Chii Mars, pasi wavanoda. Distance kuna Mars

Mars - nyika yechina redu renzou, uye wechipiri duku pashure Mercury. It zita mwari hondo Roman. zita remadunhurirwa rokuti Its "Red Planet" rinobva yakatsvukuruka pamusoro, ndiro nokuda predominance resimbi oxide. Makore ose mashoma, kana Mars ari zvinopesana nyika, chinonyanya kuoneka mudenga usiku. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vanhu vakaona nyika kwezviuru zvemakore, uye ayo chitarisiko mudenga akabatanidzwa guru basa mungano uye venyeredzi mugadziriro dzakawanda. Munguva dzazvino zvazova chaiyo pfuma yemashoko zvinowanikwa nesayenzi kuti mberi kunzwisisa kwedu zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri uye nhoroondo yaro.

Size, muchadenga uye guru Mars

The nharaunda yacho nyika chechina kubva zuva anenge 3396? Km pamusoro neequator uye 3376? Km ari polar kunzvimbo, izvo unoenderana 53% of nharaunda Pasi. Uye kunyange zvazvo zviri pamusoro hafu vazhinji Mars ndiyo 6.4185 X 10²³ makirogiramu, kana 15.1% of guru redu. Tilting akabatana zvakafanana panyika uye 25,19 ° kune orbital ndege. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nyika chechina kubva Sun ari kuona mwaka yegore.

At kure ayo mukuru kubva Sun, Mars chawo paunotenderera ari chinhambwe 1.666 uye. e., kana mamiriyoni 249,2 makiromita. At perihelion, kana zviri pedyo chinovheneka hwedu, hwabviswa panguva 1,3814 uye. e., kana mamiriyoni 206,7 makiromita. Red Planet chinodikanwa 686,971 Earth mazuva, inova yakaenzana 1,88 Earth makore kuti chimurenga akapoteredza zuva. The Martian zuva, iro Pasi akaenzana rimwe zuva uye maminitsi 40 pagore kunotora mazuva 668,5991.

The Zvinoumba ivhu

At avhareji arambe achirema pamusoro 3.93 g / cm³ Mars zvazvo izvi zvichiita shoma gobvu kupfuura Earth. Inzwi Its anenge 15% nyika yedu, uye uremu - 11%. Mars Red - migumisiro kuvapo panyika resimbi oxide, nani kuzivikanwa ngura. Kuvapo nezvimwe zvicherwa muguruva, uye nechokwadi Kuwanikwa mamwe mavara - goridhe, mashava, girini, uye vamwe.

Nyika boka nezvi- zvicherwa, rine nesilicon uye okisijeni, simbi uye nezvimwe zvinhu izvo anowanzoitwa vanobatanidzwa mapuraneti matombo. Ivhu alkaline zvishoma uye rine magnesium, yavaibvisa, potassium uye kuiisa chlorine. Kuedza anoitwa pavhu ivhu dzinoratidzawo kuti ayo ph ndiyo 7,7.

Kunyange zvazvo mvura haagoni kurarama pamusoro pemvura Mars nokuda kwayo mutete ezvinhu, hombe chando kuwanda pfungwa mukati polar nguwani. Uyezve, kubva danda 60 ° Latitude permafrost wongoramba kunosvika. Izvi zvinoreva mvura kuti iripo pasi vazhinji pemvura sezvo musanganiswa kwayo zvikukutu uye zvokunwa inoti. Radar Data uye ivhu ivhu akasimbisa kuvapo muchivande okuchengetera Matangi uyewo nepakati latitudes.

zvemukati mamiriro

The puraneti Mars, makore 4,5 Ga rine gobvu esimbi chinoumba takapoteredzwa nguvo nesilicon. The Musimboti ine simbi sulfide uye rine kaviri sezvo chiedza zvikuru zvinhu kupfuura paNyika core. Avhareji ukobvu pamusoro goko anenge 50 km uye kufadza ndiyo 125 km. Kana isu kufunga hukuru pamusoro mapuraneti, goko paNyika, izvo zvakaenzana avhareji Ukobvu 40 km ka3 wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose pane Mars.

