonhora uye chitarisiko makore ekare okunze, kutanga paumbwe nyeredzi uye mapoka enyeredzi. All aivapo ino kwenyaya akasikwa akavonga kuti yakakura kuputika.

Dambudziko dzidziso Rene Toma

Muna 1960, nyanzvi yemasvomhu French René Thom akaratidza dzidziso yake Ngwavaira. The musayendisiti akatanga kushandurira kupinda kwemasvomhu mutauro Fani, umo chinoramba kushanda panyaya kana chinhu pave discontinuous mugumisiro. dzidziso Rwavo runotibvumira kuti tinzwisise kwakabva shanduko uye RINOFAMBIRA ari hurongwa, pasinei waro kwemasvomhu hunhu.

Pfungwa zvinotevera: Chero hurongwa ane hwega zororo mamiriro, pazviri anopindura hwega chinzvimbo, kana vamwe vavo kwaasingasvikiri. Kana yakatsiga gadziriro iri pachena kuti kunze, simba raro rapakutanga vachaparadzwa zvainanga kudzivisa izvi. Uyezve, zvichaita edza kudzorera nzvimbo yaro yepakutanga. Kana kumanikidzwa munyika chakasimba kuti varambe ezvinhu izvozvo havazokwanisi kudzoka, pachava aiparadza chinja. Somugumisiro, mugadziriro anogamuchira itsva rakadzikama mamiriro zvakasiyana yepakutanga.

Saka tsika yakaratidza kuti havasi sayenzi hwokugadzira dzisiri dzenhoroondo chete, asiwo masvomhu. Vanobatsira kunzwisisa nyika hapana shoma pane mamwe muviri.

postnonclassical sainzi

The panowanikwa post-nonclassical sayenzi kwakakonzerwa hombe kusvetuka kukura maturusi ruzivo uye kwavakazoita kubudiswa uye amatura. Zvino 70-ies ose XX remakore, kana makombiyuta wokutanga, uye vose vaunganidza ruzivo vaifanira kutendeukira kupinda zvemagetsi muchimiro. Yakatanga vanoshingaira Kugadzirwa Integrated uye interdisciplinary tsvakurudzo zvirongwa, sayenzi zvishoma nezvishoma vakabatana pamwe indasitiri.

Nguva iyi segwapa zvesayenzi, hazvibviri kufuratira basa vanhu vari bvunzo chinhu kana chiitiko. The huru Danho iri mberi kwesayenzi ndiko kunzwisisa nyika sechinhu Integrated hurongwa. Zvino zvevhiki kuti munhu, kwete chete pakusarudzwa pakutsvakurudza nzira, asiwo vakawanda munzanga uye nouzivi maonero. In postnonclassical tsvakurudzo chinhu zvinova akaoma hurongwa kuti angatanga vakazvimiririra, uye zviwanikwa zvivako, izvo inotungamirirwa murume.

Nokuti hwaro zvakanga akagamuchira kunzwisisa kuvimbika, apo zvose zvakasikwa, biosphere, vanhu uye nzanga yose zvayo vanoumba chete hurongwa. Murume ari mukati ichi chinokosha chikwata. Iye rinoongorora kwayo chikamu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, sayenzi dzinongoitika uye munzanga zviri zvikuru pedyo, mitemo yavo anopamba nevanhu. Non-chekare uye post-nonclassical sayenzi yakaita budiriro iri nenhungamiro kunzwisisa nyika rwevanhu uye boka zvikurukuru, pave yechimurenga nevanhu mupfungwa uye sei kudzidza.

sayenzi yemazuva

Pakupera ari XX remakore paiva budiriro idzva iri kukura uye kutanga kwayo kukura ano nonclassical nesayenzi. Kunotangwa chakagadzirwa Neural kubatana, izvo zvakava hwaro nokuumbwa makombiyuta itsva ngwara. Michina zvino aigona kugadzirisa matambudziko nyore uye vave vavo, uchifamba zvakaoma zvikuru mabasa. The Database kunosanganisirawo systematization yevanhu chinhu chinotibatsira kuona kubudirira uye kuona pamberi nyanzvi enyika.

vane Non-chekare uye post-nonclassical nesayenzi ari ano vakawanda chimiro zvinotevera unhu:

1. Active kufambiswa pfungwa munharaunda uye kuvimbika, ari mukana kuzvimirira kukura zvinhu uye mananara chero hunhu. Kunosimbisa yokuti nyika ive kusimukira yose ino ane panguva imwe chete katsika kusagadzikana uye nenyonganyonga.
2. Vakasimbiswa uye rakasiyana kufambiswa pfungwa anochinja muzvikamu wegadziriro vari interconnected uye riine mumwe. Achipfupikisa vose huripo pezvakaitwa munyika, pfungwa iyi atanga kudzidzwa uye kunzwisisa yose shanduka.
3. Kushandiswa ose sayenzi pfungwa iyoyo, vaongorori ifarirwe nhoroondo chinonakidza. Kupararira dzidziso pakukura.
4. Kuchinja pakusarudzwa yezvakaita tsvakurudzo, omumwe munhu Integrated yokusvika adzidze kupfuura vakatendeka.
5. Kubatanidzwa nomumwe chinangwa nyika uye nyika yevanhu, kubviswa musiyano pakati yacho uye chinhu. Man riri mukati hurongwa pasi kudzidza, uye kwete kunze.
6. The Kuziva kuti mugumisiro upi Nzira iyo inoshanda nonclassical nesayenzi ishoma uye kukwana kana mumwe chete nzira yaishandiswa kudzidza.
7. Distribution wouzivi sechinhu nesayenzi pane zvose zviitwa. Kunzwisisa kuti uzivi - kubatana yokungotaura uye anobatsira kumavambo zvakasikwa uye pasina wake kuziva hazvibviri manzwisisire sayenzi yemazuva ano.
8. Implementation kuti masvomhu mune zvesayenzi pfungwa, vasimbiswe uye kukura kushandisa maonero. Kuwedzera kukosha computational masvomhu, sezvo vakawanda pakutsvakurudza zvabuda kunodiwa huchiti ari nhamba chimiro. A vazhinji kushandisa dzidziso zvakatungamirira kuti sayenzi ava akaita ano mhando yebasa.

In zvichangobva kudzidzwa zvainyanya vasiri dzekare nesayenzi vanoti pamusoro zvishoma nezvishoma kwakaderera ari vanachandagwinyira kuumbwa Kuderedza kare descriptiveness kuti gakava nesayenzi. Zvatinofarira anopiwa vasiri pfungwa Matauriro uye kubatana zviri musoro kufunga chete kuedza. Panguva iyoyowo kodzera inferences vachiri chinokosha, asi anonzwisiswa chaihwoihwo uye vari pasi renegotiation uye reinterpretation.