Current mhando zvinoratidza womukati nechivako zvayo, tsanga saizi uri mukati nharaunda pamusoro 1700-1850 km uye inoitwa kunonyanya esimbi uye nickel pamwe vanenge 16-17% rwesarufa. Nokuda kwayo saizi maduku uye uremu simba regiravhiti pamusoro pemvura Mars ndiyo 37.6 chete% yenyika. Kumhanyisa regiravhiti akaenzana 3.711 m / s², zvichienzaniswa 9.8 m / s² pamusoro redu.

pamusoro unhu

Red Mars chinhu huruva uye akaoma pamusoro, uye zviri geologically zvikuru zvakafanana Earth. Rine mapani uye neeSultan gomo, uye kunyange kupfuura jecha Dunes munyika renzou. Munewo soro gomo - nhoo kuputika Olympus, wakarebesa uye gobvu danube - Valles Marineris.

Impact craters - hwokufananidzira okunze kwenzvimbo, izvo Dziine inonzi Mars. Age mabhiriyoni nemakore. Vari zvakanaka akachengetedzwa nokuda anonoke mwero rikukurwe. The guru ava ndiyo Dolina Ellada. The sekamufarenzi of mwena anenge 2300 km uye ayo udzamu ndiyo 9 km.

Pamusoro pemvura Mars zvingadarowo kusiyanisa nemipata uye hova, uye masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti zvakanga inotubuka kamwe. Richienzanisa navo zvakafanana idzodzo panyika, zvinganzi vakafunga kuti vari kanenge zvishoma kuumbwa nemvura Kuparara. Mipata iyi yakakura zvakakwana - 100 km pahupamhi uye zviuru zviviri makiromita pakureba ..

satellites pamusoro Mars

Mars ane zviduku kwemwedzi miviri, Phobos uye Deimos. Vakanga zvakawanikwa muna 1877 ne zvomuchadenga Asafi Hall, uye vanonzi pashure vengano. Maererano netsika kuwana mazita dzekare mungano, Phobos uye Deimos ndivo vanakomana Ares - mwari Greek vehondo, waiva zvikabva yeRoma Mars. Wokutanga rinomiririra kutya, uye wechipiri - kuvhiringidzika uye nokutya.

Phobos anenge 22 km mu dhayamita, uye kure kuna Mars ndiyo 9234.42? Km panguva perigee uye apogee 9517.58? Km. Izvi pazasi synchronous kukwira, kuti Satellite uye zvinotora maawa 7 chete dzibhururuke vakapoteredza nyika. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 10-50, Phobos anogona kuwira pamusoro pemvura Mars kana kuputsa kuva mhete chimiro rwakapoteredza.

Deymos ane dhayamita vanenge 12 km, uye ayo kure Mars pamusoro 23455.5? Km panguva perigee uye apogee 23,470.9? Km. Full dzokai kwomwedzi kunoita kwemazuva 1.26. Mars kungava okuwedzera satellites kuti iduku pane 50-100 M dhayamita, uye pakati Phobos uye Deimos ane mhete guruva.

Maererano masayendisiti, kwemwedzi izvi maimbova asteroids, asi zvino vakanga akatapwa nyika yacho regiravhiti. Low albedo uye Kuronga kwemwedzi miviri (carbonaceous chondrite), izvo zvakafanana asteroid zvinhu, kutsigira dzidziso iyi, uye kusagadzikana muchadenga pamusoro Phobos, zvingaita sokuti, rinoratidza zvichangobva kufenda. Kunyange zvakadaro, nomwedzi maviri muchadenga dzeraundi uye dziri mu ndege yacho neequator, chiri kujairika kuti akabatwa miviri.

Chadenga uye Climate

Weather Mars dzakaonda chaizvo nokuda pamberi mumhepo, iro rinoumbwa 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% - 1.89% uye argon - senitrogen uye kungoda okisijeni uye mvura. Zviri huruva chaizvo uye rine zvakasimba nezvimedu vane pakukura 1.5 microns mu dhayamita kuti echitema Martian denga kana ukatarira pachiso mune rima tsvuku ruvara. Atmospheric kumanikidzwa kuchinja mukati 0,4-0,87 kPa. Izvi yakaenzana anenge 1% Nyika panguva wegungwa.

Nokuda matete rukoko pamusoro gasbag uye daro mukuru kubva zuva rematsutso pemvura Mars zvikuru kupfuura pechiso Earth. Paavhareji, akaenzana -46 ° C. In yechando nayo anosiya kuti -143 ° C panguva matanda uye muzhizha masikati pazuva neequator iri 35 ° C.

On nyika mupopoti guruva madutu vanodzorera kupinda dutu duku. madutu More chisimba kuitika kana guruva parinobuda uye rinopisa zuva. Mhepo akasimbiswa, kusika dutu, kutambudzwa uko kunoonekwa nezviuru makiromita, uye avo Duration - mishoma. Ivo vanosiya rinenge yose Martian pamusoro nzvimbo kuona munda.

Tichingoda methane uye amoniya

Mumhepo iri nyika sezvo tichingoda methane aonekwa, wevasungwa izvo ndiyo 30 ppb. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Mars anofanira kubudisa matani 270 kubva methane pagore. Kamwe ari gasi mhepo anogona kuvapo chete kwenguva yakati (makore 0.6-4). Kuvapo kwake, pasinei pfupi nguva upenyu, kunoratidza kuti panofanira kuva chinoshingaira tsime.

Pakati vaipomerwa nzira - kuputika basa, kometi uye kuvapo methanogenic microbial upenyu siyana pasi pemvura. Methane chingawanikwa vasiri chaivo urongwa, inonzi serpentinization, pamwe kutora chikamu kwe mvura, carbon dioxide uye olivine, izvo kazhinji inoitika Mars.

Satellite ari Mars Express akanga dzakaonekwa amoniya, asi ane pfupi hwose. Hazvisi pachena chii inobereka, asi kuputika basa rave wakatangwa somunhu zvichibvira kunobva.

yemapuraneti ubanguranyika

Kuedza kuwana chii Mars rakatanga kuma1960. Pakati 1960 uye 1969 Soviet Union raparurwa kuna Red Planet 9 unmanned chitundumusere-musere, asi havana kugona kuzadzisa chinangwa. Muna 1964, NASA akatanga Kumufambisi Wechikepe Yatanga Kuongorora kumhanya. The simbi yokutanga "Kumufambisi Wechikepe 3" uye "Kumufambisi Wechikepe 4". Wokutanga basa akatadza panguva nekutumirwa kwemauto, asi wechipiri, iyo kwakatangwa 3 Kwapera vhiki, vakabudirira vakaita mwedzi 7.5-rwendo.

"Kumufambisi Wechikepe-4" akaita yokutanga proximal mifananidzo Mars (kuratidza kunokanganisa craters) uye akatipa mashoko zvakarurama pamusoro mumhepo kumanikidzwa pamusoro pechiso uye kusavapo remagineti uye nemwaranzi bhandi akati. NASA mberi chirongwa nokuparura mumwe peya zvaiva vachiongorora Kumufambisi Wechikepe 6 ne7, izvo kusvika nyika muna 1969

In 1970, Soviet Union uye United States vaikwikwidzana ndiani achatungamirira wokutanga chakagadzirwa Satellite kuti muchadenga Mars. chirongwa Soviet M-71 yaisanganisira matatu chitundumusere-musere - "Space-419" ( "Mares-1971C»), «Mars-2" uye "Mars-3". Yokutanga rinorema vachiongorora yakadonha panguva startup. Tevera basa "Mars-2" uye "Mars-3" ndiyo ibatanidzo orbiter uye Länder uye vaiva nhepfenyuro vokutanga, extraterrestrial kumhara akaita (kunze Moon).

Vave vakabudirira raparurwa nechepakati-May 1971 uye nendege kubva Nyika Mars mwedzi minomwe. November 27, achiwana raanoziva "Mars-2" akaita kukurumidzirwa kumhara nokuda kukundikana pamusoro onboard kombiyuta uye akava wokutanga chinhu yakaitwa kuti zvasvika pechiso Red Planet. December 2, "Mars-3" akaita achiwana yakazara, asi kuchinjwa ake yakakanganiswa pashure 14,5 pamwe nhepfenyuro.

Zvichakadai, NASA akaramba Kumufambisi Wechikepe chirongwa, uye muna 1971 vakanga raparurwa Yatanga Kuongorora 8 uye 9. "Kumufambisi Wechikepe 8" panguva kutanga-uye rikawira Atlantic Ocean. Asi chitundumusere-musere wechipiri kwete chete akaita kuti Mars, asi vakavawo wokutanga anobudirira pakuparurwa vayo muchadenga. Nepo kwakatora guruva dutu yemapuraneti scale, kuti Satellite akakwanisa kutora mapikicha Phobos. Kana dutu racho, kuti vachiongorora akatora mifananidzo, akapa uwane uchapupu pamusoro pemvura Mars aimbova mvura ikatanga. It Vakawana kuti kugomo rinonzi Snow Olympus (rimwe zvinhu shoma kuti varambe zvinoonekwa apo yemapuraneti guruva dutu) ndiyewo soro pakugadzirwa zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri, izvo zvakazoita kuti ayo renaming pamukwidza Olympus.

Muna 1973, Soviet Union akatuma Yatanga Kuongorora mana: 4th uye 5th orbiters "Mars" uye orbital Yatanga Kuongorora uye aburuke "Mars 6" uye 7. interplanetary Yatanga Kuongorora All, kunze "Mars-7", transmits mashoko uye rwendo "Mars-5" raiva akabudirira zvikuru. Kusvikira nguva depressurization pamusoro dzimba dzose wokutepfenyurisa chechitima vakakwanisa uchatamisa 60 mifananidzo.

Pakazosvika 1975, NASA akatanga Viking 1 uye 2, zvinosanganisira maviri orbiters maviri reentry. Mission kuna Mars yakagadzirwa kutsvaga tichingoda upenyu uye akataura yaro Meteorological, zvizivikanwe nemichina uye rinobva maitiro. Zvakabuda zvoutachiona kuedza mungarava dzinza "Viking" dzakanga sabatsira, asi apiwa pachisara rakabudiswa muna 2012, akataura kuvapo zviratidzo microbial upenyu panyika.

Orbiters akapa mamwe hwokuti kamwe aivapo musi Mars Water - guru mafashamo kuumbwa zvakadzama canyons, achitambanudza nezviuru makiromita. Uyezve, zvikamu mapazi Rwako kumaodzanyemba hemisphere anoratidza kuti pane kamwe kunayisa.

The resumption kuti ndege

The nyika chechina kubva zuva haina kudzidza kusvikira kuma1990, apo NASA akatuma basa Mars Pathfinder, iro raiva spaceship kuti tikamira chiteshi "mutorwa" anozunungusa vachiongorora. The muchina tikamira musi Mars July 4, 1987, uye yaiva uchapupu kwemashoko ruzivo dzichashandiswa zvimwe nzendo, akadai pakudyara, achishandisa mhepo mabhegi uye zvaitika chipingamupinyi kunzvenga.

Anotevera mokundoparidza Mars - Mapping Satellite MGS, yakasvika nyika September 12, 1997 uye akatanga mabasa March 1999 mumwe uzere Martian gore yakaderera yakakwirira anenge polar muchadenga, akadzidza pepasi uye mhepo, uye akatuma zvakawanda umboo pamusoro nyika pane yapfuura zvose mishoni zvabatanidzwa.

November 5, 2006 MGS kuzoonana navo Earth, uye NASA paaida kuidzosera vakanga kwakaregwa January 28, 2007

Muna 2001, kuti uzive kuti Mars rakatumirwa kuna Mars Odyssey Orbiter. Chinangwa chake chaiva kuwana uchapupu kuvapo mvura uye kuputika basa panyika nokushandiswa spectrometers uye imagers. Muna 2002, zvakaziviswa kuti vachiongorora padzakacherechedza yakawanda rehydrogen - uchapupu nokuvapo hombe deposits chando yokumusoro matatu mamita ane ivhu 60 ° of South Pole mukati.

June 2, 2003 European Space Agency (ESA) yakatanga kuti "Mars Express" - chitundumusere-musere zvinosanganisira Mwedzi uye raizouya vachiongorora "Beagle 2". Akapinda muchadenga December 25, 2003, uye vachiongorora vakapinda kuitika nyika nomusi iwoyo. ESA asati anorasikirwa neVadzidzi Länder, Mars Express Orbiter akasimbisa kuvapo carbon dioxide inobvisa echando uye South Pole.

Muna 2003, NASA yakatanga kudzidza chirongwa nyika Mer. Richishandiswa ramakororo mbiri "Mudzimu" uye "mukana." Mission kuna Mars aiva basa kuongorora siyana matombo uye nevhu kuziva uchapupu pamberi mvura pano.

12.08.05 kwakatangwa Mars ushori Orbiter (MRO), izvo kusvika nyika yacho muchadenga 10.03.06. On bhodhi motokari vari midziyo yesayenzi rakagadzirirwa kuti rione mvura, chando uye zvicherwa pamusoro pemvura uye pasi payo. Uyewo, MRO achapa kutsigira kuuya chizvarwa nzvimbo Yatanga Kuongorora: kuongororwa okunze musi Mars uye mamiriro ayo pamusoro zuva nezuva, Rinotsvaka ramangwana kumhara nzvimbo uye kuedza itsva foni ezvinhu, izvo zvichaita rikurumidze kubatana pamwe nenyika.

August 6, 2012 ari mwena Gale akasvika NASA raMwari Mars Science Laboratory gororo MSL uye "Kyuriositi". Navo zvakanga zvinhu zvakawanda chokuita ekunze uye pamusoro mamiriro vemo uyewo Organic nezvimedu vakanga dzakaonekwa.

November 18, 2013 mune imwezve kuedza kuwana chii Mars MAVEN kwakatangwa Satellite, chinangwa chiri kudzidza mhepo uye ataure anonongedzera robotic ramakororo.

tsvakurudzo mberi

The nyika chechina kubva Sun - kupfuura akadzidza mu zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri, pashure Earth. Parizvino pane ayo pechiso basa chiteshi "Mukana" uye "Kyuriositi" uye muchadenga tiri 5 chitundumusere-musere - Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, MRO, Amai uye Maven.

Yatanga Kuongorora izvi vakatadza wokushandura chinhu chinopa zvakawanda nemifananidzo Red Planet. Vakabatsira kuwana kuti kamwe paiva nemvura, ndikazvisimbisa kuti Mars Nenyika akafanana chaizvo - vane polar chando nguwani, kuchinja mwaka, okunze uye mvura Kuwanikwa. Ivo yakaratidzawo kuti zvipenyu ingavapo nhasi, uye zvichida raiva pamberi.

Nokuzvitutumadza rwevanhu ndiko kuziva chii Mars, kwete simba, uye zvatinoita kuti kudzidza kwayo pamusoro uye kuparara nyaya yake kure pamusoro. Mumakumi emakore kuuya, tingangozviisa kuramba kutumira ramakororo uye vokutanga kutumira munhu. Uye nokufamba kwenguva, kufungisisa Kuwanikwa zvakafanira zvinhu, nyika chechina kubva zuva vachazombokwanisa akakodzera kurarama.